41. Copernican System by the astronomer/humanist georg peurbach (14231461) and his student Johannes With their new textbook and a guide to the Almagest , peurbach and http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11938/1.2/

Copernican System By: Albert Van Helden Summary: A module on Nicholas Copernicus and his view of the universe. Note: You are viewing an old version of this document. The latest version is available here Figure 1: Copernicus The first speculations about the possibility of the Sun being the center of the cosmos and the Earth being one of the planets going around it go back to the third century BCE. In his Sand-Reckoner , Archimedes (d. 212 BCE), discusses how to express very large numbers. As an example he chooses the question as to how many grains of sand there are in the cosmos. And in order to make the problem more difficult, he chooses not the geocentric cosmos generally accepted at the time, but the heliocentric cosmos proposed by Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310-230 BCE), which would have to be many times larger because of the lack of observable stellar parallax. We know, therefore, that already in Hellenistic times thinkers were at least toying with this notion, and because of its mention in Archimedes's book Aristarchus's speculation was well-known in Europe beginning in the High Middle Ages but not seriously entertained until Copernicus. Figure 2: Copernicus European learning was based on the Greek sources that had been passed down, and cosmological and astronomical thought were based on Aristotle and

42. May 30 - Today In Science History georg von peurbach. (source), Born 30 May 1423; died 8 Apr 1461. Austrian mathematicianand astronomer who promoted the use of Arabic numerals (introduced http://www.todayinsci.com/5/5_30.htm

Visit our new gallery of Perpetual Motion Machines through the centuries MAY 30 - BIRTHS Aleksey Arkhipovich Leonov (source) Born 30 May 1934 Soviet cosmonaut, the first man to climb out of a spacecraft in space. On 18 Mar 1965, Voskhod 2 was launched into space carrying Leonov with Pavel Belyayev aboard. On the second orbit Leonov left the spacecraft through the air lock while still tethered to the vessel. He took motion pictures and practiced moving outside of the spacecraft for 10 minutes. Voskhod 2 made 17 orbits at about 110 miles (177 km) above earth. Ten years later, on 17 Jul 1975, Leonov commanded the Soviet Soyuz craft that linked in orbit with a U.S. Apollo craft. Joseph William Kennedy (source) Born 30 May 1916; died 5 May 1957 American scientist, one of four co-discoverers of plutonium element 94 ) which was produced from uranium oxide bombarded with deuterons in a cyclotron at the Univ. of California at Berkeley. Subsequently, on 28 Mar 1941, Glenn Seaborg plutonium , like U , is fissionable with slow neutrons, thus neutrons of any speed, which implies it's a potential fission bomb material. He was a chemistry instructor while working on the research

43. The Heavens Revealed Contents Bound with georg peurbach, 14231461, Tabulae Eclypsium Magistri georgiipeurbachii; and Regiomontanus, 1436-1476, Tabula Primi Mobilis Joannes de Monte http://www.williams.edu/resources/chapin/exhibits/astro1.html

Home Return to Exhibitions The Heavens Revealed: Classics of Astronomy from Ptolemy to Copernicus to Einstein All items are from the collection of Professor Jay M. Pasachoff, held on deposit in the Chapin Library, except as noted (*) from the Chapin Library's History of Science collection. Bible . Latin. Mainz: Johann Gutenberg, [ ca . 1455]. One leaf from the "Gutenberg Bible". Jakob Pflaum ca Calendarium . Ulm: Johannes Zainer, 1478. Regiomontanus Calendarium . Venice: Bernhard Maler (Pictor), Erhard Ratdolt, Peter Löslein, 1476. Peter Apian Cosmographicus Liber . Landshut: Johann Weyssenburger, 1524. Alfonso X , “el Sabio”, King of Castile and Leon, 1221-1284. Tabulae Astronomicae Alfontii Regis Castellae . Venice: Erhard Ratdolt, 1483. Hartman Schedel , 1440-1514. Leaf from Liber Chronicarum . Nuremberg: Anton Koberger, 1493. R egiomontanus Epytoma in Almagestum Ptolemaei . Venice: Johannes Hamman, 31 August 1496.

