81. William Of Ockham And His Razor william of ockham (ESS4) Cutting out the fat. RATE THIS ARTICLE william vanockham was a polymath whose interests roamed over a broad range of http://www.scienceandyou.org/articles/ess_04.shtml

the foundation for community access to science Henry Mulder Your Host www.scienceandyou.org you are here: main page > articles Links Library All Essays All Commentaries Archeology Astronomy ... Bookmark This Page (Internet Explorer only) (For Automatic Bookmark Use Control+D) Feature Article William of Ockham Cutting out the fat RATE THIS ARTICLE "Fanaticism consists in redoubling your effort when you have forgotten your aim." -George Santayana I have a vivid recollection of one of my professors whose specialty was formal logic, relating with relish how, in some academic dispute or other things had gotten rather ugly. I remember terms like "blood on the floor". To a young student, laboring under the illusion that in academia there was little room for raw emotion much less out and out warfare, this came as quite a shock. Were not these to be temples of logic and reasoned discourse? Now I learned that just as in more mainstream human activity, if you couldn't win your point by the strength of your argument there was always brute force. I am not suggesting physical violence of course, although even that may happen on occasion. The bludgeoning is more usually inflicted by mental techniques such as belittling an opponent or by the more subtle "straw man" tactic where instead of attacking an idea you attack the person offering it. I use this little personal anecdote to introduce one of my heroes, William of Ockham or as I like to call him William van Ockham. Van Ockham was born around the year 1285 in Surrey, England. That would make him a sort of successor to Roger Bacon who died in 1294. Although like Bacon, he was involved with the order of the Franciscans it is not known whether he was familliar with the other man's work.

82. InteLex Past Masters - William Of Ockham: Work Of Ninety Days william of ockham The Work of Ninety Days, translated by John Kilcullen and JohnScott. “An easyto-learn and -use but extremely powerful scholarly tool. http://www.nlx.com/titles/titlownd.htm

SEARCH TESTIMONIALS $XCHANGE FEEDBACK ... find related titles William of Ockham: The Work of Ninety Days, translated by John Kilcullen and John Scott Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie Database Language : English Contents: Ockham's Work of Ninety Days , his first major work in a twenty-year campaign against Pope John XXII, is a thorough discussion of the place of voluntary poverty in religious life. It includes a discussion of the place of property in civil life and its relation to natural rights and human law. First time translated into English and available only in electronic form. CD-ROM purchasers will receive an HTML version of the database, with side-by-side windows to facilitate close reading of the text. Appended to the text are two essays by John Kilcullen, "Natural Law and Will," and "The Origin of Property: Ockham, Grotius, Pufendorf, and some others." The database also contains a lengthy introduction by Prof. Kilcullen to the Ockham text. License Pricing Ockham CD-ROM Web Server SGML ... Individual n/a n/a n/a Institutional n/a n/a n/a Campus-wide call n/a ISBN# Windows Macintosh Notes: Prices do not include the shipping and handling charge, the setup fee for

83. Press Release - William Of Ockham Database Released to announce the publication of william of ockham’s The Work of Ninety Days, ockham s Work of Ninety Days, his first major work in a twentyyear http://www.nlx.com/reference/pr_ockham.htm

FEEDBACK SITEINDEX Press Release Friday October 23, 1998: InteLex Corporation is pleased to announce the publication of The Work of Ninety Days , translated by John Kilcullen and John Scott. Ockham's Work of Ninety Days , his first major work in a twenty-year campaign against Pope John XXII, is a thorough discussion of the place of voluntary poverty in religious life. It includes a discussion of the place of property in civil life and its relation to natural rights and human law. On property John XXII's views are like Locke's, Ockham's like Hume's; their views were known to Grotius. Appended to the text are two essays by John Kilcullen, "Natural Law and Will," and "The Origin of Property: Ockham, Grotius, Pufendorf, and some others." The text contains a lengthy introduction by Prof. Kilcullen. John Kilcullen is a graduate in Philosophy of the University of Toronto and of the Australian National University, and is currently Associate Professor of Politics in Macquarie University. His publications include: Sincerity and Truth: Essays on Arnauld, Bayle and Toleration

