61. American Scientist Online - The Calculus Of Passion Inspired by gaspard Riche de prony s use of outof-work hairdressers as human calculator elements to produce numerical tables for the newly established http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/14375

Home Current Issue Archives Bookshelf ... Subscribe In This Section Reviewed in This Issue Book Reviews by Issue New Books Received Publishers' Directory ... Virtual Bookshelf Archive Site Search Advanced Search Visitor Login Username Password Help with login Forgot your password? Change your username see list of all reviews from this issue: July-August 2001 HISTORY The Calculus of Passion Thomas A. Trainor The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter . Benjamin Woolley. xii + 416 pp. McGraw-Hill, first published in the United Kingdom by Macmillan in 1999. $27.95. The Bride of Science Benjamin Woolley describes a multidimensional woman whose suffering, creativity, frustration and triumph intrigue us. The first third of this book describes Ada's bizarre family background, which is the key to her complex story. Her parents' character differences constituted a vast Apollonian–Dionysian rift: George Gordon Byron, who led a sensationally romantic life as a "Regency libertine," personified the existential defiance of the fire-giving Titan Prometheus, whereas Anne Isabella ("Annabella") Milbanke was in the vanguard of Victorian priggishness, hypocrisy and entitlement. She suppressed her own considerable passions behind a facade of intellectualism, morality and amateur mathematics, and Byron dubbed her "the Princess of Parallelograms."

62. American Mathematical Monthly, The: Ecole Polytechnique, 1794-1850: Differences (17361813) and of mechanics gaspard Riche de prony (1755-1843)-a stark descriptive and differential geometry was in the hands of gaspard Monge http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3742/is_200503/ai_n13247956

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports 10,000,000 articles - not found on any other search engine. FindArticles American Mathematical Monthly, The Mar 2005 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Ecole Polytechnique, 1794-1850: Differences over Educational Purpose and Teaching Practice, The American Mathematical Monthly, The Mar 2005 by Grattan-Guinness, Ivor Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. PART 1: CHRONICLE. 1. WHAT KIND OF NEW SCHOOL? After revolution, confusion. It may be clear who has lost, but not who has won. The winners fight the winners, and large power vacua open up unpredictably. The French Revolution exhibits such characteristics in generous measure in the years following its occurrence in 1789. For the engineering profession three dangers arose from the ensuing chaos. First, especially following the social chaos of 1790-1793, there was considerable haemorrhage of officers from the army and navy, some going abroad, others returning to their families in the countryside; thus the higher ranks needed rapid replenishment [47]. second, all institutions of higher education were closed in 1793; while the engineering schools were soon open again with few changes, their own roles needed reappraisal. Third, the transport situation of the country required maintenance and improvement following years of neglect: not only roads but also the new technology of canals, and the coastal harbours and sea travel.

63. Gaspard De Prony Université Montpellier II gaspard Monge gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis gaspard de prony (1755-1839). Cette image et la biographie complète en anglais http://ens.math.univ-montp2.fr/SPIP/article.php3?id_article=1037

64. Portraits De Personnages Celebres : RIC Translate this page RICHE de prony (gaspard-Marie)(1755-1839). Peinture 1. RICHELIEU (Armand Jean DU PLESSIS, Cardinal, Duc de)(1585-1642). Peinture 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11 http://www.onlipix.com/personnages/ric.htm

