41. Famous Mathematicians. Niccolo c.15001557 Cardano, Girolamo (also known as Cardan) 1501-1576 recorde,robert c.1510-1558 Ferrari, Ludovico 1522-1565 Viete, Francois 1540-1603 http://home.egge.net/~savory/maths6.htm

Pre-Einstein famous mathematicians. Stu Savory, 2004. If you ask people these days to name a famous mathematician, surveys show the most popular answer to be Albert Einstein . Einstein himself used to like to quote Sir Isaac Newton's famous humble line "If I have seen further than other men, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." So I asked myself, who were these giants, i.e. famous pre-Einstein mathematicians. Here's the list of the top 100 or so, sorted chronologically. How many do you know? That means you can state what they were famous for, off the cuff, no googling! If you score below 30 you need to do some revision :-) Ahmes c. 1650 B C Pythagoras c.540 BC Hippocrates c.440 BC (that's Hippocrates of Chios, NOT the physician who lived around the same time). Plato c.430-c.349 BC Hippias c.425 BC Theaetetus c.417-369 BC Archytas c.400 B C Xenocrates 396-314 BC Theodorus c.390 BC Aristotle 384-322 BC Menaechmus c.350 BC Euclid c.300 BC Archimedes c.287-212 BC Nicomedes c.240 BC Eratosthenes Gauss , Karl Friedrich 1777-1855 Brianchon, Charles c.1783-1864 Binet, Jacques-Philippe-Marie 1786-1856 Möbius, August Ferdinand 1790-1868 Babbage, Charles 1792-1871 Laine, Gabriel 1795-1870 Steiner, Jakob 1796-1863 de Morgan, Augustus 1806-1871 Liouville, Joseph 1809-1882 Shanks, William 1812-1882 Catalan, Eugene Charles 1814-1894 Hermite, Charles 1822-1901 Riemann, Bemard 1826-1866 Venn, John 1834-1923 Lucas, Edouard 1842-1891 Cantor, George 1845-1918 Lindemann, Ferdinand 1852-1939 Hilbert, David 1862-1943 Lehmer, D. N. 1867-1938 Hardy, G. H. 1877-1947 Ramanujan, Srinivasa 1887-1920

42. Scientific Revolution - Westfall Catalogue - SAM-R - Dr Robert A. Hatch Francis Marguerite Clarke, New Light on robert recorde, Isis, 8 (1926), 5070 . William B. Ober and robert M. Hurwitz, robert recorde, MD (1510? http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-

Scientific Revolution - Westfall - DSB - Catalogue - RSW-DSB-RAH - Scientific Revolution - Dr Robert A. Hatch T H E S C I E N T I F I C R E V O L U T I O N WESTFALL CATALOGUE - SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY Dr Robert A. Hatch - University of Florida Search - Name - Word - Category - Concept - Secondary Source - Author Ramus, Peter 1. Dates Born: Vermandois, 1515; Died: Paris, 26 August 1572; Datecode: Lifespan: 57 2. Father: 3. Nationality : Birth: French; Career: French; Death: French 4. Education: University of Paris; M.A. After a primary education at home, he entered the College of Navarre and received his M.A. in 1536. He paid his way by working as a manservant. 5. Religion: 6. Scientific Disciplines: Natural Philosophy; Mathematics; Subordinate Disciplines: Dialecticae partitiones sive institutiones (Paris, 1543), Aristotelicae animadversiones , (Paris, 1543), Oratio de studies (Paris, 1547) Arithmeticae libri duo (Paris, 1555), Scholae grammaticae (Paris, 1559) and Proemium reformandae Parisiensis Academiae (Paris, 1562). Ramus and Ramism became associated with 'method.' His opposition to blind belief in authority and his support in the belief that the right thinking would be confirmed by the physical world makes Ramus a unique forerunner of both Bacon's empiricism and Descartes' rationalism. He turned to astronomy late in his career. He urged a return to the observational astronomy of the Babylonians and Egyptians in an attempt to determine the nonhypothetical, directly observable regularity of the heavens. Later, Kepler would claim to have met Ramus' demands.

