61. CHRONOLOGY – Some Selected Dates In The Development Of Sundials And Solar Astro 1086, Chinese scientist shen kua’s Dream pool essays contains the first knownreference to a magnetic compass for navigation. http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/chronology/chronology.htm

CHRONOLOGY – some selected dates in the development of sundials and solar astronomy Date Development 9000 BC to 8000 BC The Maya make astronomical inscriptions and constructions in Central America. A marked bone (possibly) indicating months and lunar phases in use in Ishango (Zaire) 4228 BC to 2773 BC The Egyptians institute a 365-day calendar. The start of the year, coinciding with the annual Nile floods, is linked to the rising of Sirius (the Dog Star) in line with the sun. 1500 BC to 1450 BC L-shaped sundials used in Egypt. 1450 BC to 1400 BC Stonehenge achieves the form known today. 600 BC to 590 BC Sundials are used in China and the Chinese text "Arithmetic classic of the gnomon and the circular paths of the heaven" contains a version of the Pythagorean theorem. 585 BC Thales of Miletus (Turkey) correctly predicts a solar eclipse. 520 BC to 510 BC Anaximander introduces the sundial to Greece (previously used in Mesopotamia, Egypt and China. He also produces a cylindrical (sic) model of the Earth. 500 BC to 490 BC The Pythagoreans (Greece) introduce a spherical model of the Earth.

62. Writer's Base Camp shen kua wrote about the use of a navigational instrument with a magnetized ironneedle. The first recorded instance of European compass use occurred in http://www.writersbasecamp.com/features/history.html

History of the Modern Compass How Silva Came To Be The invention of the compass changed the world. With this revolutionary device, sailors were able to navigate more accurately. Oceans were crossed, and new lands were discovered. Even with today's technological innovations, travelers still depend on compasses to lead them in the right direction. Who Invented the Compass? Legend has it that the original compass can be traced back to the ancient Chinese. The first known use of a compass occurred in the fourth century B.C. It was used in Feng Shui, the Taoist method of environment organization. Chinese fortunetellers used lodestones, a mineral composed of an iron oxide that aligns itself in a north-south direction, to construct their fortune telling boards. The Chinese eventually noticed that the lodestones were consistent at pointing out actual directions, leading to the first compasses. They designed the compass on a square slab with markings for the cardinal points and the constellations. The pointing needle was a lodestone spoon-shaped device, with a handle that would always point south. The first written mention of the compass was by a Chinese mathematician in about 1050. Shen Kua wrote about the use of a navigational instrument with a magnetized iron needle. The first recorded instance of European compass use occurred in 1190. Very little was understood, though, about how the compass worked. Superstitions abounded, including sea captains believing that if the crew ate onions it would impact the device. In the centuries that follow, historical references of compass use increases. Arabian and Viking explorers are described using the device to navigate across many miles of water in the early and mid-1200s.

63. This Is A Message File For The Marquee Plus Screensaver! Visit 1088 Compass using magnetic needle described by shen kua of China Invented;1088 Compass using magnetic needle described by shen kua of China Invented; http://www.oview.co.uk/HumourInventions.txt

64. The Last Viking: Viking Press And Viking Ships shen kua, in his Dream Pool Essays of 1086, gives the following illuminating story. In the HsiNing reign-period 1068 to 1077 AD ambassadors came from http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb4g1av.html

PART I: VIKING PRESS AND VIKING SHIPS In some years now, you can do the Northwest Passage almost in a rowboat The Vancouver Sun, Jan 30, 2003. PLUNDERERS AND BLUNDERERS? Suddenly, it seemed, the northern seas were swarming with lean, low-hulled predators with snarling dragon figureheads, manned by men of reckless courage and invincible ferocity. Everywhere they went they plundered, burned and raped. Holy Church in particular was a target for their insensate violence, and ecclesiastical treasures looted from unsuspecting chapels and monasteries flowed back into Scandinavia in an unending stream: ' In a word, although there were an hundred hard steeled iron heads on one neck, and an hundred sharp, ready, never-rusting brazen tongues in every head, and an hundred garrulous, loud, unceasing voices from every tongue, they could not recount or narrate or enumerate or tell what all the people of Ireland suffered in common, both men and women, laymen and priests, old and young, noble and ignoble, of hardship and injury and oppression in every house from these ruthless, wrathful, foreign, purely pagan people.' It was the shrill and outraged gibbering of priests, like the writer of this passage from

