1. Philon Only a few references to philon of byzantium exist in the literature. He ismentioned by Vitruvius who was a Roman architect and engineer. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Philon.html

Philon of Byzantium Born: about 280 BC in Byzantium (Turkey) Died: about 220 BC Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Only a few references to Philon of Byzantium exist in the literature. He is mentioned by Vitruvius who was a Roman architect and engineer. Vitruvius (1 st century BC) was the author of the famous treatise De architectura (On Architecture) and in this work he gives a list of twelve inventors of machines which include Archytas (second in the list), Archimedes (third in the list), Ctesibius (fourth in the list), and Philon of Byzantium (sixth in the list). Heron of Alexandria mentions a work by Philon On automatic theatres which in fact forms part of his Mechanics treatise. Eutocius also mentions Philon and cites a work by him on the duplication of the cube and this material is again contained in his Mechanics treatise. Perhaps the most information about Philon's life, and this is very little indeed, comes from the only work of his which has survived (at least major parts have survived) Mechanics.

2. The Philon Line philon of byzantium (circa 100 A.D.) worked on trying to duplicate the cube (construct a cube with volume equal to twice the volume of a given cube) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Search Results For Archimedes include Archytas (second in the list), Archimedes (third in the list),Ctesibius (fourth in the list), and philon of byzantium (sixth in the list). http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=

4. Philon Name Philon. Occupation From Byzantion. Son of Occupation Dates ? late C3early C2 BC Brief biography Little known of his life. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Alexandria philon of byzantium worked on pneumatics, clepsydras, automata, incredibleinstruments, Fountain with figure and animal by philon of byzantium. http://www.miralab.unige.ch/subpages/automates/antiquite/alexandria.htm

Automata of Alexandria The Alexandrian School inherited from a long tradition dating back to the 6th century BC with Thales, Pythagorus and Euclid, who provided inspiration for the illustrious mechanists. Of the above, Ctesibius is generally considered to be the founder of the Mechanical School in Alexandria. He explored new areas, carried out research into wind instruments and the basic principles of mechanics, such as the elasticity of air, the incompressibility of water, and transmission and reduction ratio mechanisms. He is attributed with the invention of the suction and force pump and the hydraulic organ. Museum of automata, York (England) Philon of Byzantium worked on pneumatics, clepsydras, automata, incredible instruments, and war machines. His research into the nature of air, how it interacts with water and vacuum, the equilibrium of liquids in communicating vessels, and siphons, led him to create some extraordinary objects with neither screws nor springs, just levers and skillfully drilled tubes. Fountain with figure and animal by Philon of Byzantium. This was activated by water.

6. Philon's Line philon of byzantium , sometimes called Philo, was a lessor known scientist/mathematician living around 280 BC. One of his http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Ancient Greek Artillery Technology: From Catapults To The Architronio Canon (Heron, Philon, Biton and Vitruvius are the main sources of information aboutancient Catapults). philon of byzantium c. (280220) BC http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/war/CatapultTypes.htm

Ancient Greek Artillery Technology from Catapults to the Architronio Canon Michael Lahanas Griechische Waffentechnologie: Katapulte bis zur Kanone des Archimedes Karel Capek Apocryphal Tales kata and peltes Kata means downward and peltes describes a small shield ). Catapult means therefore shield piercer. Catapults were first invented about 400 BC in the Greek town Syracus under Dionysios I (ca. 430-367 BC). The Greek engineers first constructed a comparatively small machine, the gastraphetes (belly-bow), a version of a crossbow. The gastraphetes is a large bow mounted on a case, one end of which rested on the belly of the person using it. When the demands of war required a faster, stronger weapon, the device was enlarged, and a winch pull-back system and base were added. Technology of Catapults ( belopoietic from belos (arrow or it is better to say a bolt) and poiw make) was a key part of ancient mechanics, a branch of mathematics that also included fortification building, statics, and pneumatics. Many, though, have begun the construction of weapons of the same size, and have made use of the same system of rules, the same types of wood, and the same amounts of iron, and have kept to the same weight, yet of these some have made machines that throw their missiles far and with great force, while those made by others have lagged behind their specifications. When asked why this happened, the latter have been at a loss for an answer. So it is appropriate to warn the prospective engineer of the saying of Polykleitos the sculptor: perfection, he said, comes about little by little [para mikron] through many numbers. And in the same way, as far as concerns our science, it happens that in many of the items that go to make up the machine a tiny deviation is made each time, resulting in a large cumulative error

