61. Adventures In CyberSound: Euclid theon of alexandria (4th century AD) brought out a new revision of the work withtextual changes and some additions; his version was the basis of all http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/EUCLID_BIO.html

A D V E N T U R E S in C Y B E R S O U N D Euclid (alt: Euklid, Eucleides) : 365 - 300 BC Euclid's The Optics is the earliest surviving work on geometrical optics, and is generally found in Greek manuscripts along with elementary works on spherical astronomy. There were a number of medieval Latin translations, which became of new importance in the fifteenth century for the theory of linear perspective. This technique is beautifully illustrated in the miniature of a street scene in this elegant manuscript from the library of the Duke of Urbino. It may once have been in the possession of Piero della Francesca, who wrote one of the principal treatises on perspective in painting. Source: The Vatican Library Euclid , Greek Eucleides (fl. c. 300 BC, Alexandria), the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the Elements Life and work Of Euclid's life it is known only that he taught at and founded a school at Alexandria in the time of Ptolemy I Soter , who reigned from 323 to 285/283 BC. Medieval translators and editors often confused him with the philosopher

62. Egypt Math Web Sites 4 theon of alexandria Born about 335 in (possibly) Alexandria, Egypt. Theon was the father of Hypatia and worked in Alexandria as a professor of http://showcase.netins.net/web/rmozzer/Egypt.html

Egypt math web sites Serenus Born: about 300 in Antinoupolis, Egypt Died: about 360. Serenus wrote On the Section of a Cylinder and On the Section of a Cone . He also wrote a commentry on Apollonius's Conics which is lost. Ahmed ibn Yusuf Born: 835 in Baghdad (now in Iraq) Died: 912 in Cairo, Egypt. Ahmed ibn Yusuf wrote on ratio and proportion and it was translated into Latin by Gherard of Cremona. The book is largely a commentary on, and expansion of, Book 5 of Euclid's Elements . Ahmed ibn Yusuf also gave methods to solve tax problems which appear in Fibonacci's Liber Abaci . He was also quoted by Bradwardine, Jordanus and Pacioli. Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja Born: about 850 in (possibly) Egypt. Died: about 930. Abu Kamil Shuja is sometimes known as al'Hasib and he worked on integer solutions of equations. He also gave the solution of a fourth degree equation and of a quadratic equation with irrational coefficients. Abu Kamil's work was the basis of Fibonacci's books. He lived later than al'Khwarizmi and his biggest advance was in the use of irrational coefficients. Theon of Alexandria Born: about 335 in (possibly) Alexandria, Egypt. Died: about 395. Theon was the father of Hypatia and worked in Alexandria as a professor of mathematics and astronomy. He produced commentaries on many works such as Ptolemy's Almagest and works of Euclid. Theon was a competent but unoriginal mathematician. Theon's version of Euclid's Elements (with textual changes and some additions) was the only Greek text of the Elements known, until an earlier one was discovered in the Vatican in the late 19

63. Response To Noel Swerdlow of the equinoxes described by theon of alexandria (late 4th cent. described by theon of alexandria in his smaller commentary on the Handy Tables, http://www.well.com/user/davidu/swerdlow.html

REPSONSE TO NOEL SWERDLOW David Ulansey (Originally published as Appendix IV in the German translation of my book, [Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag, 1998] pp. 116-121) An objection to my theory has been raised having to do with the question of exactly how Hipparchus understood the nature of his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes. In a review of my book published in Classical Philology , Noel Swerdlow argues that Hipparchus was extremely uncertain about the nature of the precession so much so that nobody would have been inspired enough by Hipparchus's presentation of his discovery to do anything like found a new religion.[1] Swerdlow, a historian of astronomy, bases his criticism on his own research into the details of Hipparchus's discovery of the precession, published in his article "Hipparchus's Determination of the Length of the Tropical Year and the Rate of Precession."[2] In his review of my book, Swerdlow puts his case thus: "...Hipparchus's treatment of the precession was not at all straightforward and was hardly such as would have suggested the need for a new cosmic deity.... All that is known of Hipparchus's study of what we now call the precession is contained in [Ptolemy's] Almagest 3.1 and 7.1-3, and it is evident from Ptolemy's account that it was highly technical, highly tentative, and did not necessarily indicate anything like a motion of the entire sphere of the fixed stars with respect to the equinoxes."[3]