65. 11th Century shen kua of China develops the magnetic compass. 1086, William I of England ordersThe Doomsday Book compiled listing slaves as assets of landowners. http://www.gocreate.com/History/ra11.htm

Right Ahead Left Behind 11th Century Web GoCreate.com Chinese invent magnifying glass. Crusaders sack Jerusalem, killing 40,000. Crusaders begin slaughtering French Jews. Pope Urban II begins the first of eight Crusades. Shen Kua of China develops the magnetic compass. William I of England orders The Doomsday Book compiled listing slaves as assets of landowners. Constantine the African, disguised as a monk, compiles medical works and helps free medicine from religious hands. Pope Gregory VII excommunicates all married priests. Pope Benedict IX sells papacy to Gregory VI. Chinese begin printing with movable type. Lady Godiva removes a heavy tax burden imposed on her people by riding naked on a horse through the streets of Coventry. Guido d'Arezzo introduces names for pitches the octave scale. Guido d'Arezzo develops the invents modern musical notation. Arab physician Ibn Sina publishes his Canon of Medicine Boleslav the Brave frees Poland from the Holy Roman Empire. Japanese baroness Shikibu Murasaki publishes The Tale of Genji Germany begins to persecute heretics.

66. 1070 To 1089 World History - Din Timelines + shen kua b.1030 d.1093 gave an account of a magnetic compass for navigation inhis work Dream Pool Essays. and other scientific observations. x France ? http://din-timelines.com/1070-1089_timeline.shtml

Din Timelines World History Timelines 1070 To 1089 x England ? Lanfranc becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. x Egypt ? A famine forced Al-Mustansir to send the women of Cairo to Baghdad to escape starvation. x England Castle at Old Sarum. x Possible founding date of the Hospital of St. John in Jerusalem ? by Amalfi merchants x England Castles at Chester and Stafford begun. jun 00 England Hereward the Wake sacks Peterborough Abbey. jun 04 Roquefort cheese created in a cave near Roquefort, France. jul 17 Boudouin VI, count of Flanders/Henegouwen, dies. jul 17 Arnulf III the Hapless becomes earl of Flanders. x England ? Ely castle ordered. x England William I + puts down revolt. x Turks conquer Syria, Jerusalem ? and parts of Palestine. x Seljuks defeat Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert; they capture Jerusalem in x England Canterbury Cathedral rebuilt by Lanfranc. feb 22 Battle of Cassel - Robert I the Frisian defeats Arnulf III, earl of Flanders/Hainault (Arnulf I) who is killed in battle. x England ? First Cathedral at Lincoln begun. x England Treaty of Abernethy.

67. Storia Dell'Arte, Info Tratte Dal Dizionario Comanducci SHEN FENG o Shên Fêng o Chen Feng SHEN GUA o Chen Koua o shen kua SHEN SHIo Chen Che o Shên Shih, «Maoxue» o «Mouxue» e «Zideng», nom pinceau http://www.comanducci.it/elenco/elencoS46.htm

Elenco Artisti presenti su www.comanducci.it PAGINA: A B C D ... SHÊNG TA SHIN V. SHENG DASHI

68. Geoffrey Nunberg - Timeline 1050 The Chinese mathematician shen kua writes first description of movable type.1086 William the Conqueror undertakes the first complete government census http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~nunberg/timeline.html

Timeline of the History of Information This is a pretty arbitrary list of landmarks in the history of information (whatever those might be), which I compiled for the Encyclopedia Britannica with the historian Daniel Brownstein. c. 20,000 B.C. Cave painting is widespread in Eurasia. 3500 B.C. Earliest use of clay bullae in Sumer, envelopes bearing marks that correspond to clay tokens inside; the precursor of the Sumerian writing system. 3100 B.C. Earliest cuneiform markings representing words in Sumer, first language-based writing system. c. 3000 B.C. In Egypt, the earliest instances of hieroglyphic writing appear on slabs of slate in chapels and tombs. The papyrus roll and clay tablet soon become the dominant surfaces of writing. c. 2800 B.C. Egyptians introduce lunar calendar of 365 days as a civil calendar. c. 2500 B.C. Ink is in use in both Egypt and China. c. 1800 B.C. Earliest known samples of Chinese writing, which originated well before this date. c. 1800 B.C. The Babylonians are using an early form of the abacus. c. 1500 B.C. Water clocks are used in Egypt.