8. Philon philon of byzantium http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Ancient Greek Inventions (1/4) philon of byzantium (3rd century BC), tells us that the drive shaft wasfacetted (polygonal, not circular, in crosssection), and that the chain links were http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Inventions.htm

Ancient Greek Inventions Michael Lahanas Everything that can be invented has been invented. Charles H. Duell U.S. Commissioner of Patents, in 1899 (a remark which probably was invented by others Griechische Erfindungen (A - D) E - O P - S T - Z The most important Ancient Greek invention was the invention of True and not only Applied Science around 600 BC with Thales The Invention of Knowledge (HTML) or ( PDF Acoustics in Theaters So the vessels called yheia by the Greeks, which are placed in certain recesses under the seats of theatres, are fixed and arranged with a due regard to the laws of harmony and physics, their tones being fourths, fifths, and octaves; so that when the voice of the actor is in unison with the pitch of these instruments, its power is increased and mellowed by impinging thereon. Vitruvius de Architectura The Greeks did, however, develop one acoustical device of considerable value: the masks worn by actors. In addition to providing exaggerated facial expressions appropriate to the various roles, the masks served as megaphones that improved the mechanical coupling between the voice-generating mechanism and the surrounding air. From Architectural Acoustics See also Acoustic Assistance Identification, Evaluation and Revival of the Acoustical heritage of ancient Theatres and Odea

10. -=Seven Visual Communications=- Seven Visual Communications Design, Print Design, Web Design, AV, Graphic Design, TV Commercials, Motion Graphics, 3D Animation, Art Direction http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. 250s BC: Information From Answers.com philon of byzantium advocates the use of bronze springs in catapults and philon of byzantium builds a cardan joint, a form of universal joint using two http://www.answers.com/topic/250s-bc

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping 250s BC In the year bce Energy Although the origin of candles is obscure, they are mentioned by Philon [b. Byzantium (Turkey), c. 280 bce , d. c. 220 bce ] about this time. Some think candles were invented by the Etruscans. Tapers (wicks dipped in wax once) and wax-impregnated reeds preceded candles, but the earliest form of artificial lighting device was the oil lamp. Even at this time, and for the next 2000 years, lamps are preferred to candles as light sources. See also bce Energy ce Energy Materials According to tradition, parchment is invented about this time in Pergamum (Bergama, Turkey), from which its name is derived. Parchment is animal skin treated so that it can be written on both sides. Vellum, which may have originated later, is often taken to be parchment made from very young or unborn animals. See also bce Materials ce Materials Philon of Byzantium advocates the use of bronze springs in catapults and experiments with the expansion of air by heat. Mathematics Archimedes shows that numbers can be written as large as needed, calculates a close value for π, and develops improved methods of finding areas and volumes enclosed by curves or curved surfaces.

12. Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World - All About Turkey written by a famous Greek engineer and mathematician named philon of byzantium, yet many scholars and historians believe that Philon had not http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

13. 100 BC: Information From Answers.com compiles the earliest known list of the Seven Wonders of the World (a slightlydifferent list is given somewhat later by philon of byzantium). http://www.answers.com/topic/100-bc

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping 100 BC In the year bce Chemistry Roman metalworkers produce mercury from the ore cinnabar. See also bce Materials Communication The notebook, or codex, consisting of leaves of parchment sewn together on one side is in use in Rome. See also ce Communication Construction Antipater of Sidon, probably using earlier Hellenic guidebooks, compiles the earliest known list of the Seven Wonders of the World (a slightly different list is given somewhat later by Philon of Byzantium). The list consists of the Pyramids of Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the giant statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Pharos. Of these, only the Pyramids of Egypt stand today. See also bce Construction Roman engineers learn shortly after this date how to rotate the arch to produce a dome. They use this extensively thereafter in construction of public buildings. Sometimes this is modified to produce what amounts to a square dome, known as a cloister vault. See also ce Construction . (See essay Apartment houses in Rome, called

14. The Atlantic Online July/August 2004 Wonders Never Cease Updating philon of byzantium's famous list http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

15. Siege Engine Prototypes Plan views of the wedge engine designed by philon of byzantium. Philon ofByzantium, who wrote about siege engines which generally dated around 250 BC, http://198.144.2.125/Siege/SiegePrototypes/Prototypes.htm