44. List Of Scientists By Field Translate this page peurbach, georg. Peyer, Bernhard. Peyer, Johann Conrad. Peyssonnel, Jean André.Pezard, Albert. Pezenas, Esprit. Pezenas, Esprit. Pezenas, Esprit http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/p.html

Pacchioni, Antonio Pacini, Filippo Pacini, Filippo Pacinotti, Antonio Pacioli, Luca Pacioli, Luca Packard, Alpheus Spring Padoa, Alessandro Pagano, Giuseppe Painter, Theophilus Shickel Paley, William Palisa, Johann Palissy, Bernard Palissy, Bernard Palladin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Palladin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Palladin, Vladimir Ivanovich Palladin, Vladimir Ivanovich Pallas, Pyotr Simon Pallas, Pyotr Simon Palmer, Edward Pander, Christian Heinrich Pander, Christian Heinrich Paneth, Friedrich Adolf Paneth, Friedrich Adolf Pannekoek, Antonie Papaleksi, Nikolai Dmitrievich Papanicolaou, George Nicholas Papanicolaou, George Nicholas Papin, Denis Pappus of Alexandria Pappus of Alexandria Pappus of Alexandria Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Pardies, Ignace Gaston Parenago, Pavel Petrovich Parent, Antoine Parkhurst, John Adelbert

45. New Dictionary Of Scientific Biography peurbach, georg Pezenas, Esprit Phillips, Theodore Evelyn Reece Philolaus ofCrotona Piazzi, Giuseppe Picard, Jean Pickering, Edward Charles http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/astor.html

Make Suggestions Astronomical Sciences Abbe, Cleveland Abetti, Antonio Abney, William de Wiveleslie Abraham Bar ?iyya Ha-Nasi Ab?'l-Waf al-B?zj?n?, Mu?ammad Ibn Mu?ammad Ibn Ya?y? Ibn Ism?l Ibn al- ?Abb?s Acyuta Pira?i Adams, John Couch Adelard of Bath Ailly, Pierre d' Airy, George Biddell Aitken, Robert Grant Albrecht, Carl Theodor Alfonso El Sabio Alzate y Ramírez, José Antonio Anaximander Andoyer, Henri André, Charles Louis François Angelus, Johannes Ångstrüm, Anders Jonas Anthelme, Voituret Antiphon Antoniadi, Eugène M. Apian, Peter Arago, Dominique François Jean Aratus of Soli Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August Argoli, Andrea Aristarchus of Samos Aristotle Aristyllus Arrest, Heinrich Louis d' Asada G?ry? Autolycus of Pitane Auwers, Arthur Julius Georg Friedrich von Auzout, Adrien Baade, Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Babinet, Jacques Backlund, Jüns Oskar Bailey, Solon Irving Bailly, Jean-Sylvain Baily, Francis Banachiewicz, Thaddeus Ban? M?s? Baranzano, Giovanni Antonio

46. INCUNABLE CATALOGUE 1 1230); Regiomontanus, Joannes (14361476); peurbach, georg von. Also includedin this edition is georg peurbach’s Theoricae Novae Planetarum. http://www.graybooksellers.com/incunabula/incunableTHREE.html

23. Platina, Bartholomaeus Sacchi de. (1421-1481) Vitae Pontificum. [Treviso: Joannes Rubeus, Vercellensis, 10 February, 1485] SOLD Folio, 11.19 x 8.19 in. Third edition (the first edition printed in Treviso). a10, b-q8, r6. 135 of 136 leaves; the last blank and missing. This is a lovely copy, bound in full contemporary very dark Italian morocco over wooden boards, tooled in blind, and very well preserved. The original bosses and clasps were very carefully removed at a relatively early date, which is barely a defect in that it exposes some lovely tooling that would otherwise have been obscured. The binding was rebacked long ago, and the work retains the character of the original. A very early paper label is pasted on the back board. This work is the first systematic handbook of Papal history. Composed by Platina and presented to Sixtus IV in manuscript form at the end of 1474, the original copy is still held at the Vatican Library.

