21. Encyclopedia: Wilhelm Schickard Encyclopedia 1623Wilhelm Schickard invents his Calculating Clock , an early mechanical Wilhelm schickard wilhelm Schickard (born 1592 in Herrenberg died 1635 in http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Wilhelm-Schickard

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Wilhelm Schickard" also viewed: 1623 in science History of computing hardware Konrad Zuse Colossus computer ... Marcian Hoff What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Richard Brautigan Reinsurance Regina Coeli Redwall Online Community ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Wilhelm Schickard Updated 10 days 14 hours 58 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Wilhelm Schickard Wilhelm Schickard (born in Herrenberg - died in T¼bingen ) built the first automatic calculator in 1623. Events January 30 - The death of Pope Innocent IX during the previous year had left the Papal throne vacant. ... A calculator is a device for performing numerical calculations. ... Contemporaries called his machine the Calculating Clock. It precedes the less versatile Pascaline of Blaise Pascal and the calculator of Gottfried Leibniz by twenty years. Schickard's letters to Johannes Kepler show how to use the machine for calculating astronomical tables. The machine could add and subtract six-digit numbers, and indicated an overflow of this capacity by ringing a bell; to aid more complex calculations, a set of

22. Wilhelm Schickard - Wikipedia, Wolna Encyklopedia Wilhelm Schickard. Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii. Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635),niemiecki matematyk, orientalista i konstruktor; profesor uniwersytetu http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schickard

Zebraliśmy już ponad $200 000! Więcej informacji o dotacjach znajdziecie na stronie Fundacji Wikimedia Wilhelm Schickard Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii. Wilhelm Schickard niemiecki matematyk , orientalista i konstruktor; profesor uniwersytetu w Tybindze pastor luterański ; w roku skonstruował na zam³wienie J. Keplera jednÄ z pierwszych na świecie maszyn liczÄ cych, wykonujÄ cÄ dodawanie, odejmowanie, mnożenie i dzielenie liczb całkowitych; maszyna ta, złożona z element³w drewnianych, spłonęła w czasie wojny trzydziestoletniej , została jednak zrekonstruowana w roku przez barona Bruno von Freytag-L¶ringhoffa na podstawie opis³w i szkic³w zawartych w odnalezionych listach Schickarda do Keplera. Maszyna była nieco podobna w konstrukcji (bo nie w wyglÄ dzie!) do suwaka , była jednak r³wnież zaopatrzona w ułatwiajÄ ce liczenie koła zębate. Zobacz też specjalna witryna poświęcona maszynie Schickarda . Tamże aplet Javy, pozwalajÄ cy na symulację działania maszyny. Źr³dło: " http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schickard Kategorie Niemieccy matematycy Views artykuł dyskusja edytuj historia osobiste Logowanie nawigacja Strona gł³wna Portal wikipedyst³w BieÅ¼Ä ce wydarzenia Ostatnie zmiany ... Dary pieniężne Szukaj narzędzia LinkujÄ ce Zmiany w dolinkowanych Prześlij plik Strony specjalne ... Link do tej wersji W innych językach Deutsch English Fran§ais Tę stronę ostatnio zmodyfikowano o 14:20, 10 lut 2005

23. Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut Für Informatik Universit¤t T¼bingen http://www.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/

uni-tuebingen wsi-pi wsi Informatik studieren? weitere Informationen... Willkommen am Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut! Das Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut ist ein Institut der Fakultät für Informations und Kognitionswissenschaften an der Universität Tübingen. Neu: Bachelor und Masterstudium in Informatik und Bioinformatik Studium Arbeitsbereiche Hier finden Sie die einzelnen Arbeitsbereiche. Fachschaft Bibliothek Ausleihe Raumbelegung ... Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut

24. Wilhelm Schickard biography of wilhelm schickard. wilhelm schickard was educated at the Universityof Tübingen. After receiving his first degree, BA in 1609 and MA in http://www.thocp.net/biographies/schickard_wilhelm.html

