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         Rydberg Johannes:     more detail
  1. People Connected to Lund University: Lars Hörmander, Arvid Carlsson, Ernst Wigforss, Gustaf Retzius, Etzel Cardeña, Johannes Rydberg
  2. Ueber die Spectra von Zinn, Blei, Arsen, Antimon, Wismuth. with: KAYSER & RUNGE. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Linien-spectra. with: Johannes Robert RYDBERG (1854-1919). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Linienspectren. by Heinrich Johannes Gustav (1853-1940) & Carl David Tolmé RUNGE (1856-1927). KAYSER, 1894-01-01
  3. Rydberg, Johannes: An entry from Macmillan Reference USA's <i>Chemistry: Foundations and Applications</i> by Todd W. Whitcombe, 2004
  4. Rydberg term tables by F Paschen, 1928

41. Rydberg Formula: Information From Answers.com
rydberg formula The rydberg formula ( rydbergRitz formula ) is used in atomic johannes rydberg Paschen series rydberg constant Balmer series
http://www.answers.com/topic/rydberg-formula
showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Rydberg formula Wikipedia Rydberg formula The Rydberg formula Rydberg-Ritz formula ) is used in atomic physics for determining the full spectrum of light emission from hydrogen , later extended to be useful with any element A piece of the original document detailing the Rydberg formula in 1888. The spectrum are the wavelengths of photons emitted when electrons jump between discrete energy levels, "shells" around the atom of a certain chemical element The fomula was invented by the Swedish physicist Janne Rydberg and presented on November 5
Rydberg formula for hydrogen
Where By setting n to 1 and letting n run from 2 to infinity, the spectral lines known as the Lyman series converging to 91nm are obtained, in the same manner: n n Name Converge toward Lyman series Balmer series Paschen series
Rydberg formula for any hydrogen-like element
The formula above can be extended for use with any hydrogen-like chemical elements where

42. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results
johannes Robert rydberg Born 8 Nov 1854 in Halmstad, Sweden Died 28 Dec 1919in Lund, Sweden Click the picture above to see a larger version Show
http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/search_webcatalogue2.pl?limit=625&term1=b

43. LLC Joint Seminars
”Two Legacies of johannes rydberg. the rydberg Constant and rydberg Atoms”.The lecture is preceeded by a buffé lunch starting at 1215 in connection to
http://www-llc.fysik.lth.se/JointLLCsemlist.htm
Joint LLC Seminars
A series of joint LLC seminars is being arranged for all LLC members. The idea is to have broad seminars by well-known international scientists interlaced with overview lectures of LLC activities, mostly by senior LLC-scientists. Joint LLC seminars to be performed during 2005 Prof. Thomas Elsaesser , Max-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany, " Ultrafast dynamics of hydrogen bonds in liquids: Nuclear motions, vibrational couplings and relaxation" Prof. Anton Zeilinger Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Vienna, Austria and Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Austrian Academy of Sciences, "Photonic Quantum Computation and Quantum Teleportation" Prof. Wolfgang Kiefer Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany, "Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing Spectroscopies and Applications" Prof. Dainis Dravins , Lund Observatory, Lund, Sweden, " Future Optical Astronomy with Quantum Optics" Joint LLC Seminars already performed during the period 1995 - 2005
Prof. T.W Hänsch