This page was made in answer to several requests for diagrams featuring prototype siege engines of which at least one was constructed and tested by ancient engineers. The repeating catapult designed by Dionysius and the "wedge" frame catapulta developed by Philon of Byzantium are included here. The bronze spring catapulta and pneumatic powered catapulta designed by the famous Greek engineer Ctesibius are not depicted here since there is no evidence that they were ever constructed, though the innovative mechanical ideas introduced by these machines shows a great deal of ingenuity on the part of Ctesbius. The images below were taken from Eric William Marsden's GREEK & ROMAN ARTILLLERY. I highly recommend this work. It is the finest book on siege engines that I know of. The Repeating Catapulta of Dionysius Dionysius of Alexandria constructed this advanced form of catapulta with the engineers working in Rhodes, who were already famous for production of siege engines. Philon of Byzantium claims that the machine did not shoot as far as standard single-shot catapultae of the day. There is no evidence that this machine ever entered mass production, most probably because of the high cost and complexity. It remains an oddity in ancient engineering that demonstrates the astounding level of mechanical technology of its day. The Wedge Catapulta of Philon Concept Siege Artillery

16. No. 308 The Last Wonder Of The World Maybe it's time to look back at the original Wonders. The 2ndcentury BC Hellenistic engineer philon of byzantium wrote a tract called http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. Siege Engine Blueprints Authors include Heron of Alexandria, Biton of Greece, philon of byzantium, andthe famous architect Vitruvius of Rome. In some cases passages from ancient http://198.144.2.125/Siege/Blueprints.htm

For each machine, click on the NAME of the artillery engine to view a full plan of it and click on the PICTURE to get a larger picture of it. Most of these plans were taken from Eric W. Marsden's The illustrations were taken from Warfare in the Classical World by John Warry. Greek Gastrophetes Greek Oxybeles Charon's Mountain Gastrophetes Isidorus' Mountain Gastrophetes ... Greek Palintone (Ballista) Later Roman Catapulta Roman Palintone (Ballista) Roman Cheiroballista Roman Onager (MORE) Prototype Siege Engines Concepts in Building Siege Engines The diagrams above are a starting point for anyone wishing to build a siege artillery machine as it was described in various ancient Greek and Roman texts written by engineers. The machines depicted in the diagrams above reflect those machines described in several ancient engineering texts. Machine designs that did not become widespread in usage or were the results of experimental designs are shown under Prototype Siege Engines Euthytone Palintone Comparison of Frame Types to Hand-held Bows Roman Development of Catapulta Frames DARIVS ARCHITECTVS Source Documentation for Siege Engine Research Click on this link to view a list of books and articles containing information on siege artillery research: Click on a topic below!

18. The Ultimate Executive Toy Dog Breeds Information Guide And The first executive toy was probably a gadget designed by the great mathematician and engineer philon of byzantium (about 280 BC about 220 http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. Seven Wonders Of The World - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia RTQIT is said the philon of byzantium devised the idea of lifting water with bucketdriven by an undershot water wheel (a series of spoon shaped spokes around http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonders_of_the_world

Wikimedia needs your help in the final days of its fund drive. See our fundraising page The Red Cross and other charities also need your help. Seven Wonders of the World From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Wonders of the world The Seven Wonders of the World , or more commonly known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , include, by order of their construction, the Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis at Ephesus ... Colossus of Rhodes , and Lighthouse of Alexandria . The list of these wonders was first compiled at around two centuries BCE. The first references to the idea of creating such a list were found in the History of Herodotus as early as the 5th century BCE. Later, Greek historians such as Callimachus of Cyrene would write books like "A Collection of Wonders around the World". Unfortunately the manuscript itself was destroyed along with the ancient Alexandria Library The final list of the Seven Wonders was completed during the Middle Ages . The list included the seven most impressive monuments of the Ancient World, some of which are barely standing and are nothing more than rubble. Amongst the oldest references to the canonical list are the engravings by the Dutch artist Maerten van Heemskerck and Johann Fischer von Erlach 's History of Architecture.

20. Antipater Of Sidon - Definition Of Antipater Of Sidon In He and the mathematician and engineer philon of byzantium (born about 280 BC in Byzantium, present Turkey) are known as the most famous http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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