64. CHRONOLOGY OF MATHEMATICIANS -1100 CHOU-PEI -585 THALES OF MILETUS 390 theon of alexandria. 415 DEATH OF HYPATIA. 470 TSU CH UNGCHI VALUE OF PI.476 ARYABHATA. 485 DEATH OF PROCLUS. 520 ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORE OF http://users.adelphia.net/~mathhomeworkhelp/timeline.html

CHRONOLOGY OF MATHEMATICIANS -1100 CHOU-PEI -585 THALES OF MILETUS: DEDUCTIVE GEOMETRY PYTHAGORAS : ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRY -450 PARMENIDES: SPHERICAL EARTH -430 DEMOCRITUS -430 PHILOLAUS: ASTRONOMY -430 HIPPOCRATES OF CHIOS: ELEMENTS -428 ARCHYTAS -420 HIPPIAS: TRISECTRIX -360 EUDOXUS: PROPORTION AND EXHAUSTION -350 MENAECHMUS: CONIC SECTIONS -350 DINOSTRATUS: QUADRATRIX -335 EUDEMUS: HISTORY OF GEOMETRY -330 AUTOLYCUS: ON THE MOVING SPHERE -320 ARISTAEUS: CONICS EUCLID : THE ELEMENTS -260 ARISTARCHUS: HELIOCENTRIC ASTRONOMY -230 ERATOSTHENES: SIEVE -225 APOLLONIUS: CONICS -212 DEATH OF ARCHIMEDES -180 DIOCLES: CISSOID -180 NICOMEDES: CONCHOID -180 HYPSICLES: 360 DEGREE CIRCLE -150 PERSEUS: SPIRES -140 HIPPARCHUS: TRIGONOMETRY -60 GEMINUS: ON THE PARALLEL POSTULATE +75 HERON OF ALEXANDRIA 100 NICOMACHUS: ARITHMETICA 100 MENELAUS: SPHERICS 125 THEON OF SMYRNA: PLATONIC MATHEMATICS PTOLEMY : THE ALMAGEST 250 DIOPHANTUS: ARITHMETICA 320 PAPPUS: MATHEMATICAL COLLECTIONS 390 THEON OF ALEXANDRIA 415 DEATH OF HYPATIA 470 TSU CH'UNG-CHI: VALUE OF PI 476 ARYABHATA 485 DEATH OF PROCLUS 520 ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORE OF MILETUS 524 DEATH OF BOETHIUS 560 EUTOCIUS: COMMENTARIES ON ARCHIMEDES 628 BRAHMA-SPHUTA-SIDDHANTA 662 BISHOP SEBOKHT: HINDU NUMERALS 735 DEATH OF BEDE 775 HINDU WORKS TRANSLATED INTO ARABIC 830 AL-KHWARIZMI: ALGEBRA 901 DEATH OF THABIT IBN - QURRA 998 DEATH OF ABU'L - WEFA 1037 DEATH OF AVICENNA 1039 DEATH OF ALHAZEN

65. Theon_of_Smyrna He was called the old Theon by theon of alexandria and Theon the mathematician by Ptolemy. The date of his birth is little better than a guess, http://homepages.compuserve.de/thweidenfeller/mathematiker/Theon_of_Smyrna.htm

Theon of Smyrna Born: about 70 Died: about 135 Little is known of Theon of Smyrna 's life. He was called 'the old Theon' by Theon of Alexandria and 'Theon the mathematician' by Ptolemy . The date of his birth is little better than a guess, but we do have some firm data about dates in his life. We know that he was making astronomical observations of Mercury and Venus between 127 and 132 since Ptolemy lists four observations which Theon made in 127, 129, 130 and 132. From these observations Theon made estimates of the greatest angular distance that Mercury and Venus can reach from the Sun. The style of his bust, dedicated by his son 'Theon the priest', gives us the date of his death to within 10 years and it is placed within the period 130-140 (hence our midpoint guess of 135). Theon's most important work is Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem utilium. This work is a handbook for philosophy students to show how prime numbers , geometrical numbers such as squares, progressions, music and astronomy are interrelated. Its rather curious title means that it was intended as an introduction to a study of the works of Plato , but this is rather fanciful. As Huxley writes in [1]:-