43. History Of Science - Bibliography - Renaissance Philosophies Of Nature - Dr Robe Magical, Esoteric Early Modern Dr robert A. Hatch - University of Florida robert recorde and the Idea of Progress A Hypothesis and Verification. http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/bibliogra

R E N A I S S A N C E P H I L O S O P H I E S O F N A T U R E Select Bibliogrpahy - Occult, Magical, Esoteric - Early Modern Dr Robert A. Hatch - University of Florida Adams, R.P. 'The Social Responsibilities of Science in Utopia, New Atlantis, and After.' Journal of the History of Ideas Arrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius. Three Books on Occult Philosophy . Trans. J.F. London: 1651. Allen, Don C. 'The Degeneration of Man and Renaissance Pessimism.' Studies in Philology Allen, Don Cameron. The Star-Crossed Renaissance . Durham, N.C.: 1941. Allen, Michael J.B. 'Ficino's Lecture on the Good?' Renaissance Quarterly Amman, Peter J. 'The Musical Theory and Philosophy of Robert Fludd.' Journal of the Warburg Institute Anton, John P., ed. Naturalism and Historical Understandings: Essays on the Philosophy of John Herman Randall, Jr. Albany: 1967. Arber, Agnes. Herbals . Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1938. Auger, L. Gilles Personne de Roberval . Paris: 1962. Bainton, Roland H. Hunted heretic: The life and death of Michael Servetus, 1511-1553 . Boston: Beacon Press, 1953.

44. Biografia De Recorde, Robert Translate this page recorde, robert. (Tenby, c. 1510- Londres, 1558) Matemático inglés. Profesor enOxford y en Londres, fue también médico de la Casa Real. http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/r/recorde.htm

Inicio Buscador Las figuras clave de la historia Reportajes Los protagonistas de la actualidad Recorde, Robert (Tenby, c . 1510- Londres, 1558) Matemático inglés. Profesor en Oxford y en Londres, fue también médico de la Casa Real. Escribió numerosas obras, en las que utilizó por primera vez el signo igual (=), y desarrolló un método para extraer la raíz de un polinomio algebraico. Destacan El campo de las artes Camino del conocimiento (1551) y La agudeza del ingenio Inicio Buscador Recomendar sitio

45. Robert Recorde Memorial Pictures robert recorde Memorial Pictures. Notes on recorde and the Memorial. Figure 1This is the complete Memorial. Figure 2 Detail of the personification of http://www.swan.ac.uk/compsci/dept/recorde/RobertRecordeMemorial.html

University Home Department Home Research Department ... Courses Robert Recorde Memorial Pictures Notes on Recorde and the Memorial. Figure 1: This is the complete Memorial. Figure 2: Detail of the personification of Arithmetic. Figure 3: This is a detail of the golden section and quotation. Figure 4: This is a detail of the hex.

46. 100 recorde, robert. Whetstone of Witte. London, 1557 (facsimile). recorde,robert, The Pathway to Knowledge, Containing the First Principles of Geometrie, http://newton.uor.edu/facultyfolder/beery/math115/m115_resources.htm

RESOURCES / TEXTS? / REFERENCES Resources for worksheets and activities for elementary mathematics history course: 1) Activity books by Claudia Zaslavsky, Beatrice Lumpkin, Frank Swetz, and others, including: Lumpkin, Beatrice, Algebra Activities from Many Cultures , J. Weston Walch, Portland, Maine, 1997. Lumpkin, Beatrice and Dorothy Strong, Multicultural Science and Math Connections , J. Weston Walch, Portland, Maine, 1995. Swetz, Frank J., Learning Activities from the History of Mathematics , J. Weston Walch, Portland, Maine, Zaslavsky, Claudia, Multicultural Math: Hand-on Math Activities from Around the World, Scholastic Books, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1994. Zaslavsky, Claudia, Multicultural Mathematics: Interdisciplinary Cooperative-Learning Activities, J. Weston Walch, Portland, Maine, 1993. 2) Jacobs, Harold R., Mathematics: A Human Endeavor, W.H. Freeman, New York, 1994 See especially the explorations of the Fibonacci sequence and of Euler paths and circuits. Historical Modules for the Teaching and Learning of Secondary Mathematics (CD), Mathematical Association of America, Washington, D.C., 2003, including:

47. Weird Words: Zenzizenzizenzic Even by robert recorde’s time, there was no easy way of denoting the powers ofnumbers, a great hindrance to effective mathematics. http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-zen1.htm

