61. Lubrication Theory: Introduction design courses was first developed by osborne reynolds (the fellow with thenumber) in 1886. Click here for an overview of reynolds lubrication theory. http://www.fluidmech.net/tutorials/trib/trib.htm

Fluid Mechanics My Homepage My Gallery Navier-Stokes.Net Cambridge University Press ... Contact Index FluidMech.Net About This Site Our Sponsor What's New? Tutorials Introduction Aurora Bernoulli Eqn Lubrication ... Water Waves Calculators Introduction Engr Fluid Mech Waves Phys. Properties Links My Homepage My Gallery Navier-Stokes.Net LUBRICATION THEORY Introduction Back in the spring of '98, one of our Biomedical Engineering faculty ( Professor Foy ) came by to guest host my Intermediate Fluid Mechanics course. Because her research expertise is in Bio-Tribology, I became inspired to write up these pages on lubrication theory for one of my Flow of the Week entries. In general, tribology is the study of friction and wear and plays an important role in most mechanical designs. In fact, nearly all mechanical engineers are introduced to this topic in their junior level machine design courses. The most common way to prevent wear is through lubrication, the theory of which is a subtopic within tribology as well as a subtopic within fluid mechanics. The idea of lubrication is to maintain a liquid or grease layer between moving solid surfaces. It turns out that the stresses in this layer are what keep the surfaces separated. The typical problem in lubrication theory is the journal bearing sketched above. In essence, this is a shaft whirling inside of an outer cylinder. You can find such a configuration in your automobile's engine. The crankshaft is the shaft and the main bearing is the outer cylinder. Your automobile's camshaft(s) is(are) another example.

62. Rey5.htm - Osborn Reynolds Submechanics Of The Universe - Keelynet - 06/25/00 Also in 1968, totally unknown to me, the osborne reynolds Centennial 4), thatosborne reynolds had based an entire theory of the universe on a dilatant http://www.keelynet.com/osborn/rey5.htm

Osborne Reynolds' Submechanics of the Universe: A Bridge between Classical and Modern Physics BY Bruce L. Rosenberg Submitted for Presentation at the Join Anglo-American Conference on the History of Science held at the University of Manchester Manchester, England - 11th to 14th of July 1988 May 25, 1988 23 North Chelsea Avenue Atlantic City, New Jersey, 08401 USA cserve 73547,402 or rosenbeb@admin.tc.faa.gov "By this research it is shown that there is one, and only one, conceivable purely mechanical system capable of accounting for all the physical evidence, as we know it in the Universe. The system is neither more nor less than an arrangement, of indefinite extent, of uniform spherical grains generally in normal piling so close that the grains cannot change their neighbors, although continually in relative motion with each other; the grains being of changeless shape and size; thus constituting, to a first approximation, an elastic medium with six axes of elasticity symmetrically placed.", Osborne Reynolds (1, p. 1). Thus begins one of the most revolutionary achievements in the history of science. Osborne Reynolds, F.R.S. (1842-1912), a British engineer and educator, earned the respect of his peers and the devotion of his students.

63. Rey6.htm - Osborn Reynolds Structured Context For Time, Space, Matter, Energy An REVIEW OF osborne reynolds SUBMECHANICS OF THE UNIVERSE 4), that osbornereynolds had based an entire theory of the universe on a dilatant medium. http://www.keelynet.com/osborn/rey6.htm

Osborne Reynolds' Submechanics of the Universe: a structured context for: matter, energy, space, time and PSI phenomena BY Bruce L. Rosenberg Presented at the Atlantic University February 18 and 19, 1989 at Virginia Beach, VA February 17, 1989 23 North Chelsea Avenue Atlantic City, New Jersey, 08401 USA ABSTRACT Professor Osborne Reynolds, F.R.S. (1842-1912) was a British engineer after whom the fluid dynamics Reynolds number was named. He considered his monograph, "The Submechanics of the Universe", (1, henceforth "SMU") published in 1903, to be his greatest achievement. It advances a theory of a structured, mechanical medium which accounts for all known physical phenomena. My analysis of it shows that it is compatible with relativity, quantum theory and elementary particle theory. Although Reynolds' theory is all but forgotten today, similar theories are being proposed by some modern theoretical physicists. Reynolds' theory provides a basis for long-range order which eludes today's theorists. Current theory pictures empty space with independent particles zooming around in it. These particles interact via photons and fields. Reynolds' theory pictures a structured, quasi-crystalline medium, in which elementary particles exist as dislocations. The particles interact via vibrations and stresses in the medium. Reynolds' medium is a universal matrix within which all things exist. It is analogous to the East's "unseen ground of existence". In place of independence and chaos, Reynolds' theory provides dependency and order.