44. Johannes Robert Rydberg - Spektroskopie | životopis
johannes Robert rydberg slavný fyzik. Práce v oblasti spektroskopie.
http://www.converter.cz/fyzici/rydberg.htm
Johannes Robert Rydberg
Úvodní strana Fyzici Johannes Robert Rydberg se narodil 8. listopadu 1854 v Halmstadu na jihozápadì Švédska.
Rydberg student
Johannes Rydberg navštìvoval školu v Halmstadu. Støedoškolské vzdìlání ukonèil Rydberg na gymnáziu v Halmstadu v roce 1873. Ve stejném roce zaèal Johannes Robert Rydberg studovat na univerzitì v Lundu , která je druhá nejstarší ve Švédsku - byla založena v roce 1666. Rydberg zde získal v roce 1875 titul bakaláøe. Rydberg pokraèoval ve studiu matematiky a v roce 1879 získal doktorát.
Profesor Rydberg
V roce 1880 byl Johannes Robert Rydberg jmenován pøednášejícím matematiky na univerzitì v Lundu . Rydberg se zaèal zajímat o obor matematické fyziky. Následující dva roky pracoval na problémech týkajících se elektøiny. V roce 1882 zaèal Johannes Robert Rydberg pøednášet na univerzitì v Lundu fyziku. Byl také asistentem ve Fyzikálním institutu. V bøeznu 1901 byl Rydberg jmenován profesorem fyziky. Toto místo zastával až do svého odchodu do dùchodu v roce 1919 (zde ho vystøídal Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn ). Od roku 1914 byl Rydberg vážnì nemocen a nemohl se plnì vìnovat své èinnosti. Do dùchodu odešel jen nìkolik týdnù pøed svou smrtí.

45. TCAEP.co.uk Science-Constants -Rydberg Constant
The rydberg constant is named after Swedish physicist johannes rydberg (1854 1919). References, The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 81st edition,
http://www.scenta.co.uk/tcaep/nonxml/science/constant/details/rydbergconstant.ht
Science
Constants
Name Rydberg Constant Symbol R Value m
Hz/ c
J/ hc
hc Category General Mathematical Constants Comments In an atom the energy levels of the electrons are quantised, and in the Bohr model of a one-electron atom they have energies E n R n where n R is equal to m e c h m e is the mass of the electron, c is the speed of light, and h is Planck's constant.
The Rydberg constant is easily determined to high accuracy by measuring the wavelengths of spectroscopic transitions between levels in hydrogen atoms or single electron ions. The photons emitted in such cases carry energies equal to the difference in energy between the energy levels.
The Rydberg constant is named after Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg (1854 - 1919). References The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics st edition, 2000-2001
Introduction to Elementary Particles
CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998 , P J Mohr, B N Taylor, Rev. Mod. Phys. 72 (2), 2000
The Dent Dictionary of Measurement , M Darton, J Clark, Dent, 1994
H O M E
S C I E N C E M A T H S A S T R O N O M Y ... About
Developed By DOMEX E-DATA PVT., LTD.

46. Biografia De Rydberg, Johannes Robert
Translate this page rydberg, johannes Robert. (Halmstad, 1854-Lund, 1919) Físico sueco. Miembro dela Royal Society británica y profesor en la Universidad de Lund,
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/r/rydberg.htm
Inicio Buscador Las figuras clave de la historia Reportajes Los protagonistas de la actualidad Rydberg, Johannes Robert (Halmstad, 1854-Lund, 1919) Físico sueco. Miembro de la Royal Society británica y profesor en la Universidad de Lund, estableció una relación entre las rayas espectrales de los distintos elementos e introdujo la constante que lleva su nombre. Inicio Buscador Recomendar sitio

47. < BLEACHED PRESS INTERVIEWS: Johannes Persson (Cult Of Luna) >
When Swedish hardcore act Eclipse split in 99, vocalist Klas rydberg and guitaristJohannes Persson formed a new band which would become Cult of Luna.
http://www.bleachedpress.com/col1.htm
HOME MUSIC LITERATURE VISUAL ART ... LINKS Cult Of Luna images courtesy of Chris Marshall HOME GIG LISTINGS CONTACT US When Swedish hardcore act Eclipse split in 99, vocalist Klas Rydberg and guitarist Johannes Persson formed a new band which would become Cult of Luna.
Questions answered by CoL vocalist Klas Rydberg.
What was your vision when you started Cult of Luna and how close do you think you have come to achieving it? Just to do something completely different than what we did before. We were interested how Neurosis, for example, used samples and keyboards and the idea was
What is involved in the Cult of Luna writing process and how do you turn ideas into finished tracks? to us in rehearsal.
The vocals do work as an instrument, that was our idea on that record and, yes, they are quite low in the mix. The reason for that is basically the way we structured our songs on that album. Although I think