84. THE FAILURE OF OCKHAM'S NOMINALISM <1> This ringing declaration closes william of ockham s lengthy discussion of LXXXVI (1977), pp.144176 and her william ockham Ch. 4, University of Notre http://www.fordham.edu/gsas/phil/klima/pking.htm

"I do hold this, that no universal, unless perhaps it is universal by a voluntary agreement, is something existing outside the soul in any way, but all that which is of its nature universally predicable of many is in the mind either subjectively or objectively, and that no universal is of the essence or quiddity of any given substance." This ringing declaration closes William of Ockham's lengthy discussion of universals in Ordinatio I d.2 qq.4-8 (pp.291-292). In qq.4-7 he criticizes positions holding that the universal is somehow a real existent outside the soul, presenting his view that universals are nothing but words as the conclusion to be drawn from the failure of these realist positions to stand up to his rigorous examination. Ockham's positive account should therefore avoid the realist commitments of his predecessors while managing to satisfy the demands of rigor and subtlety established in his critique. That isn't what happens. Instead, Ordinatio I d.2 q.8 is indecisive: several identifications of universals are presented but none clearly endorsed. The text itself is heavily revised in a later redaction and a new alternative appended to the discussion. Ockham is sure that no form of realism about universals is acceptable, but doesn't seem to know what to put in its place. I want to explore the insights that nourished Ockham's positive views about nominalism and also threw him into such uncertainty. The results are be instructive, since Ockham was struggling with difficulties that continue to plague philosophers who want to avoid a pure conventionalism and yet find realism about universals an unacceptable alternative. Ultimately, I believe, his attempt fails, though not for any lack of ingenuity, and his failure is itself instructive about the possible forms and limits of nominalism.

85. Philosophical Dictionary: O Proposition-Ousia ockham, william of (12851349) ockham. English philosopher who defended the Recommended Reading william of ockham, Opera Philosophica (Franciscan, http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/o.htm

Philosophy Pages F A Q Dictionary ... Locke O " proposition In the traditional notation for categorical logic , a proposition that is both particular and negative Example: "Some trees are not evergreens." Such a proposition affirms that there is at least one tree that is not also an evergreen. Its contradictory is an A " proposition with the same subject and predicate terms. objective / subjective Distinction between propositions or judgments about the way things are and those about how people think or feel about them. The truth of objective claims is presumed to be entirely independent of the merely personal concerns reflected in subjective expressions, even though is difficult to draw the distinction precisely. Thus, for example: "Spinach is green" is objective, while "I like spinach" is subjective. "Seventy-three percent of people in Houston don't like spinach," however, seems to be an objective claim about certain subjects. The legitimacy of this distinction is open to serious question, since it is unclear whether (and how) any knowing subject can achieve genuine objectivity. Nevertheless, because objective truth is supposed to carry undeniable persuasive force, exaggerated claims of objectivity have often been used as tools of intellectual and social oppression. Recommended Reading: Richard Rorty

86. A Translation Of William Of Ockham’s Work Of Ninety Days Mellen Title A Translation of william of ockham’s Work of Ninety Days. http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=4639&pc=9

87. William Of Ockham -- Quodlibetal Questions -- William Of Ockham Francis E. Kelle first English translation of the Quodlibetal Questions of william of ockham (c . It is based on the recent twovolume critical edition of ockham s http://www.frontlist.com/detail/0300075065

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88. VoS - Voice Of The Shuttle Philosophers Works william of ockham. william of ockham (Internet Encyclopediaof Philosophy). VoS is woven by Alan Liu and a development team in the http://vos.ucsb.edu/browse-netscape.asp?id=3087

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90. Ockham - YourDictionary.com - American Heritage Dictionary Search Mamma.com for ockham . TYPE IN YOUR WORD CLICK GO! Search Ock·hamalso Oc·cam Listen k m , william of 1285?1349?. http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/o/o0024500.html

Search Mamma.com for "Ockham" Search: Normal Definitions Short defs (Pronunciation Key) Ock·ham also Oc·cam Listen: k m William of English scholastic philosopher who rejected the reality of universal concepts and argued that mental and linguistic signs are the only genuinely universal features of reality. Back to Search Back The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition

91. Nominalist Position. William Of Ockham Evolution is not science. Not one of its postulates have ever been observed, muchless measured. Scientists have placed all the elements found in living http://www.wandea.org.pl/william-ockham.htm

REKLAMA mPlan kredyt w mBanku Kredyty mieszkaniowe w GE Money Banku Kredyt gotówkowy w Citibanku Konto dla firmy w Multibanku ... Kredyt na samochód GOR¡CE TEMATY: aborcja pornografia homoseksualizm Contact us ... Grupa dyskusyjna Monarchizm TOOLS: Tapety na pulpit Skins to Winamp Wygaszacze ekranu DO POBRANIA: zip pdf radio ksiêgarnia Nominalist position. William of Ockham Mivart, Leroy, Duchesne, Loisy and Bergert Rev. Rama Coomaraswamy THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MAN - OFTEN CALLED THE CONFLICT BETWEEN SCIENCE AND FAITH (part 2) WHAT IS 'EVOLUTION'? Evolution holds that at a certain point in time disparate atoms combined to form complex molecules, and these in turn to form a living cell. Step wise, through a series of processes such as natural selection, the survival of the fittest, genetic alterations, sexual attraction, chance, or whatever, these developed into still higher forms of life to form the various phylogenetic strains and species. Algae became fishes, fishes crawled out of the sea to become lizards and eventually dinosaurs, these in turn climbed trees and became birds. Finally, one of these various evolutionary ancestors developed into apes, hominids and man. Implicit in this theory is that even human consciousness is derived from matter - indeed, that it is a particularly refined or 'evolved' form of matter. You have all heard of the prince who kissed the frog and turned her into a fairy princess. Well evolution tells us this is what happened.

92. OT: William Of Ockham (was Eh, Something I Dare Not Utter) Occam, or rather william of ockham, was one of more forwardlooking people ofthe Middle Ages. He emphasized the rational thought of man, http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/2003/10/msg01818.html

Date Prev Date Next Thread Prev Thread Next ... Thread Index OT: William of Ockham (was eh, something I dare not utter) To debian-user@lists.debian.org Subject : OT: William of Ockham (was eh, something I dare not utter) From kjetil@kjernsmo.net Date : Sat, 11 Oct 2003 12:10:51 +0200 Message-id 200310111210.51787.kjetil@kjernsmo.net Old-return-path User-agent : KMail/1.5.4 http://www.kjetil.kjernsmo.net/ OpenPGP KeyID: 6A6A0BBC Reply to: Kjetil Kjernsmo (on-list) Kjetil Kjernsmo (off-list) Follow-Ups Re: OT: William of Ockham (was eh, something I dare not utter) From: Prev by Date: 2nd try? fontconfig? autohinter? anyone? Next by Date: Re: What is the difference between `Sid' and `unstable' ? Previous by thread: Re: 2nd try? fontconfig? autohinter? anyone? Next by thread: Re: OT: William of Ockham (was eh, something I dare not utter) Index(es): Date Thread

93. EpistemeLinks.com: Website Results For Philosopher William Of Ockham General website search results for william of ockham including brief biographies,link resources, and more. Provided by EpistemeLinks.com. http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Ockh

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96. Ockham, William Of Glossary of Religion and Philosophy Short Biography of william of ockham. http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_ockham.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Atheism Essentials ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter! See Online Courses Search Agnosticism / Atheism William of Ockham Back to Last Page Glossary Index Related Terms theology Name: William of Ockham Dates: Born: c. 1285 in Ockham, England Died: April 9, 1349 in Munich, Bavaria Excommunicated: 1328 Biography: William of Ockham was an English Franciscan theologian who studied and taught at Oxford and wrote a number of political and logical treatises. He is, however, most famous for Ockham's Razor, an ontological principle which is also known as the law of parsimony. According to Ockham, Frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora , which means in English: It is pointless to do with more what can be done with less. What this means, in practice, is that we should not bother postulating the existence of entities, things, or principles which are not absolutely, logically necessary to explain the phenomena at hand. Thus, for example, because gravity does such a good job at explaining why things fall, there is no need to add in the extra hypothesis of invisible fairies pushing things to the ground. Not all of William's ideas were warmly received by the Church. The pope summoned him to appear at Avignon and answer charges; in the end, fifty-one of his propositions were deemed heretical and banned. Before this time he had accorded the Church and the pope the authority in matters of faith, but after these experiences he limited that authority to scriptures. As a consequence, he was forced to flee and was excommunicated from his Franciscan order.