64. Les Hommes Des Unités : Osborne Reynolds Translate this page http://www.utc.fr/~tthomass/Themes/Unites/Hommes/ren/Reynolds.html

65. Life At Low Reynolds Number, EM Purcell 1973. I come back for a moment to osborne reynolds. That was a very great man. He wasa professor of engineering, actually. He was the one who not only invented http://brodylab.eng.uci.edu/~jpbrody/reynolds/lowpurcell.html

Life at Low Reynolds Number E.M. Purcell Lyman Laboratory, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass 02138 June 1976 American Journal of Physics vol 45, pages 3-11, 1977. Editor's note: This is a reprint of a (slightly edited) paper of the same title that appeared in the book Physics and Our World: A Symposium in Honor of Victor F. Weiskopf, published by the American Journal of Physics (1976). The personal tone of the original talk has been preserved in the paper, which was itself a slightly edited transcript of a tape. The figures reproduce transparencies used in the talk. The demonstration involved a tall rectangular transparent vessel of corn syrup, projected by an overhead projector turned on its side. Some essential hand waving could not be reproduced. logarithm of the viscosity. And that, of course, is correct because the reason viscosity changes is that it's got one of these activation energy things and what he can predict is the order of magnitude of the exponent. But it's more mysterious than that, Viki, because if you look at the Chemical Rubber Handbook table you will find that there is almost no liquid with viscosity much lower than that of water. The viscosities have a big range but they stop at the same place . I don't understand that. That's what I'm leaving for him. Now, I'm going to talk about a world which, as physicists, we almost never think about. The physicist hears about viscosity in high school when he's repeating Millikan's oil drop experiment and he never hears about it again, at least not in what I teach. And Reynolds's number, of course, is something for the engineers. And the

66. Glossary reynolds, osborne (18421912) Worked for 37 years as a professor of engineeringat the university of Manchester, Great Britain. http://www.mh-aerotools.de/airfoils/glossary.htm

Glossary AAC A luminum A luminum C hrome: aluminum piston, running in a chrome plated aluminum sleeve. Typically used in pylon racing engines . Advantages: low friction and tight fit, when properly run. Disadvantage: more expensive and more sensitive to foreign object damage. see also: ABC ABC A luminum B rass C hrome: aluminum piston, running in a chrome plated brass sleeve. see also: AAC Angle of Attack Angle between the reference axis (x-axis) of an airfoil and the onset flow direction. Variable, depending of flow direction and flight condition. Angle of Incidence Angle between the reference axis (x-axis) of an airfoil and the reference axis of the aircraft (e.g. fuselage center line). Constant, built into the aircraft. Bernoulli, Daniel Is credited for Bernoulli's equation, although it seems to be Euler , who really derived this equation (see Drag Coefficient Normalized drag force, makes the comparison of the aerodynamic properties of different sized objects possible; Definition Euler, Leonhard Well known for the Euler differential equations. Probably also origin of

67. Îñáîðí Ðåéíîëüäñ (Osborne Reynolds) The summary for this Russian page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www.peoples.ru/technics/engineer/reynolds/