69. The History Of Acupuncture The Sung Dynasty (9601279 AD) during time which lived shen kua, an intellectualgenius who postulated (before Kepler did in Regensburg, Europe, http://www.telmedpak.com/homes.asp?a=pain_clinic&b=acupuncture

70. Free Essays On Astronomy Free Essays shen kua Astronomy 201 Astronomer, shen kua shen kua was born inChina in the year 1026. shen kua was born to Shen Chou and his wife Hsa. http://www.creativeessays.com/Astronomy1.html

Home Help Donate Essays Request Essays ... Free Essays > Astronomy Astronomy Display: with description without description Apace Research Free Essays: Apace Research The urge to explore and search the unknown is part of human nature and has led to many of the most important changes in our standard of living. Searching and exploring enriches our spirits and reminds us of the great potential of achi... Word Count: 335 Page Count: 2 Native American Astronomy Free Essays: Native American Astronomy For many years astronomers and people alike have constantly heard about the observations and records of the Chinese and Europeans. No other culture can provide as much information as that gathered by the Chinese and Europea... Word Count: 1186 Page Count: 5 Orion Free Essays: Orion Orion Down fell the red skin of the lion Into the river at his feet. His mighty club no longer beat The forehead of the bull; but he Reeled as of yore beside the sea, When blinded by Oenopion He sought the blacksmith at his forge, And climbing... Word Count: 713 Page Count: 3 Origin Of Solar System Free Essays: Origin Of Solar System The Origin of the Solar System One of the most intriguing questions in astronomy today is the how our solar system formed. Not only does the answer add insight to other similarly forming systems, but also helps to satisfy our ...

71. Engineering Database shen kua, a Chinese scientist, writes his Dream Pool Essays, in these he outlinesthe principles of erosion, sedimentation and uplift which are still used http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/t/i/timeline/source.html

Timeline A brief overview of the major milestones in science and engineering. Palaeolithic peoples in central Europe and France record numbers on bones. Early geometric designs used. Sheep are domesticated in the Middle East. Corn is domesticated in the Oaxaca Valley. Wheat is domesticated in Mesopotamia. Cattle are domesticated in Mesopotamia. Copper artifacts are common in the Middle East. Barley is domesticated in Egypt. Potatoes are domesticated in Peru and Bolivia. Light wooden plows are used in Mesopotamia. Kiln-fired bricks and pots are made in Mesopotamia. Irrigation is developed in Mesopotamia. The first symbols for numbers, simple straight lines, are used in Egypt. Wheeled vehicles are used in Uruk. Square-sailed ships used in Egypt. Draft oxen are used in Mesopotamia. Potter's wheel used in Mesopotamia. Pyramids are built in Egypt. Bronze is developed in Mesopotamia. Horse drawn vehicles are used in Egypt. Horse riding is developed on the Eurasia steppes. Copper is smelted in China. Rice paddies are developed in China. Iron working is developed in the Middle East.

72. Engineering Database shen kua, a Chinese scientist, writes his Dream Pool Essays,in these he outlinesthe principles of erosion, sedimentation and uplift which are still used in http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/c/o/compass/source.html

Compass The earliest-known compass dates from China, during the Han Dynasty (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD). This early compass was made from lodestone, a naturally-magnetic variety of magnetite ore. A spoon-shaped piece of lodestone was placed upon a bronze disk, and the lodestone always pointed north. This early compass was not used for navigation at first; it was used for divination (like Feng Shui), to determine fortuitous placement of buildings, etc. Historical Notes Chinese mathematicians invented the magnetic compass. The domesday Book was written. Shen Kua, a Chinese scientist, writes his Dream Pool Essays,in these he outlines the principles of erosion, sedimentation and uplift which are still used in earth science today. He also makes the first known reference to the use of a magnetic compass for navigation. Alexander Neckam from St Albans writes De naturis rerum ("On natural things") and makes the first known Western reference to the magnetic compass. Maricourt used compass to discover that a magnet is encircled by lines which terminate on two poles. See also: Magnet View Link Network for: Compass Search for Compass on or Web www.diracdelta.co.uk