Jump to content HOME PAGE SEND PAGE TO A FRIEND YOU ARE IN THE WEIRD WORDS SECTION SECTION INDEX PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE OTHER SECTIONS ARTICLES REVIEWS TOPICAL WORDS TURNS OF PHRASE FINDING THINGS INDEX (COMPLETE) SEARCH THE SITE SURPRISE ME! WEEKLY NEWSLETTER SUBSCRIBE BY E-MAIL SUBSCRIBE VIA RSS MANAGE SUBSCRIPTIONS GIFT SUBSCRIPTIONS ... BACK-ISSUES ARCHIVE SUPPORT PAGES ABOUT THE AUTHOR CONTACT THE AUTHOR OTHER WORDS SITES PRONUNCIATION GUIDE MY RECENT BOOKS ... POSH ZENZIZENZIZENZIC The eighth power of a number. This word is long obsolete, so much so that the Oxford English Dictionary only has one citation for it, from a famous work by the Welsh-born mathematician Robert Recorde, The Whetstone of Wit , published in 1557. It turns up from time to time as one of those weird words which is best known for being held up as an example of a weird word. The root word, also obsolete, is zenzic . This was borrowed from German (the Germans were very big in algebra in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries). They got it from the medieval Italian word censo , which is a close relative of the Latin census . The Italians (who were big in algebra even earlier) used censo to translate the Arabic word censo , and later our English zenzic , was for a while the word for a squared number.

48. Articles: Signs For Sums and so eventually to the Englishspeaking world, was robert recorde, It took more than a century for recorde’s sign to oust rival schemes, http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/signs.htm

Jump to content HOME PAGE SEND PAGE TO A FRIEND YOU ARE IN THE ARTICLES SECTION SECTION INDEX PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE OTHER SECTIONS REVIEWS TOPICAL WORDS TURNS OF PHRASE WEIRD WORDS FINDING THINGS INDEX (COMPLETE) SEARCH THE SITE SURPRISE ME! WEEKLY NEWSLETTER SUBSCRIBE BY E-MAIL SUBSCRIBE VIA RSS MANAGE SUBSCRIPTIONS GIFT SUBSCRIPTIONS ... BACK-ISSUES ARCHIVE SUPPORT PAGES ABOUT THE AUTHOR CONTACT THE AUTHOR OTHER WORDS SITES PRONUNCIATION GUIDE MY RECENT BOOKS ... POSH SIGNS FOR SUMS Where our arithmetic symbols come from An older method was to use a counting frame such as the abacus. There was a long-running controversy in medieval times about which was faster, the counting frame or pencil and paper, and competitions were held between the two systems to try to decide the matter. There were even names for the disputing groups, abacists and algorists . The second word is closely related to our modern algorithm For those who did calculations using symbols, it was common in medieval times to indicate plus and minus by the letters p and m Rechnung uff allen Kauffmanschafften et Whetstone of Witte The word whetstone coss , then used in English for the unknown thing in algebra (and hence the cossic art or the rule of coss for algebra). This word had come through French from the Italian

49. The Book Of Earths: Bibliography recorde, robert, The Castle of Knowledge. London, 1556. SANTAREM, V. DE, Atlascomposé de mappemondes et de cartes hydrographiques et historiques depuis le http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/boe/boe35.htm

Sacred Texts Earth Mysteries Index Previous p. 263 BIBLIOGRAPHY A list of some of the books which were helpful in this study of man's conceptions of the figure of Earth and its relation to the Universe. ARISTOTLE, De Coelo. Tr. by Thomas Taylor. On the Heavens. London, 1807. De Mundo. Tr. by Thomas Taylor. On the World. (In the Metaphysics, pp. 585-621. London, 1842.) BEAZLEY, C. RAYMOND, The Dawn of Modern Geography. John Murray, London, 1897-1906. 3 vols. BERRY, ARTHUR, A Short History of Astronomy. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1899. BLUNDEVILLE HIS EXERCISES. London, 1606. 3rd edition. BRINTON, DANIEL G., The Lenape and Their Legends. (In Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature, No. 5. Philadelphia, 1885.) A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics. Univ. of Penna. Publ. ser. in Philology, Literature and Archeology, Vol. III, No. 2, 1894. The Myths of the New World. D. McKay, Philadelphia, 1896. 3rd edition. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation. British Museum, London, 1921. The Babylonian Legends of the Deluge. British Museum, London, 1920. BURNET, THOMAS, The Theory of the Earth. London, 1697.

50. Entrez PubMed robert recorde, MD (1510?1558). Tudor physician, mathematician, and pedagogue.Ober WB, Hurwitz RM. Publication Types Biography Historical Article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4

51. Entrez PubMed Bull Hist Med. 1963 JanFeb;3765-71. robert recorde and the authorities of uroscopy.KAPLAN E. PMID 14030721 PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1

52. Computing Before Computers See also Differential analyzer Reckoning table, 1011 recorde, robert, 12-13Recursive function theory, 117, 119 Relational Machine. See Smee, Alfred Relay, http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC.html