Wilhelm Schickard April 22, 1592, Herrenberg, Württemberg (Germany) October 24, 1635, Tübingen, Württemberg (Germany) principal papers "What you have done by calculation I have just tried to do by way of mechanics. I have conceived a machine consisting of eleven complete and six incomplete sprocket wheels; it calculates instantaneously and automatically from given numbers, as it adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides. You would enjoy to see how the machine accumulates and transports spontaneously a ten or a hundred to the left and, vice-versa, how it does the opposite if it is subtracting ... " aaa are the buttons of the vertical cylinders with the digits of the multiplication table, which can be displayed at will in the windows provided for the slides bbb . The dials ddd are attached to internal toothed wheels, each one having ten teeth geared in such a way that, if the wheel of the right makes ten turns, the wheel on its left makes only one turn; and if the first wheel on the right side makes one hundred turns, the third wheel on the left makes one turn, and so on. All the wheels rotate in the same direction making it necessary the use of another wheel of the same size geared permanently to the wheel at its left, but not with the one at its right, which requires a special attention during its construction. The digits marked in each wheel are displayed in the openings

25. History Of Computing Netherlands Translate this page wilhelm schickard. schickard designs a calculator and describes this to Keplerin several letters. Most important machines and inventions http://www.thocp.net/timeline/ge.htm

Germany History of Computing in Germany Paul Stuijt 1623 - onwards This chapter is a narrative on the higlights of historic computing events in Germany Computing, in the sense of the main time line, in Germany started probably with the design of a calculator by Schickard. Timeline Wilhelm Schickard Schickard designs a calculator and describes this to Kepler in several letters. Most important machines and inventions GE = Germany GDR = German Democratic Republic (former east Germany) Manufacturer Type Country Date Reference Zuse GE Zuse GE Zuse GE Zuse GE RS p47 Zuse GE RS p47 Zuse GE BW 2 Zuse GE DP V5#3 Max Planck Institute GE CACM 1961 Zuse GE DP V5#3 TH Darmstadt GERA GE CACM 1961 Max Planck Institute GE CACM 1961 TH Munich PERM GE CACM 1961 Siemens GE DP V5#6 Zuse GE DP V5#3 Robotron DresGEn 1 (D1, D1-2) GDR SEL+ ER-56 GE Zuse GE PIRE JAN61 Siemens GE Zuse GE PAL p334 Robotron PRL GDR AEG Telefunken TR-4 GE PAL p335 AEG Telefunken RAT 700 ( Ana.) GE Zuse GE PAL p334 AEG Telefunken RA 800 (Ana) GE AEG Telefunken RAT 740 (Ana) GE Zuse GE PAL p335 Robotron GDR Siemens GE AEG Telefunken TR-10 GE PAL p336 Siemens GE Nixdorf 820 (820 P) GE Siemens GE PAL p337 Siemens GE PAL p337 Siemens GE PAL p337 Zuse GE PAL p337 CCD 516 GDR BW 393 Siemens GE PAL p338 Siemens GE PAL p338 Siemens GE PAL p338 Zuse GE PAL p338 AEG Telefunken TR-86 GE PAL p338 AEG Telefunken TR-440 (Mainframe GE PAL p338 Nixdorf GE Siemens GE PAL p339 Siemens GE PAL p339 Siemens GE PAL p339 Robotron GDR AEG Telefunken TR-84 GE Nixdorf GE Siemens GE DP Jul72 Diehl Combitron S

26. Proof, Computation, Complexity wilhelmschickard-Institut, University of T¼bingen, Germany; 89 April 2002. http://www-ls.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/logik/kahle/pcc.html

Proof, Computation, Complexity International workshop April 8th and 9th, 2002 Motivation List of participants Location Travel information Motivation The workshop is aimed at computer scientists who share an active interest in proof theory, computation and complexity theory. It focusses on recent developments in these fields, and it strongly supports discussion of perspectives in future research. Preliminary list of participants Stefan Berghofer Kai Brünnler , Dresden Birgit Elbl , München Gilda Ferreira, Lisboa Lew Gordeew , Tübingen Alessio Guglielmi , Dresden Pascal Hitzler , Dresden Klaus Frovin Jørgensen , Roskilde Reinhard Kahle , Tübingen/München Andreas Krebs, Tübingen Lars Kristiansen , Oslo , Nancy Isabel Oitavem , Lisboa Geoff Ostrin , Bern Ivar Rummelhoff , Oslo , Dresden Marc Wirz , Bern Program commitee: Birgit Elbl Reinhard Kahle Location The workshop will take place in the Fürstenzimmer in the castle of Tübingen Travel information We have reserved rooms at the guest house of the university, Lessingweg 3 If you come by car, please consult a map If you come by train, you can use the bus lines