73. Rugby: Autumn 2005 Who was shen kua? This module presents an exciting, stimulating tour across thelast 2000 years looking at the lives and discoveries of forgotten scientists http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/study/cll/OpenStudies/rugby/

Skip to main content navigation Notify Stats ... Sign in [m] Home Open Studies Counselling CertPCET ... WLA [n] Local Navigation Open Studies OS Online Brochure: Autumn 2005 Open Studies Certificates Dayschools Rugby Counselling CertPCET Degrees CLL U/G Modules ... Contact information Powered by Sitebuilder Privacy Rugby: Autumn 2005 [c] The Percival Guildhouse, Rugby All modules in this section are held at: The Percival Guildhouse, St Matthew's Street, Rugby CV21 3BY Telephone: 01788 542 467 Website: www.percival-guildhouse.co.uk Office hours: 09:30 to Register by post direct to the Percival Guildhouse (cheques payable to 'The Percival Guildhouse') - see link in right-hand column for downloadable Registration Form British Imperialism and foreign policy 1846-1902 Steve Calcutt Fees Credits 10 Number of meetings 10 This module deals with the way in which Britain protected her interests in maintaining the balance of power in Europe and how she protected her key imperial possessions, most notably India. We will consider the foreign policy of Lord Palmerston, Salisbury, Gladstone and Disraeli and also look at Rhodes, Milner and Chamberlain. Emphasis will be on the causes of the Crimean and Second Boer Wars, and Britain's increasing colonial activities in Africa during the latter part of the 19th century. Reference 1297/AU05 Starts Monday 26 September 09:30 to Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael

74. SYLLABUS: HISTORY 201L Sivin, shen kua (10311095). Revised version in Science in Ancient ChinaResearches and Reflections. Robert Hymes, Not Quite Gentlemen? http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/elman/classes/201L/f97/

UCLA GRADUATE COURSE SYLLABUS: HISTORY 201L FALL READING SEMINAR, 1997 TOPICS IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN IMPERIAL CHINA TUESDAY seminars, 2-5 P.M., Public Policy 2333; Course # 621-040-200 INSTRUCTOR: Benjamin Elman , 9381 Bunche Hall, 825-3078 OFFICE HOURS: Wed., 10 A.M. -12 Noon, and by appt. INTRODUCTION : This course has three goals: to introduce the student to the discipline of the history of science; to present the major themes in the history of the traditional "Chinese sciences"; and to challenge the student to do some critical analysis of his/her own. Our overall agenda will be to trace the historical trajectory of Chinese interest in the "natural world" from a subordinate domain in imperial China to a field called "natural science" in the 20th century. This course has an ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARD, click here for access For links to other related sites see CLASSICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY FOR CHINESE HISTORY COURSE REQUIREMENTS: 1. Attendance. 2. Reading of all required assignments. 3. Satisfactory completion of four of nine weekly written assignments (7-10 pages for graduate students) should be completed at the time assigned and handed in on the date specified. Students may not go back to earlier assignments if they were not chosen at the time assigned. Alternatively, students may define by the second week a specific and clearly defined area of concentration that is related to the problem of "science and society" in imperial China and with permission prepare a single final paper of 25-30 pages that will be drawn from the course readings and outside materials relevant to the student.

75. Encyclopedia: List Of Polymaths Shen Kuo or shen kua (Chinese ; pinyin ) (1031 1095) Chinese scientist,polymath, general, diplomat, financial officer was the inventor of compasses http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/List-of-polymaths

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "List of polymaths" also viewed: Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al_Razi Shen Kua Biruni Hypatia ... Carlo Rubbia What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Zweih¤nder Zumtobel Lighting Group Yusuf Estes World of Music, Arts and Dance ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: List of polymaths Updated 10 hours 15 minutes ago. Other descriptions of List of polymaths The following is a list of of famous polymaths , or individuals noted for excelling in multiple fields or disciplines. Leonardo da Vinci A polymath (also known as a polyhistor) is a person who excels in multiple fields, particularly in both arts and sciences. ... Contents Ancient and medieval Renaissance Enlightenment and early post-Enlightenment Contemporary ... Fictional Ancient and medieval Archimedes , a mathematician astronomer philosopher physicist and engineer Aristotle , a philosopher physicist poet zoologist , and biologist Anicius Manlius Severinus Bo«thius Avicenna Averro«s ... Imhotep , a poet astronomer mathematician physician ... architect , and artist Maimonides , or RaMBaM, a physician rabbi , and philosopher Ptolemy , a geographer astronomer , and astrologer Pythagoras , a mathematician and philosopher Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi , Razi or Rhazes — a physician chemist and philosopher Shen Kua , a mathematician engineer general , and geologist Archimedes of Syracuse. ...