66. Astrolabe History theon of alexandria (ca. 390) wrote a treatise on the astrolabe that was thebasis for much that was written on the subject in the Middle Ages. http://www.astrolabes.org/history.htm

Astrolabe History Origins of Astrolabe Theory The origins of the astrolabe were in classical Greece. Apollonius (ca. 225 BC), the great codifier of conic sections, probably studied the astrolabe projection. The most influential individual on the theory of the astrolabe projection was Hipparchus who was born in Nicaea in Asia Minor (now Iznik in Turkey) about 180 BC but studied and worked on the island of Rhodes. Hipparchus, who also discovered the precession of the equinoxes and was influential in the development of trigonometry, redefined and formalized the projection as a method for solving complex astronomical problems without spherical trigonometry and probably proved its main characteristics. Hipparchus did not invent the astrolabe but he did refine the projection theory. The earliest evidence of use of the stereographic projection in a machine is in the writing of the Roman author and architect, Vitruvius (ca. 88 - ca. 26 BC), who in De architectura describes a clock (probably a clepsydra or water clock) made by Ctesibius in Alexandria. Apparently, Ctesibius' clock had a rotating field of stars behind a wire frame indicating the hours of the day. The wire framework (the spider) was possibly constructed using the stereographic projection with the eye point at the north celestial pole. Similar constructions dated from the first to third century and have been found in Salzburg and northeastern France, so such mechanisms were apparently fairly widespread among Romans. The first major writer on the projection was the famous Claudius Ptolemy (ca. AD 150) who wrote extensively on it in his work known as the

67. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #11 (09/01/1994) theon of alexandria. The Librairie Scientifique et Technique Albert Blanchard (Paris,France) will publish, in 1993, a reprint of theon of alexandria s http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_11.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-11 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #11 Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings Current research interests Notes and queries ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE Higher Pedagogical Institute (ISP), Maputo (Mozambique), 1.9.1993 2. MEETINGS 2.1 4th MaghrIbian Symposium on the History of Arabic Mathematics The 4th MaghrIbian Symposium on the History of Arabic Mathematics was held at the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University in Fez (Morocco), organized by Mohamed Aballagh, Mohamed Abattouy, and Mohamed Mesbahi. The following papers were presented in Arabic, English, or French dealing with the arabic mathematical sciences, their application and reception during the Middle Ages: * Ahmed Djebbar (Algiers, Algeria): Some aspects of mathematical activities in the extreme Maghreb from the XIIth to the XVIth centuries; * Mohamed Benchrifa (Rabat, Morocco): Presence of mathematics in some Andalusian literary writings; * Moustafa Mawaldi (Aleppo, Syria): Study of the manuscript 'Risala fi-l-Hisab-l-Hawa'i' of Najm ad-Din al-Katibi; * Rachid Bebbouchi (Bab-Ez-Zonar, Algeria): Redaction techniques in mathematics: Arabic heritage and actual reality in Algeria;

68. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #14 (03/21/1995) theon of alexandria, Comments on the Almagest (4th century) 232234 * Medievalbinomial algorithms, Ibn al-Banna, Talkhis 234-237 http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_14.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-14 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #1 Objectives of AMUCHMA Three new AMUCHMA projects Meetings, expositions, events Current research interests ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 2. THREE NEW AMUCHMA PROJECTS * To stimulate the creation of new national and regional mathematical associations, and to facilitate learning from the experience of existing or past mathematical associations, AMUCHMA proposes to publish a book on the history of national and regional mathematical associations in Africa * To stimulate youth in general, and girls in particular, to enter mathematical carreers, AMUCHMA proposes to publish two books with (auto)biographies of African mathematicians : the first book on those mathematicians who played a pioneering role in the history of their respective countries, and the second on female mathematicians. Proposals for contributions, and suggestions for the selection of associations and mathematicians to be included in these books, may be sent to the chairman or to the secretary of AMUCHMA. 3. MEETINGS, EXPOSITIONS, EVENTS