27. Wilhelm Schickard Ein Nachbau der Rechenmaschine von wilhelm schickard http://www.fh-niederrhein.de/~rehork/ge_info/geschichte6.htm

Wilhelm Schickard Wilhelm Schickard lebte von 1592 bis 1635. Er erfand die erste "Rechenmaschiene" im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (1623). Die Rechenmaschine des Tübingers konnte automatisch addieren, subtrahieren, multiplizieren und dividieren. In einem Brief an Kepler zeichnete er seine Maschine. Die Maschine arbeitete mit Zahnrädern. Zu jeder Dezimalstelle der Additionseinrichtung dieser Rechenmaschine gehörte ein Rad mit zehn Zähnen, das Zählrad. Auf dem Umfang dieser Zählräder (A , A , A , ...) standen die Ziffern 0-9. Jeder Zahn entsprach also einer Ziffer. Auf der Achse jedes Zählrades saß ein weiteres Rad mit nur einem Zahn, das Übertragsrad. Dieses Rad war für den Übertrag auf die nächste Zehnerstufe (Zehnerpotenz) zuständig. Der Übertragszahn (Ü , ...) drehte über ein weiteres Rad (B , B , B ,...) das nächste Zählrad. Das Funktionsprinzip (s. Abb. links): Die Schickardsche Rechenmaschine hätte damals für die astronomischen Berechnungen ein gutes Werkzeug sein können. Man konnte mit ihr addieren, subtrahieren und - im oberen Teil - multiplizieren und dividieren. Leider arbeitete die Maschine niemals zuverlässig. Die Anforderungen an die Genauigkeit überstiegen die damaligen feinmechanischen Möglichkeiten. Ein Nachbau der Rechenmaschine von Wilhelm Schickard made by Blazej Lebek (15.5.2000)

28. Abteilung Datenbanken Und Informationssysteme Abteilung Datenbanken und Informationssysteme am wilhelmschickard-Institut f¼r Informatik an der Eberhard-Karls-Universit¤t T¼bingen. http://sunwww.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/

29. Schickard Biography of wilhelm schickard (15921635) wilhelm schickard was educated atthe University of Tübingen. After receiving his first degree, http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Schickard.html

Wilhelm Schickard Born: Died: Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Wilhelm Schickard His research was broad and included astronomy, mathematics and surveying. He invented many machines like one to calculate astronomical dates and one for Hebrew grammar. He also made significant advances in mapmaking, showing how to produce maps which were far more accurate than those which were currently available. Long before Pascal and Leibniz , Schickard invented a calculating machine in 1623 which was used by Kepler . He wrote to Kepler suggesting a mechanical means to calculate ephemerides. Schickard corresponded with many scientists including Boulliau Gassendi and Kepler Among his other skills, Schickard was renowned as an engraver both in wood and in copperplate. Schickard died of the plague either on the day given above or, possibly, one day earlier. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson List of References (5 books/articles) A Poster of Wilhelm Schickard Mathematicians born in the same country Other references in MacTutor Chronology: 1600 to 1625 Other Web sites The Galileo Project Schickard's calculator A stamp of Schickard's calculator Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index History Topics Societies, honours, etc.

30. Wilhelm Schickard's Mechanical Calculator wilhelm schickard invented a mechanical calculator about fifteen years beforeBlaise Pascal started developing his Arithmetic Machine. http://www.maxmon.com/1625ad.htm

1625 AD Wilhelm Schickard's Mechanical Calculator As was previously noted, determining who invented the first mechanical calculator is somewhat problematical. Many references cite the French mathematician, physicist, and theologian, Blaise Pascal as being credited with the invention of the first operational calculating machine called the Arithmetic Machine However, Pascal's claim to fame notwithstanding, the German astronomer and mathematician Wilhelm Schickard wrote a letter to his friend Johannes Kepler about fifteen years before Pascal started developing his Arithmetic Machine. (Kepler, a German astronomer and natural philosopher, was the first person to realize (and prove) that the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits.) a In his letter, Schickard wrote that he had built a machine that "... immediately computes the given numbers automatically; adds, subtracts, multiplies, and divides ". Unfortunately, no original copies of Schickard's machine exist, but working models have been constructed from his notes. a See also: Leonardo da Vinci's mechanical calculator John Napier and Napier's Bones Blaise Pascal's Arithmetic Machine Gottfried von Libniz's Step Reckoner ... The invention of the slide rule a These notes are abstracted from the book Bebop BYTES Back (An Unconventional Guide to Computers)