47. Biographies_P peurbach, georg (14231461) Pézenas, Esprit (1692-1776) Pickering, EdwardCharles (1846-1919) Pingré, Alexander Guy (1711-1796) Pizarro, Guido http://cometography.com/biographies/bio_p.html

G A R Y W. K R O N K ' S C O M E T O G R A P H Y . C O M Who's Who in Comet History: P Palisa, Johann (1848-1925) Palitzsch, Johann Georg (1723-1788) Pape, Karl Ferdinand (1834-1862) Parenago, Pavel Petrovich (1906-1960) Pels, G. (1893-1966) Peltier, Leslie C. (1900-1980) Pereyra, Z. M. Perrotin, Henri Joseph Anastase (1845-1904) Peter of Limoges (-ca. 1306) Peters, Christian August Friedrich (1806-1880) Peters, Christian Heinrich Friedrich (1813-1890) Petersen, Adolph Cornelius (1804-1854) Peurbach, Georg (1423-1461) Pickering, Edward Charles (1846-1919) Pizarro, Guido Plantamour, Emile (-) Pogson, Norman Robert (1829-1891) Pons, Jean-Louis (1761-1831) Porter, Jermain Gildersleeve (1852-1933) Porter, John Guy (1900-1981) Powalky, Karl Rudolph (1817-1881) Pravec, Petr Currently Visible Sungrazers Comet Information Comet WWW Links ... Email me This web site is sponsored by SpaceWeather.com

48. Biografie - Georg Von Peurbach http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/peurbach.html

Georg von Peurbach Peurbach 1423 - Vienna 1461 Theoricae novae planetarum Indietro Indice Biografie Inizio

49. Regiomontanus Biography / Biography Of Regiomontanus Biographies In 1452 he moved to Vienna and became the favorite pupil of georg peurbach, A year after peurbach s death in 1461, Regiomontanus went to Italy and http://www.bookrags.com/biography/regiomontanus/

Search BookRags.com English History Other Subjects Essays Biographies Research Topics eBooks Register Login Help Literature Study Guides ... Games Welcome, Guest Why not Login or Register Biography Navigation Regiomontanus Index Main Biography World of Mathematics Biography How to Cite Order the PDF Home Biography Regiomontanus Biographies Complete Biographical Resource See related items by keyword: books mathematician mathematics ptolemy ... cardinal bessarion Name: Regiomontanus Birth Date: June 6, 1436 Death Date: July 6, 1476 Place of Birth: Nationality: German Gender: Male Occupations: astronomer, mathematician Regiomontanus Biographies The following biographies focus on different aspects of Regiomontanus's life and work. All biographies listed are included in the Regiomontanus Biography Pass. Main Biography (1.5 pages) World of Mathematics Biography (3.3 pages) Regiomontanus Biography Each biography is written by a biographical expert, professional educator, or scholar of the individual. Get the Regiomontanus Biography About Customer Service Report an Error ... Argos

50. Mathematics (Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture) georg peurbach and Johannes Regiomontanus, Epitome of the Almagest georg peurbachand Johannes Regiomontanus, Epitome of the Almagest In Latin http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/math.html