76. Newton's Apple Season 15: Wilderness Training Almost a thousand years ago, the Chinese writer shen kua first described the useof a magnetic compass in navigation. At the time, this orienting http://www.ktca.org/newtons/15/wilderness.html

@import "http://www.tpt.org/includes/station_tpt.css"; To Purchase NEWTON'S APPLE videos and other science stuff, call 1-800-588-NEWTON Begin the lesson by asking these questions: Do you like hiking in the woods? What equipment do you take on a camping trip? Most camping areas have at least some comforts, such as trash removal, trails, and rest rooms, but real wilderness has none of those things. How would you plan for wilderness travel, such as climbing a mountain? How much and what kinds of food would you take? How would you find shelter, build a fire, and stay warm? How would you navigate with no trails or constructed landmarks? How would you avoid falling on a steep slope? What specialized equipment would you need? In 1997, four teenagers from Oregon won the Outside Adventure Grant for their proposal to climb Mt. Sir Sanford, a remote peak in the Canadian Rockies. To get there, these wilderness enthusiasts had to kayak and hike to the base of the mountain and then climb up a glacier to the peak. The group's winning proposal included tracking and documenting the habits of an endangered species of caribou along the way. The grant outfitted them for their expedition. As these outdoor adventurers could tell you, alpine climbing and snow travel require particular skills and knowledge. Climbers must have good strength and endurance. They must work effectively in the thin air at high altitude.

77. Resources Of Chinese Inventions, Including Paper, Compass, Gunpowder, Kite, Prin In China, shen kua, had already given the first accurate description of a magneticneedle and clearly mentioned the phenomenon of magnetic declination. http://chineseculture.about.com/od/inventions/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About China Online Inventions China Online Essentials Chinese Names Chinese Characters ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the China Online newsletter! See Online Courses Search China Online Inventions Resources of Chinese inventions, including paper, compass, gunpowder, kite, printing, and more. Alphabetical Recent Chopsticks Chinese people have been using kuaizi as one of the main tableware for more than 3,000 years. Chinese Paper Invention Paper was invented by Cai Lun in 105 AD, which was one of the four great inventions by the Chinese. Who Invented It? When? Chinese Inventions Modern Chinese sometimes are surprised to realize that modern agriculture, shipping, astronomical observatories, decimal mathematics, paper money, umbrellas, wheelbarrows, multi-stage rockets, brandy and whiskey, the game of chess, and much more, all came from China. Compass Invention In China, Shen Kua, had already given the first accurate description of a magnetic needle and clearly mentioned the phenomenon of magnetic declination.

78. List Of Scientists By Field Translate this page shen kua. Sheppard, Philip MacDonald. Sheppard, Philip MacDonald. Sherard, William.Sherrington, Charles Scott. Shewhart, Walter Andrew http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/s.html

Sabatier, Armand Sabatier, Armand Sabatier, Armand Sabatier, Paul Sabin, Florence Rena Sabin, Florence Rena Sabine, Edward Sabine, Edward Sabine, Paul Earls Sabine, Wallace Clement Ware Saccheri, Girolamo Sacco, Luigi Sachs, Julius von Sacrobosco, Johannes de Sage, Balthazar-Georges Sage, Balthazar-Georges Sagnac, Georges M. M. Saha, Meghnad Saint Vincent, Gregorius Saint Vincent, Gregorius Sakata, Shoichi Sakharov, Vladimir Vladimirovich Saks, Stanislaw Sala, Angelo Sala, Angelo Salernitan Anatomists Salernitan Anatomists Salisbury, Rollin Daniel Salisbury, Rollin Daniel Sallo, Denys de Salmon, George Salomonsen, Carl Julius Salomonsen, Carl Julius Salviani, Ippolito Salviani, Ippolito Samoylov, Aleksandr Filippovich Samoylov, Aleksandr Filippovich Samoylov, Aleksandr Filippovich Samoylov, Aleksandr Filippovich Sampson, Ralph Allen Sanarelli, Giuseppe Sanchez, Francisco Sanchez, Francisco Sanderson, Ezra Dwight Sanderson, Ezra Dwight Sanio, Karl Gustav Santorini, Giovanni Domenico Santorini, Giovanni Domenico Santorio, Santorio Santorio, Santorio Santorio, Santorio