69. Port Moody Secondary School Hypatia of Alexandria. hypatia Hypatia of Alexandria (370BC415BC) - The daughterof the mathematician and philosopher theon of alexandria, http://www2.sd43.bc.ca/portmoodysecondary/departments/math/mathematicians.htm

Home Contest Dates 2003 Results Course Outline ... Teachers Famous Mathematicians Cayley, Arthur Gauss, Karl Friedrich Euclid Fermat, Pierre ... Pascal, Blaise Cayley, Arthur Cayley, Arthur (1821 - 1895) - Englishman born and raised in Russia for 8 years before moving back to England. He was a mathematician and lawyer. Arthur studied at at Kings College School where his gift for mathematics became apparent. Later he studdied at Trinity College from 1838-1842. He became a lawyer and quit in 1863 to be Sadleirian of Pure Mathematics at Cambridge. The most important of his work is in developing the algebra of matrices (the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem), work in non-euclidean geometry and n-dimensional geometry. (1596 - 1650) - Born in La Haye (now Descartes),Touraine, France. Due to a medical condition he was granted to permision to remain in bed until 11am, whice he did everyday of his life. He was a philosopher who was primarily interested in mathematics. He lived in Paris for a while before travelling throughout Europe to countries such as Holland where began work on his first major treatise on physics. which includes his application of algebra to geometry from which we now have Cartesian geometry.

70. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.10.20 They include the works attributed to theon of alexandria (1st cent. CE), Hermogenesof Tarsus (2nd cent CE), Aphthonius of Antioch (4th cent. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2004/2004-10-20.html

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.10.20 Ronald F. Hock, Edward N. O'Neil, The Chreia and Ancient Rhetoric: Classroom Exercises. Writings from the Greco-Roman World v. 2 . Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002. Pp. xi, 411. ISBN 1-58983-018-0. $49.95 (pb). George A. Kennedy, Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric. Writings from the Greco-Roman World . Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. Pp. xvi, 231. ISBN 1-58983-061-X. $29.95 (pb). Reviewed by Maud W. Gleason, Stanford University (maud@stanford.edu) Word count: 2197 words "What is the chreia? A concise reminiscence associated with some character. Why is the chreia a reminiscence? Because it is remembered so that it may be recited ... Why is it called 'chreia'? Because of its being useful ..." This schoolboy catechism from Oxyrhynchus describes one of the ancient world's most popular sub-genres, the improving anecdote. Many examples are preserved in Diogenes Laertius. "Diogenes lit his lamp in broad daylight and went about, saying: 'I am looking for a[n honest] man.'" The gospels contain many more, "Jesus, on entering the Temple, began to evict the sellers and said to them: 'It is written, "My house shall be a house of prayer," but you have made it a cave for brigands.'" It was presumably to explore the classical prototypes of such anecdotes from scripture that a group was formed at the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity at Claremont Graduate University in the late 1970's. In the course of scholarly investigation, Jesus-sayings and Cynic tradition receded from sight, and the focus became the role of the chreiai in rhetorical tradition. The first volume of the group's researches appeared in 1986

71. Ptolemy - The Ptolemies were edited by theon of alexandria in the fourth century AD and became, One of them, Ptolemy, took Egypt as his share and made Alexandria his http://www.crystalinks.com/ptolemy.html