a a b c ... Quotes of Anita Loos ÐÅÉÍÎËÜÄÑ, ÎÑÁÎÐÍ (Reynolds, Osborne) (1842–1912), àíãëèéñêèé èíæåíåð è ôèçèê. Ðîäèëñÿ â Áåëôàñòå 23 àâãóñòà 1842 â ñåìüå ñâÿùåííîñëóæèòåëÿ. Ñ 18 ëåò ðàáîòàë â ìåõàíè÷åñêîé ìàñòåðñêîé, ïîñòóïèë â Êåìáðèäæñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, ãäå èçó÷àë ìàòåìàòèêó è ìåõàíèêó. Îêîí÷èë óíèâåðñèòåò â 1867. Ñ 1868 ïî 1905 – ïðîôåññîð êàôåäðû ñòðîèòåëüíîé ìåõàíèêè Ìàí÷åñòåðñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. Ñ 1888 âîçãëàâëÿë Âèòâîðòîâñêóþ èíæåíåðíóþ ëàáîðàòîðèþ. Ðàáîòû Ðåéíîëüäñà ïîñâÿùåíû ìåõàíèêå, ãèäðîäèíàìèêå, òåïëîòå, ýëåêòðè÷åñòâó, ìàãíåòèçìó.  1883 Ðåéíîëüäñ óñòàíîâèë, ÷òî ëàìèíàðíîå òå÷åíèå ïåðåõîäèò â òóðáóëåíòíîå, êîãäà ââåäåííàÿ èì áåçðàçìåðíàÿ âåëè÷èíà (÷èñëî Ðåéíîëüäñà) ïðåâûøàåò êðèòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå. ×èñëî Ðåéíîëüäñà øèðîêî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðè ðåøåíèè çàäà÷ ãèäðî- è àýðîäèíàìèêè â ñëó÷àå ìàëûõ è ñðåäíèõ äîçâóêîâûõ ñêîðîñòåé. Ðåéíîëüäñ îïðåäåëèë ìåõàíè÷åñêèé ýêâèâàëåíò òåïëîòû. Ñêîíñòðóèðîâàë ðÿä òóðáèí è öåíòðîáåæíûõ íàñîñîâ. ßí III Ñîáåñêèé Ëþäîâèê IX Ñâÿòîé Royal hunt Ìîíòåñóìà II document.write('') Universal Studio E-Mail help Promotional Products Dedicated server nj/ny ... Affordable Dedicated Server

68. Accelerated Reader - N O 5239 EN, One of the Third Grade Thonkers, Naylor, Phyllis reynolds, 5.1, 4.0 18742 EN, Polar Bears Past Bedtime, osborne, Mary Pope, 3.3, 1.0 http://www.whiteside.stclair.k12.il.us/MediaCtr/accelrdr-n o.htm

69. List Of Scientists By Field Translate this page reynolds, osborne. reynolds, osborne. Rheita, Anton Maria Schyrlaeus de. Rheticus,George Joachim. Rheticus, George Joachim. Ribaucour, Albert http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/r.html

Rabl, Cari Rabl, Cari Rademacher, Hans Radon, Johann Raffles, Thomas Stamford Bingley Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata Ramanujan, Srinivasa Aaiyangar Rames, Jean Baptiste Rames, Jean Baptiste Rammelsberg, Karl Ramon, Gaston Ramsauer, Carl Wilhelm Ramsay, Andrew Crombie Ramsay, William Ramsdell, Lewis Stephen Ramsdell, Lewis Stephen Ramsdell, Lewis Stephen Ramsden, Jesse Ramsey, Frank Plumpton Ramus, Peter Ramus, Peter Ramus, Peter Rankine, Alexander Oliver Rankine, Alexander Oliver Rankine, William John Macquorn Rankine, William John Macquorn Ranvier, Louis-Antoine Ranyard, Arthur Cowper Raspe, Rudolf Erich Raspe, Rudolf Erich Rateau, Auguste Camille Edmond Rateau, Auguste Camille Edmond Rathke, Martin Heinrich Rathke, Martin Heinrich Ratzel, Friedrich Ratzel, Friedrich Ratzel, Friedrich Raulin, Jules Rauwolf, Leonhard Ray, John Ray, Prafulla Chandra Rayet, Georges Antoine Pons Raymond of Marseilles Raymond, Percy Edward Raymond, Percy Edward Razmadze, Andrei Mikhailovich Ra Reck, Hans Reck, Hans

70. Reynolds (Professor Osborne) Research Fellowship - Faculty Of Engineering And Ph The University of Manchester, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences. http://eps.stage.manchester.ac.uk/servicesandresources/studentregistryservices/s

@import url(http://www.eps.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/faculty/css/layout.css); @import url(http://www.eps.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/faculty/css/navigation.css); @import url(http://www.eps.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/faculty/css/forms.css); @import url(http://www.eps.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/faculty/css/boxes.css); This website will look much better in a web browser that supports web standards , but it is accessible to any browser or Internet device. Go to main content site map site a to z people search ... help You are here: Engineering and Physical Sciences Services and resources Student Registry Services Scholarship Regulations ... University home Student Registry Services Ashbury (James) Endowment Fund (1868) Ashbury (James) Scholarship Fund 1868 Ashworth (J.R.)Scholarship Aspey (Tom) Engineering Scholarship ... Peter Allen Travelling Fund Reynolds (Professor Osborne) Research fellowship Robinson (Rona) Bequest Reginald Ewart Bowles Research Studentships (founded in 1978) R.J.Cornish Travel Bursary Royds (Sir Clement) Scholarship ... Woodiwis (James) Scholararship Fund Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences Reynolds (Professor Osborne) Research Fellowship REGULATIONS Founded in 1966 under the will of the late Mrs. Janet Fraser Hemsley, formerly of Kilmalcolm, Renfrewshire.