48. July 2004
Getting the numbers right – the lonely struggle of rydberg. johannes rydberg wasone of the grandfathers of modernday physics and chemistry, but persuading
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2004/July/index.asp

Chemistry World Other RSC site areas... About Us RSC Publishing Members Education Library Chemsoc Conferences News Chemistry World
July 2004
Vol. 1, No. 7
News Review
Blood sucking biosensors
Researchers take inspiration from an insect pest.
Scanning the genome for risk of heart attack
Researchers at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) have teamed up with Celera Diagnostics to arrive at two novel genetic markers link...
We’re no dummies, say condom manufacturers
Companies involved in condom production and testing have vociferously rejected claims of a potential carcinogenic risk associated with use of their products.
A frizzled inhairitance
Looking a bit frizzled today? Having another bad hair day?
Spotlight on latest EU recruits
Baltic State researchers take to the European stage.
Nano’s eco credentials
Nanotechnologists are determined not to head down the path well trodden by ill-fated GM proponents.
Chips in space
Lab-on-a-chip technology could soon be going boldly into space in search of extra-terrestrial life, according to NASA scientists.
Belgian firm to buy Celltech
Celltech has accepted a cash offer from UCB, a Belgian pharmaceutical and chemical company, which values the UK biotechnology firm at about £1.53bn.

49. Rydberg
Physics Faces. johannes rydberg (18541919) discovered the Balmer formula independently of Balmer.
http://faculty.rmwc.edu/tmichalik/rydberg.htm
Physics Faces Johannes Rydberg (1854-1919) discovered the "Balmer formula" independently of Balmer.

50. Faces
rydberg, johannes rydberg discovered the Balmer formula independently of Balmer.Schroedinger, Erwin Schroedinger invented the wavefunction formulation of
http://faculty.rmwc.edu/tmichalik/faces.htm
PHYSICS FACES Ampere Andre Marie Ampere made fundamental contributions to electricity and magnetism. Anderson Carl D. Anderson discovered the positron and the muon in 1932. Angstrom Anders Angstrom. Spectroscopy. Balmer Johann Balmer discovered the formula for the hydrogen spectrum. Becquerel Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896. Bessel Friedrich Bessel. Bessel functions. Biot Jean-Baptiste Biot. Co-discoverer of the Biot-Savart Law. Bohr Niels Bohr made fundamental contributions to quantum theory. Boltzmann Ludwig Boltzmann made fundamental contributions to statistical mechanics. Born Max Born made fundamental contributions to quantum mechanics. Bose Satyendranath Bose. Bose-Einstein statistics. Bosons! Boyle Robert Boyle. Boyle's Law. Brewster David Brewster. Brewster's angle. Bunsen Robert Bunsen. The Bunsen burner. Carnot Sadi Carnot: a pioneer in thermodynamics. Cerenkov Pavel Cerenkov discovered what is now called "Cerenkov radiation". Chadwick James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932.

51. List Of Scientists By Field
Translate this page Regiomontanus, johannes. Regnault, Henri Victor. Regnault, Henri Victor Ružicka, Leopold. Ružicka, Leopold. rydberg, johannes. rydberg, johannes.
http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/r.html
Rabl, Cari Rabl, Cari Rademacher, Hans Radon, Johann Raffles, Thomas Stamford Bingley Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata Ramanujan, Srinivasa Aaiyangar Rames, Jean Baptiste Rames, Jean Baptiste Rammelsberg, Karl Ramon, Gaston Ramsauer, Carl Wilhelm Ramsay, Andrew Crombie Ramsay, William Ramsdell, Lewis Stephen Ramsdell, Lewis Stephen Ramsdell, Lewis Stephen Ramsden, Jesse Ramsey, Frank Plumpton Ramus, Peter Ramus, Peter Ramus, Peter Rankine, Alexander Oliver Rankine, Alexander Oliver Rankine, William John Macquorn Rankine, William John Macquorn Ranvier, Louis-Antoine Ranyard, Arthur Cowper Raspe, Rudolf Erich Raspe, Rudolf Erich Rateau, Auguste Camille Edmond Rateau, Auguste Camille Edmond Rathke, Martin Heinrich Rathke, Martin Heinrich Ratzel, Friedrich Ratzel, Friedrich Ratzel, Friedrich Raulin, Jules Rauwolf, Leonhard Ray, John Ray, Prafulla Chandra Rayet, Georges Antoine Pons Raymond of Marseilles Raymond, Percy Edward Raymond, Percy Edward Razmadze, Andrei Mikhailovich Ra Reck, Hans Reck, Hans

