61. Pascal, Blaise Glossary of Religion and Philosophy Short Biography of blaise pascal. http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_pascalblaise.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Atheism Essentials ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter! See Online Courses Search Agnosticism / Atheism Blaise Pascal Back to Last Page Glossary Index Related Terms Jansenists Pascal's Wager apologetics Name: Blaise Pascal Dates: Born: June 19, 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, France Died: August 19, 1662 in Paris, France Biography: Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician and theologian who became well known for his work on hydrodynamics and probability. Even as a youth he was recognized as a prodigy, particularly when it came to mathematics. He invented a calculating machine in 1642, and throughout his life he made major contributions to probability theory, number theory and geometry. However, his work on religion and philosophy has come to overshadow these achievements. Work in these areas grew out of his involvement with Jansenist ideas, which began around the year 1646, when his injured father was cared for by two followers of Cornelis Jansen. He never became a member of their movement, but he did write a number of things defending them in their conflicts with the Jesuits. Although he professed that he was drawn neither to the world nor to religion, on the night of November 23, 1654, he had a religious experience which caused him to devote the rest of his life to various religious studies and activities.

62. Lycée Blaise Pascal à Orsay (91) Enseignement g©n©ral et classes pr©paratoires. Pr©sentation de la vie et des activit©s scolaires. http://www.ac-versailles.fr/etabliss/orsay/

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63. ITIS Blaise Pascal - Cesena - Informazioni ufficiali dalla sede dell'Istituto Tecnico Industriale Statale. http://www.itis-cesena.it/

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64. Human Intelligence: Blaise Pascal The biographical profile of blaise pascal, focusing on his/her contributions tothe development of intelligence theory and testing. http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/pascal.shtml

Interactive Map Alphabetical Index Time Period Index Interactive Map ... Comments Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 - August 19, 1662) French Physicist, Mathematician, Philosopher Influences Student of: Influenced by: Students: Influenced: Time Period: Historical Foundations Education Educated by father Career No official or academic positions Ideas and Contributions Pascal was one of the most notable mathematicians and physicists of 17th century and a renowned writer of mystical Christian literature. Together with Pierre de Fermat, Pascal worked out the mathematical theory of probability to help Fermat why he lost money at dice. Probability is used in actuarial, mathematical, and social statistics and for calculations in theoretical physics. He also deduced Pascal's law of fluids and investigated geometric infinitesimals. "His methodology reflected his emphasis on empirical experimentation as opposed to analytical, a priori [deductive] methods, and he believed that human progress is perpetuated by the accumulation of scientific discoveries resulting from such experimentation." ( Microsoft Encarta Because behavioral events are eminently uncertain, Pascal's work was of utmost importance to the development of psychology as a science, especially after subsequent elaboration of this work by men such as Christian Huygens, Abraham de Moivre, Adolphe Qu,telet, Karl Gauss, and Francis Galton. (Zusne, 326)

65. Liceo Scientifico Donatelli-Pascal Presenta istituto e sedi, informazioni utili per l'utenza (corsi, attivit , libri di testo, modalit  d'iscrizione), aree per studenti, genitori e docenti. http://www.donatelli-pascal.com/

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66. ABU - AUTEUR Blaise Pascal http://abu.cnam.fr/BIB/auteurs/pascalb.html

TEXTES AUTEURS SOMMAIRE Blaise Pascal Liste des textes actuellement disponibles sur le serveur La machine d'arithmétique Lettres (sur le vide, aux Roannez,...) Petits écrits philosophiques et religieux Pensées (edition 1671, orthographe moderne) Recherche d'occurrences Vous pouvez rechercher un mot dans le corpus de l'auteur. Rechercher tous les mots un de ces mots la phrase exacte réponses

67. Pascal Note blaise pascal. French mathematician and philosopher who left many importantresults in mathematics, physics, and literature. http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Gallery/pascal_note.html

Blaise Pascal French mathematician and philosopher who left many important results in mathematics, physics, and literature. He began to work on geometry at the age of 12, and wrote a paper on projective geometry when he was 16. Thus mathematics became one of his major fields of study. When he was 19 years old, he invented a mechanical calculator, called "Pascaline". A small number of machines were actually manufactured but only a few were sold. In 1653, he worked on hydrostatics and wrote Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids which contains Pascal's Law of pressure. Then in 1654, his correspondence with Fermat prepared the ground for mathematical theory of probability. Later, in his religious essay, he applied a game theoretic consideration to his apologetic argument for the existence of God (Pascal's wager). In 1654 also, his Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangl was completed. Pascal's triangle is the following figure: This figure is related to the binomial expansion of (a+b)(a+b) ..., and the numbers in the figure are nothing but binomial coefficients in a certain order: For instance, "2" in the third line is a sum of the two numbes "1" and "1" immediately above, and likewise "3" in the fourth line is a sum of "1" and "2" immediately above. This triangle has various applications to mathematical problems, including probability and games.