71. Flow Research-Market Research On Flow And Temperature Products Flow Research is pleased to introduce osborne, the Spirit of Flow Research.osborne is named for osborne reynolds, who created the reynolds Number. http://www.flowresearch.com/osborne.htm

home flowmeter articles temperature study circular geometry ... contact us Osborne says... Flow Research is pleased to introduce Osborne, the Spirit of Flow Research. Osborne is named for Osborne Reynolds, who created the Reynolds Number. Osborne says "I go with the flow." Osborne says "Temperature is always a hot topic." Osborne says "I'm sold on Flow Research." Osborne says "The meaning of life is self-expression." Osborne says "Circular Geometry rules." Osborne says "A Duonym is a single word make from two already existing words, that means more than the sum of its parts, like catfight." Osborne says "I run circles around the competition." Osborne says "Infrared thermometers are the fastest growing type of temperature sensor." Flow Research 27 Water Street Wakefield, MA 01880 781-224-7552 (fax) email: info@flowresearch.com

72. RRes - PIE Division Williams, IH, osborne, JL, Riley, JR, Smith, AD, reynolds, DR, Carreck, Riley, JR, reynolds, DR, Smith, AD, Edwards, AS, osborne, JL ., Williams, http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/pie/JulietOsborne.html

Science Links Printer friendly version Make comments About us Resources Research Into practice For the public Careers The Mission of Rothamsted Research The origins of Rothamsted Research Contact us Annual reports ... BBSRC sports day 2004 Links external to Rothamsted Research: The buzz of science Vacancies PhD Studentships Why choose Rothamsted? ... PIE home page Programmes Insect Population Genetics and Ecology Insect Behaviour Plant Biodiversity and Population Genetics Links EU - funded projects National Bumblebee Nest Survey SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs) Willow Rust ... PIE Intranet (internal access only) Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Insect Behaviour Dr Juliet L. Osborne Pollination Ecologist Division of Plant and Invertebrate Ecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom. Telephone: +44 (1)582 763133 x 2738. Fax: E-mail: juliet.osborne@bbsrc.ac.uk Current projects Behavioural ecology of pollinators I study the ecology of pollinator behaviour and pollen movement between plants. In recent years, most of my research has been on bumblebees and their role as pollinators. By answering fundamental questions about how pollinators like bees move around at the landscape scale we hope to be able to make and test predictions about how they move pollen around and the consequent bee-mediated plant gene flow. Our team has the overarching aims of 1) conserving and promoting bee populations and 2) protecting and promoting wild flower and crop pollination. We work primarily, but not exclusively, in arable landscapes examining pollination of model plant species such as

73. Marcel Boschi's Mather & Platt - The Company reynolds Mather Platt Ltd. Pumps Department. In 1873 Professor osborne reynoldshad designed a turbine pump which was a definite advance in centrifugal http://www.zipworld.com.au/~lnbdds/Boschi/pumps.htm

Engineering Hub In Pumps Department Osborne Reynolds at St. Andrews University Osborne Reynolds at Manchester University Click here The story of pumps, even more than the story of textile machinery, illustrates the dependence of industry on progress in scientific research. The most important invention, however, did not come until 1875 when Professor Osborne Reynolds ' turbine was made for the engineering laboratory of the Owens College. Reynolds' invention was the product of laboratory research and demonstrated his remarkable combination of gifts as an engineer and a mathematical physicist, but before his pump was produced by Mather & Platt Ltd. there was a considerable time lag. Mather & Platt exploited the Mather-Reynolds pumps in 1893 as a commercial proposition and developed a series of sizes for dealing with "duties" varying from 100 to 1600 gallons a minute against heads up to 180 feet. In 1900 Mather & Platt entered into an agreement with its Swiss rival Sulzer that both firms would manufacture the type of multistage turbine pump, embodying the several improvements worked out by Sulzers.