The Library of Congress Exhibitions HOME Exhibition Sections: Introduction The Vatican Library Archaeology Humanism ... Credits MATHEMATICS Greek Mathematics and its Modern Heirs Ptolemy's Geography Greek Astronomy Greek Mathematics and its Modern Heirs Euclid, Elements In Greek Parchment Ninth century Euclid's Elements, written about 300 B.C., a comprehensive treatise on geometry, proportions, and the theory of numbers, is the most long-lived of all mathematical works. This manuscript preserves an early version of the text. Shown here is Book I Proposition 47, the Pythagorean Theorem: the square on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the sides. This is a famous and important theorem that receives many notes in the manuscript. Archimedes, Works In Latin Translated by Jacobus Cremonensis ca. 1458 In the early 1450s, Pope Nicholas V commissioned Jacobus de Sancto Cassiano Cremonensis to make a new translation of Archimedes with the commentaries of Eutocius. This became the standard version and was finally printed in 1544. This early and very elegant manuscript may have been in the possession of Piero della Francesca before coming to the library of the Duke of Urbino. The pages displayed here show the beginning of Archimedes' On Conoids and Spheroids with highly ornate, and rather curious, illumination.

51. HIST401 Study Questions For Topic 3 What is that quantity? no question; Identify georg peurbach. How did his workrepresent a philosophical change in the nature of science? http://punsterproductions.com/~sciencehistory/H401/study3.php

Study Questions Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 ... HIST401 Syllabus Instructor: Dr. Stephen G. Brush Distinguished University Professor of the History of Science Department of History and University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 USA Stephen G. Brush Home Page Last modified: July 30, 2004 © Stephen G. Brush University of Maryland - Fall 2004 HIST 401 Study Questions for Topic 3 Questions numbered in multiples of 5 are essay questions (equivalent to 40% on midterm exam); the others are short-answer, one or two paragraphs (10%). * indicates questions that will not be on an exam but may be used for extra-credit assignments. "Identify" means give nationality, profession or field of research, major contribution to science/philosophy and its date within ± 100 years. For a concept or term, explain its meaning and historical significance, including the name of its inventor or person most often associated with it. If you are unsure about the meaning of any word in the readings or lectures, use a dictionary or ask in class. Exams may include questions asking for the definitions of unusual words that are important in the history of science. None of these questions may be answered simply "yes" or "no."

52. Nicolaus Copernicus georg peurbach (14231461) and (Johannes Müller) Regiomontanus (1436-1476) studiedGreek for the purpose of producing an outline of Ptolemaic astronomy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change APR The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. Disturbed by the failure of Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe to follow Aristotle's requirement for the uniform circular motion of all celestial bodies and determined to eliminate Ptolemy's equant, an imaginary point around which the bodies seemed to follow that requirement, Copernicus decided that he could achieve his goal only through a heliocentric model. He thereby created a concept of a universe in which the distances of the planets from the sun bore a direct relationship to the size of their orbits. At the time Copernicus's heliocentric idea was very controversial; nevertheless, it was the start of a change in the way the world was viewed, and Copernicus came to be seen as the initiator of the Scientific Revolution. 1. Life and Works

53. TIMELINE 15th CENTURY Page Of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE 1423 Astronomer/Mathematician georg von peurbach is born in peurbach, nearVienna, on 30 May 1423. He later writes commentary on Ptolemy s Almagest, http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline15.html

TIMELINE 15th CENTURY Return to Timeline Table of Contents Return to Ultimate SF Table of Contents TIMELINE 15th CENTURY May be posted electronically provided that it is transmitted unaltered, in its entirety, and without charge. We examine both works of fiction and important contemporaneous works on non-fiction which set the context for early Science Fiction and Fantasy. There are Most recently updated: 24 December 2003 (major expansion to approx. 46 Kilobytes) 15th Century Executive Summary of the Century Major Books of the Decade 1400-1410 Major Books of the Decade 1410-1420 Major Books of the Decade 1420-1430 ... Where to Go for More : 51 Useful Reference Books Executive Summary of the Century The Renaissance begins halfway through this century. To pick a specific date, see 1453. Classical Greek and more recent Arabic books of Science and Literature explode into Europe, clambering back onto its feet from the previous Century's Black Death . The Scientific Revolution is poised to be born, and Science Fiction will be born with it, as a mutant twin. Magic Alchemy , and Astrology began to be slowly displaced by Science Chemistry , and Astronomy . By the 20th Century, the world of Science had almost completely triumphed, with the possible exception of Astrology colums being syndicated to so many newspapers. In fiction, this conceptual split eventually became codified as the difference between the fiction genres of