31. Schickard, Wilhelm --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your Gateway To All B schickard, wilhelm body German astronomer, mathematician, and cartographer. http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9377918

Home Browse Store Help Search Britannica Concise Again Schickard, Wilhelm  Concise Encyclopedia Article Page 1 of 1 Wilhelm Schickard German astronomer, mathematician, and cartographer. In 1623 he invented one of the first calculating machines. He proposed to Johannes Kepler the development of a mechanical means of calculating ephemerides (predicted positions of celestial bodies at regular intervals of time), and he contributed to the improvement of accuracy in mapmaking. var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Schickard, Wilhelm." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9377918 APA style: Schickard, Wilhelm. ( Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Retrieved http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9377918 Britannica style: "Schickard, Wilhelm." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9377918

32. Wilhelm Schickard - Perlentaucher.de, Kultur Und Literatur Online Translate this page schickard, wilhelm wilhelm schickard Briefwechsel. Band 1 1616-1632. wilhelm schickard (1592-1635), von Haus aus evangelischer Theologe, http://www.perlentaucher.de/autoren/12216.html

Zu den Inhalten Warum sieht der Perlentaucher so merkwürdig aus? Home Bücher ... Markt Autorenverzeichnis A B C D ... Z google_ad_client = "pub-8495454810892399"; google_ad_width = 180; google_ad_height = 150; google_ad_format = "180x150_as"; google_ad_type = "text_image"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "CCCCCC"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "000000"; google_color_url = "666666"; google_color_text = "333333"; Schickard, Wilhelm Keine Biografie vorhanden! weitere Bücher Schickard, Wilhelm: Wilhelm Schickard: Briefwechsel Band 1: 1616-1632. Band 2: 1633-1635 Frommann-Holzboog Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3772821626, Gebunden, 1397 Seiten, 276,00 EUR mehr lesen Schnellsuche Erweiterte Buchsuche var IVW="http://perlenta.ivwbox.de/cgi-bin/ivw/CP/Buecher"; document.write(""); Zum Seitenanfang Home Bücher Autoren ... signandsight.com Perlentaucher.de ist nicht verantwortlich für die Inhalte externer Internetseiten

33. Lexikon Wilhelm Schickard Translate this page wilhelm schickard entwickelte um 1630 das erste Handplanetarium, mit dem sich Sonne, wilhelm schickard trat nicht nur als Theologe, Geograph, http://lexikon.freenet.de/Wilhelm_Schickard

E-Mail Mitglieder Community Suche ... Hilfe document.write(''); im Web in freenet.de in Shopping Branchen Lexikon Artikel nach Themen alphabetischer Index Artikel in Kategorien Weitere Themen Po-Rasur und Zicken- krieg: Olivia Jones mischt das BB-Dorf auf Noch mehr Sex und Intrigen: Die neuen "Housewives" œberraschung: Aldi bietet 3-GHz-PC f¼r nur 499 Euro an Peugeot 20Cup: Doppelter FahrspaŸ ohne Ende ... Expertenrat: So sollte Ihr Depot aussehen Sie sind hier: Startseite Lexikon Wilhelm Schickard Wilhelm Schickard Wilhelm Schickard Wilhelm Schickard 22. April in Herrenberg 23. Oktober in T¼bingen ) (Neffe von Heinrich Schickhardt ) war Professor f¼r biblische Sprachen, Astronomie und Mathematik an der Universit¤t T¼bingen. Er konstruierte die erste mechanische Rechenmaschine und beschrieb sie in einem Brief an Johannes Kepler , der sie zur Erstellung seiner Rudolfinischen Tafeln verwenden wollte. Wilhelm Schickard entwickelte um 1630 das erste Handplanetarium, mit dem sich Sonne, Erde und Mond bewegen lieŸen. Er war Gelehrter von weitgespannter Universalit¤t, Professor f¼r Astronomie, Mathematik und orientalischen Sprachen an der Universit¤t T¼bingen. Wilhelm Schickard trat nicht nur als Theologe, Geograph, Landvermesser und Kupferstecher, sondern auch als genialer Erfinder hervor. Er schuf 1623 auch die ¤lteste mechanische Rechenmaschine. Sein Bild befindet sich in der Bildnissammlung im Senatssaal in der Universit¤t T¼bingen. Quelle: Schickardsches Skizzenbuch, W¼rttembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart.