79. III. EL MAGNETISMO HASTA EL AÑO 1800 Translate this page Un matemático chino, shen kua (1030-1090) fue el primero que escribió acerca deluso de una aguja magnética para indicar direcciones, que fue el antecedente http://omega.ilce.edu.mx:3000/sites/ciencia/volumen3/ciencia3/112/htm/sec_5.htm

III. EL MAGNETISMO HASTA EL AÑO 1800 E N EL caso del magnetismo, al igual que en el de la electricidad, desde tiempos remotos el hombre se dio cuenta de que el mineral magnetita o imán (un óxido de hierro) tenía la propiedad peculiar de atraer el hierro. Tanto Tales de Mileto como Platón y Sócrates escribieron acerca de este hecho. En el periodo comprendido entre los años 1000-1200 d.C. se hizo la primera aplicación práctica del imán. Un matemático chino, Shen Kua (1030-1090) fue el primero que escribió acerca del uso de una aguja magnética para indicar direcciones, que fue el antecedente de la brújula. Este instrumento se basa en el principio de que si se suspende un imán en forma de aguja, de tal manera que pueda girar libremente, uno de sus extremos siempre apuntará hacia el norte. Más tarde, después del año 1100, Chu Yu informó que la brújula se utilizaba también para la navegación entre Cantón y Sumatra. La primera mención europea acerca de la brújula fue dada por un inglés, Alexander Neckham (1157-1217). Hacia 1269 Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt, un cruzado francés, hizo una descripción detallada de la brújula corno instrumento de navegación. En el año 1600 el inglés William Gilbert (1544-1603), médico de la reina Isabel I, publicó un famoso tratado

80. Z Dziejów Geografii (czê¶æ 1) 1080, shen kua, Skamieniale szczatki drewna, traktowane jako dowód zmianklimatycznych, a odciski muszli w skalach jako dowód zmiany zasiegu mórz w http://geografia.servis.pl/12.php

Nauka i Edukacja w Science Servis - Polski Serwis Naukowy Imieniny: NAUKA Astronomia Biologia Chemia Fizyka ... Socjologia PODRÊCZNE Biografie Biblioteka Ciekawostki Cytaty ... Wynalazki INNE Katalog Stron Tapety SZUKAJ Web servis.pl Geografia Powrót do spisu Z DZIEJÓW GEOGRAFII Czê¶æ II Ok. 150 p.n.e. - 1472 n.e. ok. 150 p.n.e Krates z Mallos Pierwszy Globus ok. 60 p.n.e. Posejdonios z Rodos Pocz±tki nauki o strefowym (zale¿nym od us³onecznienia) rozmieszczenia ¶wiata organicznego; badanie p³ywów morskich I w. p.n.e. Terentius Varro (Warron) De re rustica - ceniony do XVII w. podrêcznik rolnictwa, m.in. podstawy nauki o glebie pocz. n.e. Strabon Wielki, 17-tomowy opis ¶wiata rzymskiego 7 n.e. Vipsamius Agrippa Mapa ¶wiata rzymskiego, najstarsza z zaznaczon± rzek± Vistul±, uto¿samian± z Wis³± 60 n.e. ¿o³nierze rzymscy Próba dotarcia do ¼róde³ Nilu 132 n.e. Zhang Heng Pierwszy sejsmoskop ok. 150 n.e. Ptolemeusz Geographike hyphegesis - o¶miotomowe dzie³o zawieraj±ce mapy i opis znanej czê¶ci ¶wiata, w tym wspó³rzêdne geograficzne ponad 6400 miejsc od Wysp Kanaryjskich po Azjê wschodni± IX w.

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