RIC A B C D ... Z RICARDO (David) Peinture RICASOLI (Bettino)(1809-1880) Peinture RICCARDI (Arturo) Photo RICCI (Christina) Photo RICCI (Corrado)(-1995) Photo Photo de groupe RICCI (Lorenzo)(17..-17..) Dessin RICCI (Matteo)(1552-1610) Peinture Dessin Memorabilia RICCI (Ostilio)(1540-1603) Dessin RICCIO (David) Peinture RICCOBONO (Antonio) Peinture RICE (Americus Vespucius)(1835-1904) Photo Samuel A. RICE Photo RICE (Elmer) Photo (en 1934) RICE (Fannie) Photo RICE (Henry Mower) Sculpture RICE (James)(1843-1882) Peinture RICE (James Clay, general Photo RICE (Lilian Janette)(1888-1938) Photo RICE (Paul) Photo de groupe (en 1951, avec Betty FIELD Elliott RICE Photo RICE (Sir Tim)(1944-) Peinture RICH (Alfred William)(1856-1922) Peinture RICH (Irene) Photo RICH (John)(1826-1913) Peinture RICH (Lillian) Photo RICH (Vivian) Photo RICHAGOV (Pavel Vassilievitch) Photo RICHARD (Alain) Photo Photo RICHARD (Jean, acteur Photo RICHARD Ier (fils de HENRI II et d' ALIENOR D'AQUITAINE Roi d'Angleterr Dessin Sculpture (gisant)/2 (gisant)/3/4 RICHARD II (fils d' EDOUARD 'le Prince Noir' Peinture Dessin Jean FROISSART )/5 (A-mariage avec ISABELLE DE FRANCE )/6 (A- avec Henri de Lancaster, futur

65. A Equacao De Darcy-Weisbach Translate this page comparado com a equação empírica de prony (gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche de prony, Surpreendentemente prony desenvolveu sua própria equação, http://paginas.terra.com.br/servicos/hidrotec/darcy.htm

Apresentação Mais informações Demonstração Versão demo ... - Eq. de Colebrook HIDRÁULICA APLICADA A TUBULAÇÕES - EQUAÇO DE DARCY-WEISBACH aqui original em inglês Henry Darcy e sua Lei A História da Equação de Darcy-Weisbach Glenn Brown Oklahoma State University Tradução Eng. Luiz Camargo Abril/2001 O que nós chamamos de equação de Darcy-Weisbach tem uma longa história de desenvolvimento. Ela é conhecida pelo nome de dois grandes engenheiros hidráulicos de meados do século XIX, embora outros nomes tenham dado também importantes contribuições. Julies Weisbach (1806-1871), natural da Saxônia, propôs em 1845 a equação que nós usamos atualmente, h l = fL/D * V onde hl é a perda de carga, L é o comprimento do tubo, D é o diâmetro de tubo, V é a velocidade média, g é a aceleração da gravidade e f é o fator de atrito. Entretanto, ele não proveu dados adequados para a variação de f com a rugosidade relativa e com a velocidade. Por isto, sua equação teve fraco desempenho comparado com a equação empírica de Prony (Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche de Prony, 1755-1839) amplamente usada na ocasião; h l = L/D * (aV + bV onde a e b são fatores de atrito empíricos para a velocidade e para o quadrado da velocidade.

66. MPI For Human Development: Library And Research Information The French engineer gaspard Riche de prony organized the French government s titanic project for the calculation of 10000 sine values to unprecedented http://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/dok/full/gg/ggmaccrj_/ggmaccrj_.html

Library Electronic Full Texts Mind as computer: birth of a metaphor View Dublin Core Metadata for this article Gigerenzer, Gerd Goldstein, Daniel G. Please note: This paper is a preprint of an article published in Creativity Research Journal, 9 (1996) 2/3 (pp. 131-144) , therefore there may be minor differences between the two versions. Contact Author I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted. Alan Turing, 1950 What role do tools play in scientific discovery? Much of 20th century Anglo-American philosophy of science has revolved around chicken-and-egg debates concerning theory and data We propose a new approach to scientific discovery in which tools play a central role. The classical view of tools in scientific discovery is that they generate new data, which in turn can lead to new theories. But our thesis depicts tools as having an even more active role in discovery. We argue that new tools can directly, rather than through new data, inspire new theories. Consider when the mechanical clock became the indispensable tool for astronomical research, and the universe itself became understood as a kind of mechanical clock with God as the divine watchmaker. Tools become theories.