34. Wilhelm Schickard Translate this page wilhelm schickard (1592 - 1635). Nació en Herrenberg (Alemania), estudió en launiversidad de Tübingen hasta 1613 habiendo cursado teología y lenguas http://www.dma.eui.upm.es/historia_informatica/Doc/Personajes/WilhelmSchickard.h

Wilhelm Schickard (1592 - 1635) N E E A G

35. A Java3D-Visualisation Of The Schickard Calculator It was invented by the German professor wilhelm schickard in 1623, but remainedunknown for 300 years. In 1960 it was reconstructed by Baron Bruno von http://www.gris.uni-tuebingen.de/projects/schickard/

Java 3D-Simulation of the Schickard Calculator from 1623 Introduction Installation Applet Problems ... Editorial Introduction The Schickard Calculator is the first known mechanical calculator to add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was invented by the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623, but remained unknown for 300 years. In 1960 it was reconstructed by Baron Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff. In this study work a simulation of the reconstructed calculator was done using a Java 3D-applet. This makes it possible to perform calculations like Schickard did, watch the calculator from any view point you like and even gain an insight view of case. Look at some screen shots in our small picture gallery On this page you will find everything you need to start the applet and much more... Explore the fascinating world of the Schickard Calculator! Installation and Configuration for Windows 95/NT Step 1: Installation of Java 2-Plug-in You must have a Java 2-Plug-in (preferred: Java 1.2.1-Plug-in) installed. Otherwise: Download and install the Java 1.2.2-Plug-in in (file:

36. KEPLER, Johannes And Matthias BERNEGGER, Epistolae J. Keppleri & M. Berneggeri M bound with schickard, wilhelm and Matthias BERNEGGER. Epistolae W. Schickarti M. Berneggeri mutuae. Strasbourg, Josia Staedel, 1673 http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2453.html

II. First edition. These letters, mostly from Schickard to Bernegger, are largely devoted to Schickard's collaboration with Kepler. The correspondence commences in 1620, with an account of an eclipse of the moon observed by Kepler and Schickard. Schickhard discusses the progress of Kepler's discoveries, and, after 1630, the posthumous influence of Kepler. There are references to Galileo and generally the Copernican cause. Finally, there is considerable discussion of astronomical observations and the preparation of astronomical data and calculations, the issues that led Schickard to devise one of the earliest functional calculators. 'In 1617 he befriended Kepler, who reawakened in him an interest in mathematics and astronomy and with whom he maintained an active correspondence for several years... Schickhard was a skilled mechanic, cartographer, and engraver in wood and copperplate; and he wrote treatises on Semitic studies, mathematics, astronomy, optics, meteorology, and cartography. He invented and built a working model of the first modern mechanical calculator and proposed to Kepler the development of a mechanical means of calculating ephemerides. Schickard's works on astronomy include a lunar ephermeris, observations of the comets of 1618, and descriptions of unusual solar phenomena (meteors and the transit of Mercury in 1631)... 'Schickard was an early supporter of Kepler's theories; his treatise on the 1631 transit of Mercury called attention to some of Kepler's ideas and works and to the superiority of the Rudolphine Tables' (DSB).

37. Wilhelm Schickard - Definition Erklärung Bedeutung Glossar Zu Wilhelm Schickard Tübingen) (Neffe von Heinrich Schickhardt ) war Professor für biblische Sprachen, http://www.adlexikon.de/Wilhelm_Schickard.shtml

Wilhelm Schickard Definitionen, Erklärungen sowie Bedeutungen zu Wilhelm Schickard Suche Links zu Wilhelm Schickard Auktionen bei Amazon Was interessiert Sie? Wilhelm Schimmel Pia ... Wilhelm Schmid Wilhelm Schmidtbonn Wilhelm Schmidt (Bayern) ... ... weitere Oft gesucht Detektiv Plastische Chirurgie Ich-AG Spedition ... Notebook Kategorie A B C D ... Z Wilhelm Schickard Wilhelm Schickard (* 22. April in Herrenberg in Tübingen) (Neffe von Heinrich Schickhardt ) war Professor für biblische Sprachen, Astronomie und Mathematik an der Universität Tübingen. Er konstruierte die erste mechanische Rechenmaschine und beschrieb sie in einem Brief an Johannes Kepler , der sie zur Erstellung seiner Rudolfinischen Tafeln verwenden wollte. Wilhelm Schickard (1592 bis 1635) entwickelte um 1630 das erste Handplanetarium, mit dem sich Sonne, Erde und Mond bewegen ließen. Er war Gelehrter von weitgespannter Universalität, Professor für Astronomie, Mathematik und orientalischen Sprachen an der Universität Tübingen. Wilhelm Schickard trat nicht nur als Theologe, Geograph, Landvermesser und Kupferstecher, sondern auch als genialer Erfinder hervor. Er schuf 1623 auch die älteste mechanische Rechenmaschine. Sein Bild befindet sich in der Bildnissammlung im Senatssaal in der Universität Tübingen. Quelle: Schickardsches Skizzenbuch, Landesbibliothek Stuttgart. Weblinks Biografie Biografie Hier findet man auch eine Beschreibung der Rechenmaschine Wilhelm Schickards Schickard, Wilhelm