Go to On Line Documents , Go to Go to Antique Computer home page This is a presentation of Computing Before Computers Edited by William Aspray with contributions by W. Aspray A. G. Bromley M. Campbell-Kelly P.E. Ceruzzi M. R. Williams ISBN 0-8138-0047-1 1. Calculators-History. 2. Computers-History. I. Aspray, William. Statement of permission to web publish Scanned, and processed into Adobe .PDF format by Ed Thelen September 2000 from a first edition copy lent by Michael R. Williams - one of the contributors. To make the contents of this 266 page book more accessable for Internet viewers: the various chapters and sections are presented as separate files of 6 megabytes max each the Table of Contents (linked to the sections) is presented below the Index is presented below. (searchable by your browser) each .PDF section is searchable by the Adobe Acrobat viewer - "Image on Text". Table of Contents Introduction .................................... vii William Aspray Chapter One: Early Calculation Michael R. Williams Chapter Two: Difference and Analytical Engines Allan G. Bromley

53. Biography Search recorde, robert, (c.1510–58). Mathematician, born in Tenby, Pembrokeshire, SWWales, UK. Red Cloud,, (1822–1909). Oglala Sioux chief, born near the Platte R http://www.biography.com/find/results.jsp?alpha=17&subpg=4

54. Earliest Uses Of Symbols Of Relation The equal symbol (=) was first used by robert recorde (c. 15101558) in 1557 inThe Whetstone of Witte. He wrote, I will sette as I doe often in woorke use http://members.aol.com/jeff570/relation.html

Earliest Uses of Symbols of Relation Last updated: July 29, 2001 Equality. In printed books before the modern equal sign, equality was usually expressed with a word, such as aequales, aequantur, esgale, faciunt, ghelijck, or gleich, and sometimes by the abbreviated form aeq (Cajori vol. 1, page 297). The equal symbol (=) was first used by Robert Recorde (c. 1510-1558) in 1557 in The Whetstone of Witte. He wrote, "I will sette as I doe often in woorke use, a paire of parralles, or Gemowe lines of one lengthe, thus : ==, bicause noe 2, thynges, can be moare equalle." Recorde used an elongated form of the present symbol. He proposed no other algebraic symbol (Cajori vol. 1, page 306). Here is an image of the page of The Whetstone of Witte on which the equal sign is introduced. The equal symbol did not appear in print again until 1618, when it appeared in an anonymous Appendix, very probably due to Oughtred, printed in Edward Wright's English translation of Napier's Descriptio. It reappeared 1631, when it was used by Thomas Harriot and William Oughtred (Cajori vol. 1, page 298). Cajori states (vol. 1, page 126):

55. Earliest Known Uses Of Some Of The Words Of Mathematics (R) is found in English in 1557 in The whetstone of witte by robert recorde Irrational is used in English by robert recorde in 1551 in The Pathwaie to http://members.aol.com/jeff570/r.html

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (R) Last revision: Aug. 13, 2005 RADIAN. According to Cajori (1919, page 484): An isolated matter of interest is the origin of the term 'radian', used with trigonometric functions. It first appeared in print on June 5, 1873, in examination questions set by James Thomson at Queen's College, Belfast. James Thomson was a brother of Lord Kelvin. He used the term as early as 1871, while in 1869 Thomas Muir, then of St. Andrew's University, hesitated between 'rad', 'radial' and 'radian'. In 1874, T. Muir adopted 'radian' after a consultation with James Thomson. In a footnote, Cajori gives a reference to Nature, In a letter appearing in the April 7, 1910, Nature, Thomas Muir wrote: "I wrote to him [i.e., to Alexander J. Ellis, in 1874], and he agreed at once for the form 'radian,' on the ground that it could be viewed as a contraction for 'radial angle'..." In a letter appearing in the June 16, 1910, Nature, James Thomson wrote: "I shall be very pleased to send Dr. Muir a copy of my father's examination questions of June, 1873, containing the word 'radian.' ...It thus appears that 'radian' was thought of independently by Dr. Muir and my father, and, what is really more important than the exact form of the name, they both independently thought of the necessity of giving a name to the unit-angle" [Dave Cohen]. A post on the Internet indicated that Thomas Muir (1844-1934) claimed to have coined the term in 1869, and that Muir and Ellis proposed the term as a contraction of "radial angle" in 1874. A reference given was: Michael Cooper, "Who named the radian?"