67. ۞ Camille De Montalivet - Dans L'Encyclopédie IzyNews Translate this page sur École des ponts et chaussées École nationale des ponts et chaussées) où il fut remarqué par le célèbre prony (plus sur prony gaspard de prony) . http://www.izynews.com/fr_e/Camille_de_Montalivet

encUri = 'http%3a%2f%2fwww.izynews.com%2ffr_e%2fCamille_de_Montalivet'; Camille de Montalivet - dans l'Encyclop©die IzyNews  Deutsch   Nederlands  Commentaires (0) Commentaires des visiteurs Aucun commentaire pour le moment. Cliquez ici pour ajouter un commentaire. Camille Bachasson, comte de Montalivet (1801-1880) Pair de France et homme d'‰tat fran§ais Second fils de Jean-Pierre Bachasson, comte de Montalivet (1766-1823), pair de France et ministre de Napol©on 1er , Camille de Montalivet est n©   Valence le 25 avril 1801. Ing©nieur comme son p¨re et son fr¨re a®n© Simon (1799-1823), il ©tudia   l’ ‰cole polytechnique puis   l’ ‰cole des ponts et chauss©es o¹ il fut remarqu© par le c©l¨bre Prony . Il se pr©parait   suivre la carri¨re du g©nie civil lorsque, son p¨re et son fr¨re ©tant morts tous deux en 1823, il h©rita du titre de comte et de celui de pair . En raison de son ¢ge, il ne fut admis   y si©ger qu'en 1826, mais d¨s cette date il se montra le d©fenseur des id©es constitutionnelles et fit para®tre en 1827 la «  Lettre d’un jeune pair de France aux fran§ais de son ¢ge Cat©gories: Personnalit© politique fran§aise Polytechnicien Naissance en 1801 D©c¨s en 1880 Une carri¨re minist©rielle sous Louis-Philippe Adversaire, en 1829, du minist¨re

68. Royal Society | About The Society | History Of Science | Biographies Of Fellows prony, gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche de. Proceedings 1839 No 40 pp 178179. Proudman, Joseph. Biographical Memoirs 1976 vol 22 pp 319-333, plate, http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=2379

69. Technology/ Engineering Translate this page prony, gaspard-François-Clair- Marie Riche de. Puiseux, Victor. Ramsden, Jesse. Rankine, William John Macquorn. Rateau, Auguste Camille Edmond http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/tech.html

Technology/ Engineering Agassiz, Alexander Alberti, Leone Battista Albrecht, Carl Theodor Amici, Giovan Battista Amsler, Jakob Archimedes Armstrong, Edwin Howard Ayrton, Hertha Babbage, Charles Baker, Henry Balbus Baldi, Bernardino Barkhausen, Heinrich Georg Bauer, Franz Andreas Beale, Lionel Smith Beckmann, Johann Beeckman, Isaac Bell, Alexander Graham Bellinsgauzen, Faddei F. Berger, Hans Berkner, Lloyd Viel Bernoulli, Jakob Bessemer, Henry Betancourt y Molina, Augustin de Bion, Nicolas Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso Borries, Bodo von Bossut, Charles Bour, Edmond Boussinesq, Joseph Valentin Brashman, Nikolai Dmitrievich Brinell, Johan August Brioschi, Francesco Brown, Ernest William Brunelleschi, Filippo Bunyakovsky, Viktor Yakovlevich Buono, Paolo del Bush, Vannevar Cailletet, Louis Paul Callendar, Hugh Longbourne Campani, Giuseppe Carnot, Lazare-Nicolas- Marguerite Castelli, Benedetto Castigliano, Alberto Cauchy, Augustin-Louis Chaplygin, Sergei Alekseevich Charcot, Jean-Baptiste Chardonnet, Louis-Marie- Hilaire Bernigaud Christofilos, Nicholas Constantine Clairaut, Alexis-Claude

70. List Of Scientists By Field Translate this page prony, gaspard-François-Clair- Marie Riche de. Proust, Joseph Louis. Prout, William. Prout, William. Prowazek, Stanislaus von Lanov http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/p.html