68. Augustonemetum BDE Lettres Classiques Proverbes et citations, dossiers sur les recettes de cuisine romaine, le temps   Rome, la mythologie. Textes num©ris©s classiques accompagn©s d'©l©ments biographiques et bibliographiques. Par l'Universit© blaise pascal de ClermontFerrand. http://www.ifrance.com/augustonemetum/

69. Blaise Pascal pascal, blaise, blez päskäl Pronunciation Key. pascal, blaise , 1623–62, Frenchscientist and religious philosopher. Studying under the direction of his http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0837765.html

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70. Bienvenue Au Lycée Blaise Pascal Pr©sentation du lyc©e et des fili¨res. Informations sur blaise pascal et SaintDizier. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/lt.blaisepascal.stdizier/

SAINT-DIZIER Dernière mise à jour : mars 2005

71. Pascal, Blaise pascal, blaise (16231662) pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand on June 19,1623, and his family settled in Paris in 1629. Under the tutelage of his http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/P/pascal/2.html

Pascal, Blaise Later Life and Works Evaluation Pascal was one of the most eminent mathematicians and physicists of his day and one of the greatest mystical writers in Christian literature. His religious works are personal in their speculation on matters beyond human understanding. He is generally ranked among the finest French polemicists, especially in the Lettres provinciales, a classic in the literature of irony. Pascal's prose style is noted for its originality and, in particular, for its total lack of artifice. He affects his readers by his use of logic and the passionate force of his dialectic.

72. Willkommen Interessantes und Wissenswertes rund um die Schule und den franz¶sischen Mathematiker und Philosophen blaise pascal. http://www.pascal-gymnasium.de/

auf der Homepage des Pascal-Gymnasiums Grevenbroich Wir wünschen einen guten Start ins neue Schuljahr 2005/2006. Am Freitag, dem 26.8.2005 wurde unsere langjährige Sekretärin, Frau Mausberg verabschiedet. Einige Bilder von der Feier im Lehrerzimmer sind auf der Seite “Aktuelles” zu sehen. [Willkommen] [ Aktuelles Pascal-Aktiv Café-Pascal Das Pascal ... Gästebuch Pascal-Gymnasium Grevenbroich Schwarzer Weg 1 41515 Grevenbroich Tel.: 02181-62131 email@pascal-gymnasium.de

73. Cité Scolaire Blaise-Pascal Clermont Ferrand Enseignement g©n©ral et classes pr©paratoires. Pr©sentation de ressources p©dagogiques. http://www3.ac-clermont.fr/etabliss/blaisexp/

36 Avenue Carnot 63037 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 1 France Clermont-Ferrand Courriel : blaisexp@ac-clermont.fr Blaise Pascal Historique Plan du Site x x Directeur de la Publication : Christiane Morand Tang Ly Michel Mena

74. Pascal, Blaise pascal, blaise. The French thinker, mathematician, and scientist blaise pascal, b.June 19, 1623, d. Aug. 19, 1662, has been credited not only with http://euler.ciens.ucv.ve/English/mathematics/pascal.html

Pascal, Blaise At the end of 1654, after several months of intense depression, Pascal had a religious experience that altered his life. He entered the Jansenist monastery at Port-Royal, although he did not take orders. He never published in his own name again. The Jansenists encouraged him in his mathematical studies, which he resumed. To assist them in their struggles against the Jesuits, he wrote, under a pseudonym, a defense of the famous Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, in the form of 18 epistles. Known as Lettres provinciales, they were likely responsible for the subsequent reputation of the Jesuits as hypocritical and casuistic. In 1658 he broke with the Jansenists and left the monastery. He continued mathematical study and worked on calculus and on probability theory with Pierre de Fermat. Pascal died at the age of 39 in intense pain after a malignant growth in his stomach spread to the brain. His most famous work is the Pensees (Thoughts), a set of deeply personal meditations in somewhat fragmented form on human suffering and faith in God. "Pascal's wager" expresses the conviction that belief in God is rational: if God does not exist, one stands to lose nothing by believing in him anyway, while if he does exist, one stands to lose everything by not believing. Author: Catherine Wilson Bibliography: Bishop, Morris, Pascal, the Life of Genius (1936; repr. 1968); Broome, Jack Howard, Pascal (1966); Conway, Richard, A Primer on Pascal (1976); Davidson, Hugh M., Blaise Pascal (1983); Fletcher, Frank Thomas Herbert, Pascal and the Mystical Tradition (1954); Hazelton, Roger, Blaise Pascal: The Genius of His Thought (1975); Mesnard, Jean, Pascal, trans. by Claude and Marcia Abraham (1969); Nelson, Robert J., Pascal (1982); Stewart, Hugh F., Blaise Pascal (1942; repr. 1977) and The Secret of Pascal (1941).