56. History Of Astronomy: Persons (R) recorde, robert (c. 1510 1558). Biographical data and references. Rees, MartinJohn (b. 1942). Short biography, photo, references, and links (Bruce medal. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_r.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (R) Deutsche Fassung Radcliffe, John (1650-1714) Very short biography The Radcliffe Observatory , Oxford Ragona, Domenico (1820-1892) Short biography and references (in Italian) Rajewsky, Boris (1893-1974) Biography , by Erwin Schopper (in German) From Physiker und Astronomen in Frankfurt Raman, Chandrasekhra Venkata (1888-1970) Biography (24 Aug 1999: disappeared) Ramsay, William (1852-1916) Short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Ramsden, Jesse (1735-1800) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography Ramus, Peter (1515-1572) Biographical data and references Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820-1872) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Raphson, Joseph (1648-1715) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Rasch, Johann (ca.1540-1615) Very short biography (Or see German version Rayleigh, Lord: see Strutt, John William (1842-1919) Razi: see al-Razi, Mohammad Ibn Zakariya (864-930)

57. RECORDE,R.(ca.1501-1558) Blsides his arithmetic robert recorde wrote an astronomy, a geomery, an algebra,a book in medicine. and prebably some other works now lost. http://library.thinkquest.org/22584/temh3020.htm

BACK Index of Development Graphic Version RECORDE, R.(ca.1510-1558) Blsides his arithmetic Robert Recorde wrote an astronomy, a geomery, an algebra, a book in medicine. and prebably some other works now lost. The book on astronomy, printed in 1551, is called The Castle of Knowledge and was one of the first works to introduce the Copernican system to English readers. Recorde's geometry, The pathewait to knowledge, was also printed in 1551 and contains an abridgment of Euclid's Elements. Of historical interest here is recorde's algebra. The Whestone of Witte, published in 1557, for it was in this book that our modern symbol for equality was used for the first time. Recorde justified his adoption of a pair of equal parallel line segments for the symbol of eqyality "bicause noe 2 thynges can be moare equalle."

58. ·¹ÄÚµå(Robert Recorde, ¾à1510-1558) Translate this page The summary for this Korean page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://library.thinkquest.org/22584/tmh3020.htm

BACK Index of Development Graphic Version ·¹ÄÚµå(Robert Recorde, ¾à1510-1558)

59. Notes To Chapter VI 124 et seq, and FM Clarke s New Light on robert recorde (Isis VII, 5070, 1926).(8) Tonstall 1474-1559 had been in favour under Mary but was excluded from http://www.johndee.org/calder/html/Notes6.html

Notes to Chapter VI (1) C.R. Ch. 4, pp. 11-12. "Her Majestie very gratiously took me to her service at Whitehall before her Coronation" (on the recommendations of Pembroke and Leicester) "At which tyme her Majestie used these wordes unto the said Lordes `Where my brother hath given him a crowne, I will give him a noble.'" Dee however, as will appear, received little material benefit from Elizabeth-similarly his friend, another scholar-Ascham, also very close to the Queen, perhaps more so than Dee, and holding an official position at Court, only received from her a salary of £20 p.a. until his death in 1568. (2) C.R. Ch. 5, p. 21. It took place on the 14th Jan. 1559, which cannot be said to have been an unfortunate recommendation. Dee's services as a prognosticator do not on the whole appear to have been extensive, and the verdict is probably exaggerated at least as far as he is concerned, that "It was Queen Elizabeth and her famous Astrologer John Dee who did more than any persons to popularize astrology. Under them it became more or less of a court fad." (C. Camden Jr., Astrology in Shakespeare's Day , p. 45, Isis XIX, 1933, 26 ff.)

60. The Arts In Tudor England 1557, Whetstone of Witte by robert recorde is dedicated to the Muscovy Co. 1558, Mathematician John Dee succeeds robert recorde as technical advisor to http://tudors.crispen.org/art/

Le Mort d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory is published. Malory is possibly a retainer of the earl of Warwick. It is possible that his abridged version of the French Arthurian romance was completed in prison. The University of Aberdeen founded in Scotland. The Bowge of Court Speculum Principis by John Skelton is a nonfiction moral treatise for Prince Henry The Palice of Honour by Scottish poet Gawin Douglas is published. He has taken holy orders and will become provost of Edinburgh"s St. Giles Cathedral The Thissill and the Rois by Scottish poet William Dunbar is published. It is a political allegory to honor Margaret Tudor, whose marriage to Scotland's King James IV he helped negotiate. Canterbury Cathedral is completed after 436 years of construction. The Dance of the Sevin Deidly Synnis by William Dunbar is published. It is a book of poetry. Praise of Folly (Moriae Encomium) by Erasmus is published. It is a satire about male idiocy. He has been teaching at Cambridge University. He will remain their until 1514. The Shyp of Folys of the Worlde by poet Alexander Barclay is published. This work is an adaptation of the German satire

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