Ptolemy ~ The Ptolemies Ptolemy - Claudius Ptolemaeus, Ptolomaeus, Klaudios Ptolemaios, Ptolemeus - lived in Alexandria, Egypt from approx. 87 -150 AD. Very little is known about his personal life. He was an astronomer, mathematician and geographer. He made astronomical observations from Alexandria in Egypt during the years AD 127-41. In fact the first observation which we can date exactly was made by Ptolemy on 26 March 127 while the last was made on 2 February 141. It was claimed by Theodore Meliteniotes in around 1360 that Ptolemy was born in Hermiou (which is in Upper Egypt rather than Lower Egypt where Alexandria is situated) but since this claim first appears more than one thousand years after Ptolemy lived, it must be treated as relatively unlikely to be true. In fact there is no evidence that Ptolemy was ever anywhere other than Alexandria. His name, Claudius Ptolemy, is of course a mixture of the Greek Egyptian 'Ptolemy' and the Roman 'Claudius'. This would indicate that he was descended from a Greek family living in Egypt and that he was a citizen of Rome, which would be as a result of a Roman emperor giving that 'reward' to one of Ptolemy's ancestors. He codified the Greek geocentric view of the universe, and rationalized the apparent motions of the planets as they were known in his time. That theory was presented in such a form that it prevailed for 1400 years.

72. Astrology - Ptolemy: ET Connection To Orion And Sirius Ptolemy s work was continued and commented on by the Alexandrian mathematicianPappus, the mathematician/astronomer theon of alexandria, and the Greek http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptastrology.html

Astrology - Ptolemy: ET Connection to Orion and Sirius Astrology goes back to the times of the Sumerians, who settled in Mesopotamia around 4000 BC. This marks the first example of a people who worshipped the sun, moon, and Venus. They considered these heavenly bodies gods, or the homes of gods. The priests of the time who communicated with the gods were the first rulers. There were High Priests and lesser priests - much like the way things were in Atlantis. They carried the teachings with them from one civilization to another. The Time of Ptolemy Ptolemy worked from the data of past astrologers to map over one thousand stars. He compiled a list of 48 constellations, and, for the most part, described the longitude and latitude lines of the earth. He was a believer that the earth was the center of the universe and worked to advance this theory. His effort in this area was in his thirteen volume work called the Almagest The Ptolemaic system is explained why some planets seemed to move backwards for periods of time in their orbit around earth. He theorized that each planet also revolved in a smaller circle as well as a larger one. This was called the "epicycle." This theory would survive for 1400 years, until it was finally accepted that the earth was itself another planet in orbit around the sun. The first book defined Ptolemy's reasoning for practicing astrology as well as astronomy, for by this time, there were many who opposed astrology. He said that it should not be abandoned merely because there are a few people who abuse it. This book also deals with the various alignments of planets, the moon, and the sun. Ptolemy describes in detail which positions are favorable and which are not. He also explained the signs, when they begin, and why they begin there.

73. JMM HM DICIONÁRIO Translate this page theon of alexandria Theon of Smyrna Theaetetos Theodoros of Cyrene Zeno of Elea,Thales theon of alexandria Theon of Smyrna Theaetetus Theodorus of Cyrene http://phoenix.sce.fct.unl.pt/jmmatos/HISTMAT/HMHTM/HMDIC.HTM

Bibliografia Recursos na rede bem vindos em latim Anaximandro (-611-545) Antifonte Aristarco de Samos (-310-230?) Aristeo (c. -330) Arquimedes de Siracusa (-287?-212) Arquitas de Tarento (c. -375) Apollonius Archimedes Boetius Apollonios of Perga Aristarchos Aristaeus Aristotle Archimedes of Syracuse Archytas Apollonius of Perga Aristarchus Aristaeus Aristotle Archimedes of Syracuse Archytas Boethius Apollonios Diofanto de Alexandria (c. 250) Diophantus Democritos Dinostratos Diophantos Diocles Democritos Dinostratus Diophantus Diocles Diogenes Laertius Euclides de Alexandria (c. -300) Filolaos Endemus Eudoxus Philolaus Eratosthenes Euclid of Alexandria Endemos Eudoxos of Cnidos Eratosthenes Euclid of Alexandria Endemus Eudoxus of Cnidos Philolaus Euclide Hiparco de Alexandria (-190-120) Hipasos Hipsicles Herodotus Hipparchus Hero Herodotos Hypatia Hipparchos Hippocrates of Chios hekat Heron Herodotus Hypatia Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Iamblichus Iamblichos Iamblichus Menecmo (c. -350)