75. Centre National D'Evaluation De Photoprotection, Université Blaise Pascal, Cler Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement des mat©riaux organiques. Pr©sentation, activit©, ©quipement, formation et publications. Universit© blaise pascal, ClermontFerrand http://www.cnep-ubp.com/

Le cnep est le centre de valorisation des resultats de la recherche fondamentale sur les vieillissements des materiaux organiques : materiaux polymeres, photochimie cnep ubp, cnep, professeur lemaire, photoprotection, photo protection, photovieillissement, photo vieillissement, vieillissement climatique, thermovieillissement, vieillissement hydrolytique, evaluation photoprotection, vieillissements materiaux organiques, materiaux polymeres, photochimie, comportement materiaux organiques, restauration oeuvres art, conservation preventive oeuvres art, microspectrophotometrie, spectrophotometrie diffusion moleculaire, microspectrofluorimetrie, ecole nationale superieure chimie, clermont ferrand 2, universite blaise pascal, universite clermont ferrand, sepap, photodegradable Le cnep est le centre de valorisation des resultats de la recherche fondamentale sur les vieillissements des materiaux organiques : materiaux polymeres, photochimie

76. Blaise Pascal children and his only son. blaise s mother died when he was only http://www.mathematik.ch/mathematiker/pascal.php

Home Geschichte Mathematiker Zitate ... Mathematik für alle L. Hogben Blaise Pascal 1623 Clermond-Ferrand - 1662, Paris Blaise Pascal was the third of Etienne Pascal's children and his only son. Blaise's mother died when he was only three years old. In 1632 the Pascal family, Etienne and his four children, left Clermont and settled in Paris. Blaise Pascal's father had unorthodox educational views and decided to teach his son himself. Etienne Pascal decided that Blaise was not to study mathematics before the age of 15 and all mathematics texts were removed from their house. Blaise however, his curiosity raised by this, started to work on geometry himself at the age of 12. He discovered that the sum of the angles of a triangle are two right angles and, when his father found out, he relented and allowed Blaise a copy of Euclid. At the age of 14 Blaise Pascal started to accompany his father to Mersenne 's meetings. Mersenne belonged to the religious order of the Minims, and his cell in Paris was a frequent meeting place for Gassendi, Roberval, Carcavi, Auzout, Mydorge, Mylon, Desargues and others. Soon, certainly by the time he was 15, Blaise came to admire the work of Desargues. At the age of sixteen, Pascal presented a single piece of paper to one of Mersenne 's meetings in June 1639. It contained a number of projective geometry theorems, including Pascal's mystic hexagon.

77. Untitled Document Centre de recherche de l'universit© blaise pascal   ClermontFerrand. Pr©sentation de l'©quipe d'accueil du master en philosophie et ©pist©mologie . http://wwwlsh.univ-bpclermont.fr/depts/philosophie/site/ea.htm

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78. BIOGRAPHY: Blaise Pascal pascal, blaise (162362), French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist,considered one of the great minds in Western intellectual history. http://library.thinkquest.org/10170/voca/pascal.htm

BIOGRAPHY Blaise Pascal: Index

79. Blaise Pascal pascal, blaise (16231662), French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist,considered one of the great minds in Western intellectual history. http://library.thinkquest.org/C005358/pascal.htm

INTRODUCTION Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662), French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist, considered one of the great minds in Western intellectual history. Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand on June 19, 1623, and his family settled in Paris in 1629. Under the tutelage of his father, Pascal soon proved himself a mathematical prodigy, and at the age of 16 he formulated one of the basic theorems of projective geometry, known as Pascal's theorem and described in his Essai pour les coniques LATER LIFE AND WORKS Pascal espoused Jansenism and in 1654 entered the Jansenist community at Port Royal, where he led a rigorously ascetic life until his death eight years later. In 1656 and 1657 he wrote the famous 18 Lettres provinciales (Provincial Letters), in which he attacked the Jesuits for their attempts to reconcile 16th-century naturalism with orthodox Roman Catholicism. His most positive religious statement appeared posthumously (he died August 19, 1662); it was published in fragmentary form in 1670 as Apologie de la religion Chrétienne (Apology of the Christian Religion). In these fragments, which later were incorporated into his major work, he posed the alternatives of potential salvation and eternal damnation, with the implication that only by conversion to Jansenism could salvation be achieved. Pascal asserted that whether or not salvation was achieved, humanity's ultimate destiny is an afterlife belonging to a supernatural realm that can only be known intuitively. Pascal's final important work was

80. MSN Encarta : Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Atlas, And Homework Encyclopedia article provides a summary of pascal's life and work. http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761570097

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