54. Vol. 1 Ch. 5 georg peurbach. Johannes Müller (Regiomontanus). Martin Behaim georg peurbach1516. Jakob Köbel 1522. Albrecht Dürer 1525. Peter Apian 1533 http://www.sumscorp.com/perspective/Vol1/ch5.htm

Dr. Kim H. Veltman V Instrumentation and Science Introduction Astronomy Optics Perspective ... Modern Developments 1. Introduction The development of perspective had fundamental consequences for science, art, the environment and the imagination. Each of these domains will be considered in turn in the chapters that follow. 2. Astronomy Ever since the Babylonians, there had been observation of the heavens and, already in Antiquity, there were instruments to observe the apparent motions of the planets and stars. Yet the focus of attention was on finding a pattern for phenomena such as eclipses of the sun and moon. Since the heavens were assumed to be unchanging, astronomy became primarily a conceptual problem of accounting for a set of recurring events. Indeed, once a basic catalogue of stars visible to the naked eye had been made, there was little incentive to look more closely. Hence, paradoxically, although ancient astronomy produced various instruments for observation of the heavens, it remained in many ways unvisual: a question of deceptive appearances1 rather than of visual truth. The development of the planisphere and astrolabe2 imposed a deductive grid on the heavens, not unlike that of Ptolemy's projection in his

55. GEORG PEURBACH (1423-1461) Translate this page georg peurbach (ou Peuerbach) est un autrichien. Il voyage entre 1448 et 1453 enAllemagne, en France et en Italie. A Rome, il rencontre Giovanni Bianchini, http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jm.nicolle/cusa/posterite/peurbach.html

GEORG PEURBACH (1423-1461) Georg Peurbach (ou Peuerbach) est un autrichien. Il voyage entre 1448 et 1453 en Allemagne, en France et en Italie. A Rome, il rencontre Giovanni Bianchini, le plus célèbre professeur d'astronomie de son temps, et N. de Cues qui l'invite à sa table. De retour à Vienne, il entre en correspondance avec Johann Nihil de Bohème qui lui trouve un poste d'astrologue à la cour du roi de Hongrie. Ce travail lui permet de développer sa culture humaniste et d'écrire des poèmes latins. A Vienne, son étudiant Johannes Müller, dit Regiomontanus , travaille avec lui et devient un précieux collaborateur : celui-ci recopie les travaux de son maître, à commencer par le Theoricae novae planetarum de 1454, publié en 1460. Ensemble, ils recalculent les tables alphonsines, observent des comètes - dont celle de Halley en Juin 1456 - et des éclipses de Lune. Peurbach élabore une table des sinus pour tout le quart de cercle de 10' en 10'. Regiomontanus les étend à toutes les minutes. En réponse à une demande d'explication sur un passage de ses Compléments mathématiques , N. de Cues adresse à Peurbach sa

56. Regiomontanus -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article There he became a pupil and friend of georg von peurbach. In 1457 he graduatedwith a degree of magister artium (Master of Arts) and held (Teaching by http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/r/re/regiomontanus.htm

Regiomontanus [Categories: Mathematicians, Astronomers, German astrologers, 15th century mathematicians, German mathematicians, German astronomers, 1476 deaths, 1436 births] Johannes Müller von Königsberg (June 6, 1436 - July 6, 1476), known by his (Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) Latin (A fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role) pseudonym Regiomontanus , was an important (A person of German nationality) German (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer and (Someone who predicts the future by the positions of the planets and sun and moon) astrologer . He was born in the (Click link for more info and facts about Franconia) Franconia n village of Unfinden near Königsberg, Bavaria (not to be confused with the East Prussian city of Königsberg, now known as (Click link for more info and facts about Kaliningrad) Kaliningrad He is also called Johannes Müller, der Königsberger (Johannes Müller of Königsberg). His full (Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) Latin At eleven years of age, he became a student at the university in