74. Table Of Contents theon of alexandria. Hypatia. Hostility of the Eastern Church to Greek science.The Athenian School (in the Fifth Century). Proclus, 412485. Damascius. http://web.doverpublications.com/cgi-bin/toc.pl/0486206300

American History, American...... American Indians Anthropology, Folklore, My...... Antiques Architecture Art Bridge and Other Card Game...... Business and Economics Chess Children Clip Art and Design on CD-...... Coloring Books Cookbooks, Nutrition Crafts Detective, Ghost , Superna...... Dover Patriot Shop Ethnic Interest Features Gift Certificates Gift Ideas History, Political Science...... Holidays Humor Languages and Linguistics Literature Magic, Legerdemain Military History, Weapons ...... Music Nature Performing Arts, Drama, Fi...... Philosophy and Religion Photography Posters Psychology, Education Puzzles, Amusement, Recrea...... Science and Mathematics Shakespeare Shop Sociology, Anthropology, M...... Sports, Out-of-Door Activi...... Stationery, Gift Sets Stationery, Seasonal Books...... Summer Fun Shop Summer Reading Shop Teacher's Store Travel and Adventure Women's Studies Clearance Center A Short Account of the History of Mathematics by W. W. Rouse Ball ISBN: 0486206300 Dover Publications Price: $16.95 click here to see this book Table of Contents for A Short Account of the History of Mathematics PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. EGYPTIAN AND PHOENICIAN MATHEMATICS.

75. Hypatia - Biography Of Hypatia Hypatia was the daughter of theon of alexandria who was a teacher of mathematicswith the Museum of Alexandria in Egypt. A center of Greek intellectual and http://womenshistory.about.com/od/hypati1/a/hypatia.htm

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76. Math-History Timeline Death of theon of alexandriatheon of alexandria (ca. 335 CE 405 CE) Theon ofAlexandria worked in Alexandria as a teacher of mathematics and astronomy. http://www.math.wichita.edu/~richardson/timeline.html

A Time-line for the History of Mathematics (Many of the early dates are approximates) This work is under constant revision, so come back later. Please report any errors to me at richardson@math.wichita.edu. It should be noted that the brief descriptions given are just that "brief." Their purpose is to hopefully instill a little curiosity and encourage the reader to seek out further knowledge on these people and topics. 50,000 B.C.E. Evidence of counting 50,000 B.C.E. Neanderthal man 25,000 B.C.E. Primitive geometrical designs 25,000 B.C.E. Paleolithic art: Cro-Magnon man 4000 B.C.E. Use of metals 3500 B.C.E. Writing 3000 B.C.E. Hieroglyphic numerals in Egypt 3000 B.C.E. Use of wheeled vehicles Wheeled vehicles first appeared in Mesopotamia (the region between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers ) around 3000 B.C.E. They were originally four-wheel vehicles drawn by slow-moving animals. The wheels on the earliest vehicles were fixed to the axles rather than rotating around a hub. The axles themselves were held in place with wooden pegs on each side of the axle. The axle rotated against the bed of the vehicle and this probably helped round the axles. 2773 B.C.E. Likely introduction of the Egyptian calendar (Some hypothesize 4241 B.C.E. as the origin.)

77. Euclid's Geometry: Swarthmore College Library It is true, but difficult to prove, that theon of alexandria heavily edited andrewrote much of The Elements, and that all later Greek manuscripts and http://mathforum.org/geometry/wwweuclid/anecdote.htm