52. Currents - Spring 1997: Vol. 9, No. 1
Using millimeterwave spectroscopy between rydberg states of hydrogen, named in honor of the Swedish spectroscopist johannes Robert rydberg (1854-1919),
http://rleweb.mit.edu/Publications/currents/9-1cov.htm
Frontiers of Atomic Physics at RLE
RLE currents Vol. 9, No. 1 (Spring 1997) Contents:
Frontiers of Atomic Physics at RLE
Absorption shadows of sodium atoms in ultracold clouds show evidence for Bose-Einstein condensation as the clouds are cooled to lower temperatures (from left): above the condensation point, just after condensation begins, and the remaining, essentially pure condensate. BEC of atomic gases presents new possibilities for applied and fundamental research. For the first time, it provides scientists with macroscopic samples of atoms in a single quantum state, implying ultimate control over the motion of atoms. Several applications are foreseen in nanotechnology (high-resolution atom deposition), precision measurements (new atomic clocks and the determination of fundamental constants), and atom optics (atom interferometers that hold promise as ultraprecise gyroscopes). The focus for this issue of RLE currents is research on fundamental atomic physics in RLE's Atomic, Molecular, and Optical (AMO) Physics group. Traditionally, atomic physics is concerned with the structure of atoms and how they interact with each other, with other particles, and with light. Much of the field continues to be occupied with these studies, and the fruits of this research are eagerly consumed by other scientific disciplines, including molecular physics, astronomy, astrophysics, plasma physics, and atmospheric science. Beyond these pursuits, however, atomic physics has a tradition of crucial experiments that provide critical tests for new and established theories. These experiments also lead to the development of refined methods for precise observation. This tradition has animated atomic physics research at RLE since the laboratory's earliest days, and it is very much alive in RLE today.

53. The Science Bookstore - Chronology
rydberg, johannes Born 11/8/1854 Died 12/28/1919, 1854 AD. 1854 AD, Nursing refinedFlorence Nightingale. 1854 AD, Irishman George Boole publishes The
http://www.thesciencebookstore.com/chron.asp?pg=19

54. Physics Time-Line To 1799
1890 johannes rydberg, empirical formulae for spectral lines and rydberg constant1892 Hendrick Lorentz, theory that electricity is due to charged
http://www.hannibal.cnyric.org/TeacherWebs/Cburch/activityfiles/abbrevPhysicsTim
Project
Overview Student Examples Scoring Rubric Research List Presentation
rubric
Physics Time-Line to 1799
Nicolaus Copernicus Thales of Miletus , prediction of an eclipse
Thales of Miletus , birth of scientific thought
Thales of Miletus , water as the basic element
Thales of Miletus , magnets and attraction to rubbed amber
Thales of Miletus , first cosmologies
Pythagoras , understanding the world and mathematics
Pythagoreans , Earth is a sphere
Oenopides , finds angle of Earth's tilt to ecliptic
Heraclitus , fire as primary substance Parmenides , Earth is a sphere Anaxagoras , materials are made of "seeds" (atoms) Anaxagoras , sun, moon and stars are made of same material as Earth Anaxagoras , sun as a hot glowing rock Philolaus , Earth Rotates Zeno , paradoxes of discrete or continuous space and time Leucippus , indivisble atoms Democritus , Atomic theory Plato , theory of knowledge Plato , ether as a fifth element Democritus , Milky Way is composed of many stars Aristotle , Free falling bodies accelerate but heavier bodies fall faster Heracleides , Rotation of the Earth Aristotle , Earth is a sphere Aristotle , Space is continuous and always filled with matter Strato , experiments with falling bodies and levers Aristotle , physics and metaphysics Aristotle , geocentric cosmology Euclid , elements of mathematics Archimedes , Principle of levers and compound pulley Archimedes , Archimedes' principle of hydrostatics Eratosthenes , Measurement of Earth's circumference Chinese , record of sun spots Hero of Alexandria , expansion of air with heat