57. Müller, Johann (1436-1476) and completed a translation of Ptolemy’s Almagest from the original Greek thathad been started by his tutor, georg von peurbach (14231461). http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Muller_Johann.html

Return to The Worlds of David Darling INDEX LATEST NEWS ARCHIVE ... Z entire Web this site Müller, Johann (1436-1476) A German astronomer and mathematician, also known as Regiomontanus. He studied trigonometry and completed a translation of Ptolemy’s Almagest from the original Greek that had been started by his tutor, Georg von Peurbach (1423-1461). Ironically, this translation, together with some comments and observations added by Müller, helped overthrow the Ptolemaic system of the universe. Muller also observed the motion of the Moon, planets, and comets, and erected an observatory at Nürnberg, which included several modified quadrants and a few of the first weight-driven clocks. BACK TO TOP var site="s13space1234"

58. Austrian Literature Online - Kataloge peurbach, georg - 1516 peurbach, georg - 1542 peurbach,georg peurbach, georg - 1573 peurbach, georg - PEÜRBACH, Johann georg http://webapp.uibk.ac.at/alo/cat/?id=5017351

59. Greek Astronomy georg peurbach and Johannes Regiomontanus, Epitome of the Almagest. In Latin,Late fifteenth century. The Epitome of the Almagest was written between 1460 http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/d-mathematics/Greek_astro.ht

Greek Astronomy The Revival of an Ancient Science One of the most powerful creations of Greek science was the mathematical astronomy created by Hipparchus in the second century B.C. and given final form by Ptolemy in the second century A.D. Ptolemy's work was known in the Middle Ages through imperfect Latin versions. In fifteenth-century Italy, however, it was brought back to life. George Trebizond, a Cretan emigre in the curia, produced a new translation and commentary. These proved imperfect and aroused much heated criticism. But a German astronomer, Johannes Regiomontanus, a protege of the brilliant Greek churchman Cardinal Bessarion, came to Italy with his patron, learned Greek, and produced a full-scale "Epitome" of Ptolemy's work from which most astronomers learned their art for the next century and more. Copernicus was only one of the celebrities of the Scientific Revolution whose work rested in large part on the study of ancient science carried out in fifteenth-century Italy. Byzantine Astronomical Collection In Greek, Before 1308

60. SPACE.com -- History Eclipsed: The Day(s) The Sun Vanished Columbus didn t have supernatural powers, but may have based his predictions ona copy of the New Theory of Planets by georg peurbach, which Columbus is http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/eclipse_history_810.html

advertisement Eclipse '99 space.com's coverage History Eclipsed: The Day(s) the Sun Vanished By Glen Golightly Houston Bureau Chief posted: 03:52 pm ET 10 August 1999 Go back and tell the king that at that hour I will smother the whole world in the dead blackness of midnight; I will blot out the sun, and he shall never shine again; the fruits of the earth shall rot for lack of light and warmth, and the peoples of the earth shall famish and die, to the last man! Mark Twain, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Twain's fictional Yankee predicting an eclipse to save himself from being burned at the stake may sound silly in the late 20 th century, but eclipses have a long history as omens or portents of evil. Even Christopher Columbus predicted a lunar eclipse on Feb 29, 1504 to get the inhabitants of Jamaica to cooperate with him during one of his visits to the New World. The islanders refused to supply him and his sailors with food, so Columbus recalled an upcoming lunar eclipse and told the natives he would make the moon change color and lose its light. The eclipse astonished the natives. Food and support was forthcoming. Columbus was even raised to a rank of a god.

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