38. Computing Before Computers See also schickard, wilhelm Keydriven adding machine. See Comptometer Keypunch,133, 142 Kircher, Athanasius, 19, 29105 L Lake, CD, 136, 142, 149 Lambert, http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC.html

Go to On Line Documents , Go to Go to Antique Computer home page This is a presentation of Computing Before Computers Edited by William Aspray with contributions by W. Aspray A. G. Bromley M. Campbell-Kelly P.E. Ceruzzi M. R. Williams ISBN 0-8138-0047-1 1. Calculators-History. 2. Computers-History. I. Aspray, William. Statement of permission to web publish Scanned, and processed into Adobe .PDF format by Ed Thelen September 2000 from a first edition copy lent by Michael R. Williams - one of the contributors. To make the contents of this 266 page book more accessable for Internet viewers: the various chapters and sections are presented as separate files of 6 megabytes max each the Table of Contents (linked to the sections) is presented below the Index is presented below. (searchable by your browser) each .PDF section is searchable by the Adobe Acrobat viewer - "Image on Text". Table of Contents Introduction .................................... vii William Aspray Chapter One: Early Calculation Michael R. Williams Chapter Two: Difference and Analytical Engines Allan G. Bromley

39. The Wilhelm Schickard Museum Of Computing History Welcome to the wilhelm schickard Museum of Computing History at Concordia UniversityWisconsin. The Museum Collection Learn more about any computer in the http://www.cs.cuw.edu/museum/Index.html

Welcome Welcome to the Wilhelm Schickard Museum of Computing History at Concordia University Wisconsin The Museum Collection Learn more about any computer in the museum The History of Computing Learn about famous people and machines in the history of Computer Science Computer Science @ CUW A closer look at Concordia's Computer Science Department ... Wilhelm Schickard A biography of the Lutheran pastor and inventor of the mechanical calculator

40. Wilhelm Schickard However, that distinction actually belongs to wilhelm schickard, a universityprofessor and Lutheran minister. schickard was born on April 22nd, http://www.cs.cuw.edu/museum/Schickard.html

Wilhelm Schickard It is widely believed that the first mechanical calculating device was created by the French mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. However, that distinction actually belongs to Wilhelm Schickard, a university professor and Lutheran minister. Schickard was born on April 22nd, 1592 in Herrenberg, Germany. Little is known about his early life. He attended the University of Tübingen, earning a B.A. in 1609 and M.A. in 1611. In 1613, he became a Lutheran minister, serving several towns around Tübingen. He served in this capacity until 1619, when he was appointed Professor of Hebrew at the University of Tübingen. He taught Biblical languages until 1631, when he became Professor of Astronomy. In 1623, Schickard built a mechanical device which could perform mathematical operations. In a letter to Johannes Kepler, written on September 20, 1623, Schickard described his machine as follows: What you have done by calculation I have just tried to do by way of mechanics. I have conceived a machine consisting of eleven complete and six incomplete sprocket wheels; it calculates instantaneously and automatically from given numbers, as it adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides. You would enjoy to see how the machine accumulates and transports spontaneously a ten or a hundred to the left and, vice-versa, how it does the opposite if it is subtracting ... Unfortunately, the only two original copies of Schickard's machine were lost, one in a fire and one after his death from plague in 1635. However, in the 1950s, scholars who were collecting the works of Kepler found, tucked into a book, Schickard's original drawings of his device. This made it possible for Professor Bruno Baron von Freytag Loringhoff of the University of Tübingen to reconstruct Schickard's calculator.

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