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98. Project MUSE The Philosophy of william of ockham in the Light of Its Principles. In thissense, virtually all of ockham s works can be considered philosophical, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_philosophy/v038/38.4pasna

How Do I Get This Article? Athens Login Access Restricted This article is available through Project MUSE, an electronic journals collection made available to subscribing libraries NOTE: Please do NOT contact Project MUSE for a login and password. See How Do I Get This Article? for more information. Login: Password: Your browser must have cookies turned on Pasnau, Robert "The Philosophy of William of Ockham in the Light of Its Principles (review)" Journal of the History of Philosophy - Volume 38, Number 4, October 2000, pp. 590-591 The Johns Hopkins University Press Excerpt Journal of the History of Philosophy [Access article in PDF] Someone must be looking out for William Ockham. Excommunicated and exiled in his own lifetime, Ockham's philosophical works were revitalized in the twentieth century like those of no other medieval author. The two best medieval monographs of the century, from a philosophical point of view, were studies of Ockham, namely, Ernest Moody, The Logic of William of Ockham William Ockham (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987). And while the still unfinished

99. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY: The Scholastic Period - Page 3 Essay The Individual and the Universal, by william of ockham. Elsewhere On theInternet. Internet Enclyclopedia of Philosophy william of ockham http://radicalacademy.com/adiphilscholastic3.htm

Adventures in Philosophy MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Select a Category... Ancient Philosophy Medieval Philosophy Modern Philosophy Recent Philosophy American Philosophy Islamic Philosophy Jewish Philosophy Political Philosophy Eastern Philosophy Academy Resources Glossary of Philosophical Terms Philosophy Search Engine Timeline of Philosophy A Timeline of American Philosophy ... Books about Religion in The Radical Academy Bookstore Shop Amazon Stores in the Radical Academy Bookstore Magazine Outlet Music Store Video Store ... Baby Superstore Win $100 Worth Of Books! Click Here for Powell's Books FREE newsletter and you may win $100 worth of books. Select: John Duns Scotus The Period of Decadence Roger Bacon William of Ockham ... Philosophical and Mystical Knowledge THE PERIOD OF SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY - 3 John Duns Scotus "The Subtle Doctor" John Duns Scotus ( picture ) is the champion of Franciscan Augustinianism. Nevertheless he abandons certain theses of the Augustinian tradition, in favor of the new contributions of Aristotelianism.

100. Occam S Razor Occam s razor is a logical principle attributed to the mediaeval philosopherWilliam of Occam (or ockham). The principle states that one should not make http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/OCCAMRAZ.html

Occam's Razor one should not increase, beyond what is necessary, the number of entities required to explain anything Occam's razor is a logical principle attributed to the mediaeval philosopher William of Occam (or Ockham). The principle states that one should not make more assumptions than the minimum needed. This principle is often called the principle of parsimony . It underlies all scientific modelling and theory building. It admonishes us to choose from a set of otherwise equivalent models of a given phenomenon the simplest one. In any given model, Occam's razor helps us to "shave off" those concepts, variables or constructs that are not really needed to explain the phenomenon. By doing that, developing the model will become much easier, and there is less chance of introducing inconsistencies, ambiguities and redundancies. Though the principle may seem rather trivial, it is essential for model building because of what is known as the "underdetermination of theories by data". For a given set of observations or data, there is always an infinite number of possible models explaining those same data. This is because a model normally represents an infinite number of possible cases, of which the observed cases are only a finite subset. The non-observed cases are inferred by postulating general rules covering both actual and potential observations. For example, through two data points in a diagram you can always draw a straight line, and induce that all further observations will lie on that line. However, you could also draw an infinite variety of the most complicated curves passing through those same two points, and these curves would fit the empirical data just as well. Only Occam's razor would in this case guide you in choosing the "straight" (i.e. linear) relation as best candidate model. A similar reasoning can be made for

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