55. Eponyms
rydberg, johannes Robert rydberg (18541919), Swedish physicist. Top. ~ S ~.sabin, Wallace Clement Sabine (1868-1919), American physicist
http://users.tinyonline.co.uk/gswithenbank/eponyms.htm
Eponyms An eponym is a word derived from the name of a real, fictional, mythical or spurious character or person. Most eponyms originate from a person's surname: boycott , for instance, from the Irish landlord Captain Charles Cunningham Boycott; dahlia , from the Swedish botanist Anders Dahl; the sousaphone , from the American bandmaster John Philip Sousa; and volt , from the Italian physicist Count Alessandro Volta. Many eponymous words come from literary, biblical or mythological sources: malapropism , from Mrs Malaprop in Sheridan's The Rivals Dickensian , from the English writer Charles Dickens; as old as Methuselah , from the age of the Old Testament patriarch; and aphrodisiac , from the Greek goddess of love and beauty Aphrodite. There are thousands of eponyms in everyday use in English today and study of them yields a fascinating insight into the rich heritage of the world's most popular language and its development. Here are some more examples of names that have been immortalised in such a way. A B C D ... W X Y Z A Aaron's beard/rod Aaron, brother of Moses

56. Chronology Of Quantum Mechanics, Molecular, Atomic, Nuclear, And Particle Physic
1900, johannes rydberg refines the expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths.1900, Max Planck states his quantum hypothesis and blackbody radiation
http://www.3rd1000.com/chronology/chrono3.htm
Chronology of Quantum Mechanics, Molecular, Atomic, Nuclear, and Particle Physics Democritus speculates about fundamental indivisible particles; calls them "atoms". Henry Cavendish discovers and studies hydrogen. Carl Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier discover that air is composed mostly of nitrogen and oxygen. Joseph Priestly creates water by igniting hydrogen and oxygen. William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle use electrolysis to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen. John Dalton introduces atomic ideas into chemistry and states that matter is composed of atoms of different weights. Amedeo Avogadro claims that equal volumes of gases should contain equal numbers of molecules. Michael Faraday states his laws of electrolysis. Dmitri Mendeleyev systematically examines the periodic table and predicts the existence of gallium, scandium, and germanium. Johannes van der Waals introduces the idea of weak attractive forces between molecules. Johann Balmer finds a mathematical expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths. Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect.

57. Webster's Online Dictionary - The Rosetta Edition
rydberg rydberg CONSTANT rydberg FORMULA rydberg UNIT rydberg WAVE NUMBER rydberg, johannes rydberg S PENSTEMON RYDD RYDDAUNCE RYDDEN
http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/browse/indexry.html
Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. R Ra Rb Rc ... Rz
Index
RY - RYE BRAN
RYE BREAD - RYNG

RYNGE - RYZINSKI
RY ...
RYE BRAN
English Browse
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z A Aa Ab Ac ... Zz
Non-English Browse
Afrikaans
Albanian

Arabic

Asturian
...
Zulu
google_alternate_ad_url = "http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/js/googlead.asp?kw=english+definition"; google_ad_client = "pub-7500086874932040"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; google_ad_format = "728x90_as"; google_color_border = "336699"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "0000FF"; google_color_url = "008000"; google_color_text = "000000"; Philip M. Parker, INSEAD.