74. AR Author N-O, Horn Academy 71680EN, Alice in Blunderland, Phyllis reynolds Naylor, 4.2, 6 58030EN,Stage Fright on a Summer Night, Mary Pope osborne, 3.3, 1 http://es.houstonisd.org/hornes/AR/authorno.htm

QUIZID TITLE AUTHOR BL POINTS Skateboarding (Pro-Am Sports) Marty Nabhan Dear Whiskers Ann Whitehead Nagda Song of Night: It's Time to Go to Bed Katherine Riley Nakamura Yang the Youngest and His Terrible Ear Lensey Namioka The Joke War Gene Namovicz Albert Donna Jo Napoli Achingly Alice Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Alice in April Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Alice In-Between Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Alice in Blunderland Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Alice in Lace Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Alice in Rapture, Sort Of Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Alice the Brave Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Beetles, Lightly Toasted Phyllis Reynolds Naylor The Bodies in the Bessledorf Hotel Phyllis Reynolds Naylor The Bomb in the Bessledorf Bus Depot Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Carlotta's Kittens and the Club of Mysteries Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Face in the Bessledorf Funeral Parlor Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Grand Escape Phyllis Reynolds Naylor I Can't Take You Anywhere! Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Ice Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Peril in the Bessledorf Parachute Factory Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Saving Shiloh Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Shiloh Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Shiloh Season Phyllis Reynolds Naylor A Spy Among the Girls Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Starting with Alice Phyllis Reynolds Naylor A Traitor Among the Boys Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Fulani Pat Ndukwe Earthshine Theresa Nelson It's Like This, Cat

75. Introduction To Physical Oceanography : Chapter 8 - Equations Of Motion With Vis The reynolds number is named after osborne reynolds (18421912) who conductedexperiments in the late 19th century to understand turbulence. http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/chapter08/chapter08_02.htm

Chapter Equations of Motion With Viscosity Chapter Contents (8.1) The Influence of Viscosity (8.2) Turbulence (8.3) Calculation of Reynolds Stress (8.4) Stability ... (8.6) Important Concepts Turbulence If molecular viscosity is important only over distances of a few millimeters, and if it is not important for most oceanic flows, unless of course you are a zooplankton trying to swim in the ocean, how then is the influence of a boundary transferred into the interior of the flow? The answer is: through turbulence Turbulence arises from the non-linear terms in the momentum equation ( u u x , etc.). The importance of these terms is given by a non-dimensional number, the Reynolds Number Re , which is the ratio of the non-linear terms to the viscous terms: where, U is a typical velocity of the flow and L is a typical length describing the flow. You are free to pick whatever U L might be typical of the flow. For example L can be either a typical cross-stream distance, or an along-stream distance. Typical values in the open ocean are U = 0.1m/s and

76. Heat Transfer Pioneers osborne reynolds was born in Belfast, Ireland on August 23, 1842 and graduatedfrom Queens College at Cambridge in 1867. He became the first Professor of http://www.livstek.lth.se/People_list/ulfb/p1_heat.htm

Heat transfer pioneers Osborne Reynolds, 1842 - 1912 Osborne Reynolds was born in Belfast, Ireland on August 23, 1842 and graduated from Queens College at Cambridge in 1867. He became the first Professor of Engineering at Owens College, Manchester in 1868. His studies of condensation and heat transfer between solids and fluids meant a major development in boiler and condenser design. Reynolds´ name lives through the "Reynolds´Number", which provides a criterion for correct modeling of fluid flow. Back to heat transfer main page Nusselt Prandtl Grashof

77. Osborne Reynolds. Britský fyzik a technik osborne reynolds se narodil v Belfastu 23. srpna 1842.Pocházel ze vzdelané rodiny. Jeho deda byl rektorem a také jeho otec zastával http://www.quido.cz/osobnosti/reynolds.htm

Osborne Reynolds Má pozornost byla upøena k rùzným jevùm mechaniky. K jejich vysvìtlení - jak jsem zjistil - byly potøebné znalosti matematiky." Britský fyzik a technik Osborne Reynolds se narodil v Belfastu 23. srpna 1842. Pocházel ze vzdìlané rodiny. Jeho dìda byl rektorem a také jeho otec zastával rùzná vedoucí místa na školách a univerzitách, od øeditele až po rektora. První vzdìlání bylo mladému Reynoldsovi dopøáno jeho otcem, který byl výborným matematikem a jehož zájem o mechaniku jenž vyústil v mnohá vylepšení zemìdìlských strojù a zaøízení. Také mladý Osborne už v mládí projevil schopnost a oblibu pro studium mechaniky a tak v 19 letech zaèal po 1 rok navštìvovat dílny Edwarda Hayese aby získal praktické zkušenosti s výrobou a montáží pobøežních parníkù . Tam zjistil, že k vysvìtlení rùzných jevù potøebuje matematiku, a tak se rozhodl ji studovat v Oxfordu. Jeho studium bylo velice úspìšné. Ukonèil ho v roce 1867 a hned následnì byl zvolen mezi univerzitní èleny Queens‘ College. V roce 1868 byl zvolen do èela strojírenské katedry na Owens College, pozdìjší The Victoria University v Manchestru. Tam zùstal až do roku 1905.