Pacchioni, Antonio Pacini, Filippo Pacini, Filippo Pacinotti, Antonio Pacioli, Luca Pacioli, Luca Packard, Alpheus Spring Padoa, Alessandro Pagano, Giuseppe Painter, Theophilus Shickel Paley, William Palisa, Johann Palissy, Bernard Palissy, Bernard Palladin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Palladin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Palladin, Vladimir Ivanovich Palladin, Vladimir Ivanovich Pallas, Pyotr Simon Pallas, Pyotr Simon Palmer, Edward Pander, Christian Heinrich Pander, Christian Heinrich Paneth, Friedrich Adolf Paneth, Friedrich Adolf Pannekoek, Antonie Papaleksi, Nikolai Dmitrievich Papanicolaou, George Nicholas Papanicolaou, George Nicholas Papin, Denis Pappus of Alexandria Pappus of Alexandria Pappus of Alexandria Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Pardies, Ignace Gaston Parenago, Pavel Petrovich Parent, Antoine Parkhurst, John Adelbert

71. Recovered History : Nature Many of the computers employed in gaspard de prony s Bureau du Cadastre, a factory of calculation, were hairdressers and wigmakers who had fallen on hard http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7037/full/4341070a.html

Accessibility statement Jump to main content Jump to main navigation Jump to search ... ABOUT NPG E-MAIL: PASSWORD Save password Forgotten password? MY ACCOUNT E-ALERTS SUBSCRIBE ... REGISTER Text to search for Advanced search Journal home Archive Books and Arts Full Text Books and Arts Nature doi Recovered history Jon Agar BOOK REVIEWED When Computers Were Human by David Alan Grier Princeton University Press : 2005. 412 pp. $35, £22.95 We work from morn till night, For computing is our duty; We're faithful and polite, And our record book's a beauty; With Crelle and Gauss, Chauvenet and Peirce, We labor hard all day; We add, subtract, multiply and divide, And we never have time to play. (from The Observatory Pinafore by Winslow Upton, 1879) Human computers certainly did work hard all day, and had the aches and pains to show for it: elbow joints inflamed from cranking calculator handles, or fingers and thumbs cramped from pencilling figure after figure on to graph paper. For two centuries the modern scientific enterprise was built on their efforts. Yet every time a logarithm was looked up, or the value of a Bessel function checked, a debt was incurred that was rarely acknowledged. And now the human computer has vanished from history. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Crunch time: large numbers of people used to do the calculations now done by electronic computers.

72. In Memoriam - Liste Alphabétique P - Les Membres De L'Académie Des Sciences prony (gaspard, Clair, François, Marie Riche, baron de) http://www.academie-sciences.fr/membres/in_memoriam/in_memoriam_liste_alphabetiq

In memoriam A B C D ... W X Y Z Paul Membre du Bureau des longitudes Palisot ( de Beauvois) 27 juillet 1752 - 21 janvier 1820 Pallas (Peter, Simon) Classe de l'Institut national des sciences et des arts le 2 frimaire an XI (23 novembre 1802) Parent ( Antoine 16 septembre 1666 - 26 septembre 1716 Paris ( 2 mars 1806 - 8 avril 1893 Membre du Bureau des longitudes Pariset ( Parmentier ( Antoine-Augustin Parodi ( Hippolyte Parodi ( Maurice , Alexandre) Pascal ( Paul , Victor, Henri) 4 juillet 1880 - 26 janvier 1968 Passy ( Antoine 23 avril 1792 - 8 octobre 1873 Pasteur ( Louis en 1881 Paterno ( Emanuele di Sessa) Paul ( Raymond 24 janvier 1907 - 21 juillet 1997 Paulian Renaud Pauling ( Linus , Carl) Prix Nobel de chimie en 1954 ; Prix Nobel de la Paix en 1962