58. RYDBERG, JOHANNES
rydberg equation@Everything2.comIn 1900, the Swede johannes rydberg derived this equation independently, butgeneralized it to cover all transitions in the hydrogen atom, rather than just
http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/RYDBERG, JOHANNES
Philip M. Parker, INSEAD.
RYDBERG, JOHANNES
Specialty Definition: Johannes Rydberg
(From Wikipedia , the free Encyclopedia) Johannes Rydberg , more known as Janne Rydberg , (1854 - 1919) was a Swedish physicist mostly known for creating the Rydberg formula, which is used to predict which wavelengths that photons (i.e. light) emitted from shifts in the energy level of a certain electron around a certain atomic nucleus will have. The physical constant known as the Rydberg constant is named after him, and a crater on the moon is also named Rydberg in his honour. He was active at Lund University for all of his life. ''See also: Rydberg formula, Rydberg constant, List of Swedish scientists'' Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article " Johannes Rydberg Top google_alternate_ad_url="http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/js/googlead.asp?kw=RYDBERG, JOHANNES";google_ad_client="pub-7500086874932040"; google_ad_width=728; google_ad_height=90; google_ad_format="728x90_as"; google_color_border="336699"; google_color_bg="FFFFFF";google_color_link="0000FF";google_color_url="008000"; google_color_text="000000";
INDEX
Bibliography
Philip M. Parker, INSEAD.

59. EVENTS IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
1900 johannes rydberg refines the expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths;1900 Max Planck states his radiation law and Planck s constant
http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/science/sciehist.html
EVENTS IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
  • a.c
  • 1400 p.c
  • 1700 p.c
  • 1800 p.c ...
  • 1900 p.c
  • -3000 The abacus is invented in the Tigris-Euphrates valley
  • -1700 Egyptian mathematicians employ fractions
  • -586 Thales of Miletus predicts a solar eclipse in 585 B.C.
  • -530 Pythagoras studies propositional geometry and vibrating lyre strings
  • -380 Hippocrates begins the scientific study of medicine
  • -370 Eudoxus states the method of exhaustion
  • -300 Euclid studies geometry as a deductive system in Elements and states the law of reflection in Catoptrics
  • -230 Archimedes writes The Sand-Reckoner
  • -200 Apollonius writes On Conic Sections and names the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola
  • -200 Eratosthenes roughly determines the radius of the Earth
  • -130 Hipparchus creates the magnitude scale of stellar apparent luminosities and discovers the precession of the equinoxes
  • -46 Julius Caesar orders the development of the Julian calendar
  • 50 Cleomedes studies refraction
  • 60 Hero of Alexandria writes Metrica Mechanics Catoptrics , and Pneumatics
  • 130 Claudius Ptolemy tabulates angles of refraction for several media
  • 250 Diophantus writes Arithmetica , the first systematic treatise on algebra
  • 550 Hindu mathematicians give a numeral representation to zero
  • 1054 Chinese and American Indian astronomers observe the Crab supernova explosion
  • 1202 Leonardo Fibonacci demonstrates the utility of Arabic numerals in his Book of the Abacus
  • 1248 Roger Bacon writes formulas for gunpowder in his

60. The Balmer Formula
In 1890 johannes Robert rydberg generalized Balmer s formula and showed that ithad a wider applicability. He introduced the concept of the wave number v,
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Electrons/Balmer-Formula.html
The Balmer Formula
Leading up to the Formula: 1869 - 1882 Return to Electrons in Atoms menu In the years after the work of Kirchhoff and Bunsen, the major goal in spectroscopy was to determine the quantitative relationships between the lines in the spectrum of a given element as well as relationships between lines of different substances. For example, George Johnstone Stoney in 1869 speculated that spectra arose from the internal motions of molecules. However, his mathematical theory was rejected and in 1881, Arthur Schuster concluded: "Most probably some law hitherto undiscovered exists . . . . " One year later, Schuster added: "It is the ambitious object of spectroscopy to study the vibrations of atoms and molecules in order to obtain what information we can about the nature of forces which bind them together . . . But we must not too soon expect the discovery of any grand or very general law, for the constitution of what we call a molecule is no doubt a very complicated one, and the difficulty of the problem is so great that were it not for the primary importance of the result which we may finally hope to obtain, all but the most sanguine might well be discouraged to engage in an inquiry which, even after many years of work, may turn out to have been fruitless. . . . In the meantime, we must welcome with delight even the smallest step in the desired direction."

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