78. Intuitive Derivation Of The Reynolds Number to demystify the important parameter given to us by osborne. reynolds 3 . (Note The following is not a rigorous derivation of reynolds number, http://physics.mercer.edu/hpage/friction/ajp/reynolds.html

Intuitive derivation of Reynolds number Randall D. Peters and Loren Sumner Physics and Mechanical Engineering Departments Mercer University 1400 Coleman Ave., Macon, Georgia USA Introduction In his article [1] titled, ``Life at Low Reynolds number'', Harvard Prof. Purcell says the following: "...I'm going to talk about a world which, as physicists, we almost never think about. The physicist hears about viscosity in high school ....and he never hears about it again ... And Reynolds number, of course, is something for the engineers. And the low Reynolds number regime, most engineers aren't even interested in...'' Dr. Purcell goes on to describe a world of small object dynamics that is alien to our intuition; because at low Reynolds number, inertia is not important. This is a world with which we should be increasingly concerned; since, for example, much of modern biophysics is difficult to comprehend without an intuitive appreciation of the Reynolds number. Being dimensionless, the Reynolds number (Re) is a natural parameter when it comes to the Navier-Stokes equations. When Re is small, the flow is laminar. When Re is very large

79. Dictionary : Reynolds_Number The factor that is called the reynolds number was discovered by osborne reynoldsof the University of Manchester in 1883. This parameter is important in http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Reynolds_no/DI114.htm

The air density can be varied in NACAs Variable Density Tunnel in order to produce valid results. Reynolds Number The factor that is called the Reynolds number was discovered by Osborne Reynolds of the University of Manchester in 1883. This parameter is important in wind tunnel experiments since it relates to the aerodynamic properties of lifting surfaces (like airfoils) when extrapolating from small wind tunnel test models to full-size wings. Reynolds discovered that, if the same atmospheric pressure were used for experiments with wind tunnel models as a full-size aircraft would encounter under actual conditions, the experimental results would be invalid. In order for results obtained with a scale model in wind tunnel experiments to be valid, the Reynolds number needs to be the same under wind tunnel conditions and in regular atmospheric conditions. The way to ensure this is to increase the air density inside the tunnel by the same proportion as the model is smaller than the full-size aircraft. In practical terms, if a model is 1/10 the size of a full-size aircraft, then the air density (the number of atmospheres) inside the tunnel must be increased by a factor of 10 to get wind tunnel results that are valid in regular atmospheric conditions with a full-size aircraft. In actual subsonic flight, airfoils with low Reynolds number flows are laminar and those with high Reynolds number flows are mostly turbulent, keeping in mind that the Reynolds number is the ratio between density, velocity, diameter, and viscosity (For an airfoil in flight rather than in a wind tunnel, D would be the distance between the leading and trailing edge called the chord length along a flow.)

80. Mechanical Engineering : Faculty : Faculty Directory : William C. Reynolds William C. reynolds Professor Emeritus. Tensors in Rapidly DeformedHomogeneous Turbulence, osborne reynolds Centenary Symposium, UMIST Manchester, http://me.stanford.edu/faculty/facultydir/reynolds.html

William C. Reynolds Professor Emeritus Phone: Fax: Email: wcr@stanford.edu Degrees B.S. Stanford University - Mechanical Engineering (1954) M.S. Stanford University - Mechanical Engineering (1955) Ph.D. Stanford University - Mechanical Engineering (1958) Research Interests His research is concentrated on turbulence modeling and control. He is one of the principal faculty involved in the Center for Turbulence Research , and holds a part-time appointment as a Staff Scientist at the NASA/Ames Research Center. Recent Publications W.C. Reynolds and S.C. Kassinos, "A One-Point Model for the Evolution of the Reynolds Stress and Structure Tensors in Rapidly Deformed Homogeneous Turbulence," Osborne Reynolds Centenary Symposium, UMIST Manchester, England (May 1994) to appear Proceedings Royal Society A. G.A. Blaisdell, N.N. Mansour, W.C. Reynolds, " Compressibility Effects on the Passive Scalar Flux within Homogeneous Turbulence," Phys. Fluids 6 (10), (Oct. 1994). Projects AFOSR "Turbulence Flow Control"

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