73. MechANIma 1755 Translate this page gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche Baron de prony (1755-1839) wurde in Chamelet bei Lyon geboren. Er besuchte die École des Ponts et Chaussés von 1776 und http://mechanima.upb.de/Geschichte/1755 - Prony/

var language='english'; Weiter zum Men¼ mechANIma - Explorationen œbungsbuch ... News Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche Baron de Prony (1755-1839) wurde in Chamelet bei Lyon geboren. Er besuchte die ‰cole des Ponts et Chauss©s von 1776 und graduierte im Jahre 1780. Danach arbeitet er an der Konstruktion der Br¼cke von Neuilly, 1785 assistierte er bei der Wiederherstellung des Hafens von D¼nkirchen und besuchte England. Zur Zeit der Franz¶sischen Revolution war er Mitglied in der Kommission zur Erstellung des metrischen Systems, wobei er sich derart engagierte, daŸ er nach Einteilung des Kreises in Neugrad die Erstellung der nunmehr notwendigen "neuen" trigonometrischen Tafeln verlangte und schlieŸlich selbst in Angriff nahm. Er war einer der Gr¼nder der ber¼hmten ‰cole Polytechnique, deren Lehrk¶rper er auch von 1794 bis 1815 angeh¶rte. Von 1798 bis zu seinem Tode war er auŸerdem noch Direktor der ‰cole des Ponts et Chauss©s. Da beklage man sich noch einmal ¼ber „mterh¤ufung.

74. ITRmanager - La Science Informatique Aux Enchères Chez Christie’s Translate this page à la fin du 18e siècle par gaspard Riche de prony est intéressante en raison de gaspard Riche de prony avait organisé ce projet en trois équipes. http://www.itrmanager.com/article.php?oid=35827&usermail=pmberger@noos.fr

75. Számítógép – Emberekbõl Egy francia építõmérnök, gaspard de prony, Smith útmutatását követve készített el 19 kötetnyi trigonometriai és logaritmustáblázatot a forradalmi francia http://www.kfki.hu/chemonet/hun/teazo/uj/emberi.html

Alexis-Claude Clairaut Edmund Halley Gaspard de Prony Charles Babbage Maria Mitchell Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation Mathematical Tables Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation The Handbook of Mathematical Functions http://www.chemonet.hu/ http://www.kfki.hu/chemonet/

76. Introdução Translate this page gaspard Riche, barão de prony, viveu no século 18 e dedicou-se principalmente à alquimia 9. Nos seus trabalhos era levado frequentemente a fazer a http://w3.ualg.pt/~sjesus/aulas/pds/node75.html

Seguinte: Acima: Anterior: Seguinte: Acima: Anterior: Sergio Jesus 2005-05-13

77. Quelques Repères Historiques Translate this page Le Baron gaspard de prony, chargé du cadastre par Napoléon dut produire un jeu de tables complet dans le nouveau système métrique afin de permettre le http://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/enseignement/ye/licence/methodes_num/cours/intro/hist

Quelques repères historiques Ph. Depondt Octobre 1996 Le mot "ordinateur" a été inventé en 1955 à la demande d' IBM -France par Jacques Perret, professeur de latin à la Sorbonne. En revanche le mot anglais computer signifie simplement "calculateur" to compute = calculer , il désigne l'ordinateur, mais peut aussi désigner une personne ou une machine qui fait des calculs. En français, le mot "informatique", qui n'a pas d'équivalent en anglais (dans certains cas cela peut se traduire par: computer science est la contraction de "information automatique" par Ph. Dreyfus de la Compagnie des Machines Bull, en 1962. Le code binaire a été inventé par Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Le mot bit provient de B inary dig IT (Shannon 1948), il désigne la quantité d'information contenue dans un choix élémentaire entre deux possibilités (par exemple ou 1). Le mot "algorithme" vient du nom du mathématicien arabe du VIII o siècle Abu Djefar Al-Khwarizmi dont le traité d'algèbre fut traduit en latin au XIII o siècle; la première phrase de cette traduction commençait par: "Algoritmi dixit...". Un algorithme est un ensemble complede règles explicites qui doivent être appliquées pour résoudre un problème donné.