17. An anecdote from the Swarthmore College Library I turned on my computer and called Bryn Mawr college's library through my modem to search its catalogue for Simson's translation and edition of The Elements, which was of historical value to this project. Simson claims, on his title page, that "The Errors, by which Theon, or others, have long ago vitiated these Books, are corrected, and some of Euclid's Demonstrations are restored." It is true, but difficult to prove, that Theon of Alexandria heavily edited and rewrote much of The Elements, and that all later Greek manuscripts and printed editions depended on Theon's "recension." (In the 1800's, a Frenchman named Peyrard finally found a manuscript in the Vatican library which proved to be free of some of Theon's interpolations.) Simson's aim was accuracy, so he "corrected" and "restored" the text to what he thought was the original Euclid, cutting out what he thought Theon had added and adding what he thought Theon had cut out. I'm sure Theon thought he was improving the state of Euclidean scholarship as much as Simson did. They just had different ideas of what an "improvement" entailed. I expected to get a reprinted edition or a reproduction of Simson's edition, since it was originally published in the l700's. What arrived at Bryn Mawr, to the delight of both the librarian and me, was an original, crumbling, 1781 edition of Simson held together by book tape. It is beyond repair and has no particular value as a rare book in its current condition, so Swarthmore will simply keep it in circulation until it returns to dust.

78. Euclid's Geometry: Greek Vatican Manuscript 190 theon of alexandria lived in Euclid s native city in the 4th Century AD He wasa scholar who wrote a commentary on a book of astronomy as well as a http://mathforum.org/geometry/wwweuclid/vatms.htm

16. Greek Vatican Manuscript 190 (This section is taken mainly from Heath, The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements, pp. 46-47.) Discovered in 1808 by F. Peyrard, a Frenchman, in the library of the Vatican. At the time, Napoleon was collecting manuscripts from Italy and sending them back to Paris. Peyrard took advantage of the situation and had Vat. ms. gk. 190 sent to Paris for his own use. (Heath, ibid, 103) This manuscript, a copy of Euclid carefully written by hand in the 10th Century A.D., contains all thirteen books of the Elements as well as some commentary and some other mathematical works formerly attributed to Euclid. Peyrard noticed that there were differences between the accepted text of Euclid and Vat. 190. The first was that most manuscripts that had been discovered had a little subtitle on the first page, either "from the edition of Theon," or "from the lectures of Theon," which 190 did not have. But the biggest difference appeared at the end of theorem 33 in Book VI: the second part of the theorem was missing. Theon of Alexandria lived in Euclid's native city in the 4th Century A.D. He was a scholar who wrote a commentary on a book of astronomy as well as a commentary on Euclid. In the astronomical commentary he states, "but that sectors in equal circles are to one another as the angles on which they stand has been proved by me in my edition of the Elements at the end of the sixth book."

79. Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: Re: [HM] Archimedes Palimpsest Vat. graec.190) does not contain the addition of theon of alexandria to Prop.VI.33 that Theon identified in a commentary he wrote to the almagest. http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/jul99/0045.html

Re: [HM] Archimedes Palimpsest Prof. Lueneburg luene@mathematik.uni-kl.de Thu, 8 Jul 1999 09:57:33 +0200 (MESZ) Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next message: Gregory Moore: "Re: [HM] Geometry and Sets" Previous message: Karen Dee Michalowicz: "Re: [HM] Archimedes Palimpsest" In a message dated 7/7/99, Karen Dee Michalowitz writes among other things: "Oldest" has two meanings in this context. The text in the Vatican Library (Cod. Vat. graec.190) does not contain the addition of Theon of Alexandria to Prop. VI.33 that Theon identified in a commentary he wrote to the almagest. As he, Theon, has made a "critical edition" (my English isn't good enough to express what I really want to say) of Euclid's elements, one believes that the text in the Vatican is older than the text Theon prepared. Theon's version of the elements seems to underly all the other known texts. Hence the text in the Vatican is the oldest known complete text of the elements. The manuscript itself was written in the 10th century. There is a text in the Bodleian Library which was written in 888 by the Byzantine calligrapher Stephanus for the archbishop Aretas of Kappadokia.

80. Focus: Fora Theodosius theon of alexandria Theon of Smyrna Thymaridas Xenocrates Zeno of EleaZeno of Sidon Zenodorus Greek Mathematicans/Philosophers Anaxagoras http://www.focusmag.gr/fora/view-message.rx?oid=163444

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