78. Forma Urbis Translate this page Le fait qu’il ait, plus tard, travaillé sous gaspard de prony, natif de Chamelet, incite à penser qu’il ya là peut-être plus qu’une coïncidence http://www.archives-lyon.fr/old/fonds/plan-g/20.htm

L'INGÉNIEUR-GÉOGRAPHE BERTRAND ET LE PLAN DE LYON DE 1785 e Le Dictionnaire des artistes et ouvriers d’art de la France : Lyonnais, Forez et Beaujolais d’Audin et Vial( nationales( ) et une lettre de Vergennes, transcrite au registre d’enregistrement de la correspondance consulaire des archives de Lyon( e de la contenue de maison, jardin, Total le 16 mars 1783 " Dim.: 207 x 271 cm. e (300 toises = 12 cm) Origine : don de particulier. Cartouche principal : Nouveau plan geometral de la ville fauxbourg [lacune qu’il faut restituer sans doute ainsi : et Ban]lieue de Lyon ou Le Contenu Le projet perrache, dans toute Son Etendue, Celui des Broteaux Les chateaux et maisons Bertrand autre cartouche : Explication des lettres de renvoy pour les emplacements des abbayes prieure Total pour le tout, neuf Millions, deux cent quatre vingt dix neuf Mille un pieds

79. Sig_intro prony e dal conte Fossombroni. Pregevole è l opera di GM de ridosso delle paludi è quella disegnata dallo stesso M. gaspard de prony nel http://websit.provincia.roma.it/doc/htm/cart_stor_area_sud1.htm

Ricerche ed elaborati a cura della Dott.ssa Franca Fedeli Vice Direzione Generale- Ufficio Studi Biblioteca Provinciale di Roma Le immagini presentate sono tratte da volumi contenuti nella Biblioteca Provinciale, istituita nel 1912 e aperta al pubblico nel 1953, pazientemente raccolti da prestigiosi esponenti della cultura e da consiglieri provinciali come Alberto Cencelli, Tommaso Tittoni, Carlo Calisse, Francesco Massimo, Vincenzo Federici, Giuseppe Ceccarelli e da bibliofili come Filippo Passamonti che, attraverso l'attivazione di donazioni, acquisti e un'opera instancabile e lungimirante, hanno contribuito a formare ed incrementare il ricco patrimonio di storia locale e documentario su Roma e il Lazio. SEZIONE I La cartografia dell'area a sud di Roma come esemplificazione di storia cartografica G. BOILEAU DE BOUILLON, La campaigne de Romme iadis appellee Latium, avec une partie de Etrurie, 1555-56, da A. P. Frutaz, Le carte del Lazio, Istituto di Studi Romani, Roma, 1972, vol.II, tav.38.

80. BSHM: Abstracts -- B Bradley, Mary, ‘prony the bridgebuilder the life and times of gaspard de prony, educator and scientist’, Centaurus 37 (1994), 230-278 http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/abstracts/B.html

The British Society for the History of Mathematics HOME About BSHM BSHM Council Join BSHM ... Search BSHM Abstracts A B C D ... Z These listings contain all abstracts that have appeared in BSHM Newsletters up to Newsletter 46. BSHM Abstracts - B Bagheri, Mohammad, ‘A newly found letter of al-Kashi on scientific life in Samarkand’, Historia mathematica A letter from al-Kashi to his father, written about 1423, two years after his arrival in Samarkand, has recently been found in a library in Teheran. It contains much new first-hand information about the scientific atmosphere of Samarkand in the time of Ulugh Beg. Bagheri, Mohammad, ‘Mathematical problems of the famous Iranian poet Naser-e Khosrow’, Historia mathematica Three indeterminate problems and their solutions, two leading to linear equations and one to a quadratic equation, from a fragment, newly discovered in Tehran, of a lost 11th century work, written (unusually for mathematics) in Persian. Physis Using a hypothesis traceable through Mersenne and Galileo to Euclid, Euler in Tentamen novae theoriae musicae (1739) calculated the degrees of order associated with chords and sequences of chords. D’Alembert (1779) made complex and rigorous deductions from a fundamental

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