41. Nonconformist Church History: William Of Ockham (1285-1347/9) A Nonconformist reading of his theology. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/nch-william-ockham.htm

William of Ockham (1285 - 1347 or 1349) b. 1285, Ockham, Surrey, England d. 1347 or 1349, Munich, Bavaria The Pope can be convicted of heresy, if he solemnly defines an error against the faith and asserts that it should be held by Christians. The small village of Ockham, a few miles from the place where the A3 meets the M25 today, was the birthplace of one of the most influential of all mediæval thinkers, William of Ockham. He was among the first to produce reasoned arguments against the mediæval patterns of church doctrine and authority, seeking to return to the patterns found in the New Testament. Today, his name lives on in "Occam's razor," the name given to a logical principle that simplicity is preferable to complexity. As a young man, William became a Franciscan friar. William's education among the Franciscans included logic, a subject that became a lifelong interest for him. Later, William studied theology at Oxford University, and by his early thirties, he was lecturing there on the Four Books of Sentences of Peter Lombard, a leading 12

42. William Of Ockham. william of ockham, Ockam or Occam he of ockham s razor, that william! http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~lloyd/tildeMML/Notes/Ockham.html

MML moved (click) MML moved (click)

43. William Of Occam - Wikiquote william of Occamwilliam of Occam. (or ockham), 12851349?), known as Doctor Invincibilis (Latin, “unconquerabledoctor”) and Venerabilis Inceptor (Latin, http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham

Wikimedia needs your help in its US$200,000 fund drive. See our fundraising page for details. William of Occam From Wikiquote (Redirected from William of Ockham edit William of Occam (ca. 1285-1349) English theologian Do not assume more variables than neccessary. (also known as Occam's razor) also quoted as "Entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity" Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem or Numquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate It is vain to do with more that which can be done with less. See also:- hanlons Razor "Do not attribute to malice that which can easily be explained by stupidity" Wikiquote links: People Proverbs Films TV Shows ... Categories Retrieved from " http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_of_Occam Categories Theologians Views Article Discussion Edit History Personal tools Create an account or log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Recent changes Random page ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version ... Permanent link This page was last modified 08:17, 29 March 2005. Content is available under GNU Free Documentation License About Wikiquote

44. William Of Occam william of Occam or ockham , c.1285–c.1349, English scholastic philosopher. ockham, william of ockham, william of see william of Occam. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0852318.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 7, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Back to School Hurricanes Daylight Saving Time Energy Consumption ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia William of Occam or Ockham u m] Pronunciation Key William of Occam or Ockham Dialogus is a thorough discussion of political theories.

45. Ockham, William Of (ca. 1285-1349) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific ockham, william of (ca. 12851349) He maintained that theology was faithcombined with the performance of individual rituals and was not amenable to http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Ockham.html

Branch of Science Scholars Nationality English Ockham, William of (ca. 1285-1349) English scholar who joined the Franciscan order and studied and lectured at Oxford. He maintained that theology was faith combined with the performance of individual rituals and was not amenable to reason. He believed abstractions to be inherently untrue. His statement "entities must not needlessly be multiplied" came to be interpreted to mean that, of two theories, the simpler one is more nearly valid and is now known as " Ockham's razor ." Additional biographies: MacTutor (St. Andrews)

46. William Of Occam Nonconformist Church History william of ockham (12851347/9)The debate between the views of william of ockham and Peter Lombard continuedlong after william s time, being still current when the European Reformation http://www.hensa.ac.uk/parallel/www/occam/occam-bio.html

Biography William of Ockham, born in the village of Ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285, was the most influential philosopher of the 14th century and a controversial theologian. He entered the Franciscan order at an early age and took the traditional course of theological studies at Oxford. Strong opposition to his opinions from members of the theological faculty prevented him from obtaining his Master's degree. His teaching had also aroused the attention of Pope John XXII, who summoned him to the papal court in Avignion (France) in 1324. The charges against him were presented by Jogh Lutterell, the former chancellor of the university of Oxford. Ockham was never condemned, but in 1327, while residing in Avignion, he became involved in the dispute over apostolic poverty. When this controversy reached a critical stage in 1328, and the Pope was about to issue a condemnation of the position held by the Franciscans, Ockham and two other Franciscans fled from Avignion to seek the protection of Emperor Louis IV, the Bavarian. They followed the emperor to Munich (Germany) in 1330, where Ockham wrote fervently against the papacy in a series of treatises on papal power and civil sovereignty. The medieval rule of parsimony, or principle of economy, frequently used by Ockham came to be known as

47. William Of Ockham: A Who2 Profile william of ockham (also spelled Occam) was a 14th century English philosopherwho was also a Franciscan friar. Resistant to the popular wave of http://www.who2.com/williamofockham.html

WILLIAM OF OCKHAM Philosopher William of Ockham (also spelled Occam) was a 14th century English philosopher who was also a Franciscan friar. Resistant to the popular wave of Scholasticism, a philosophical position that tried to unify worldly and religious ideas, William of Ockham asserted that one could not know God through reason and rationality. His philosophy is sometimes called nominalism, and he is now most famous for only one of his many ideas, what is called the principle of Ockham's Razor (or The Law of Parsimony): that the simplest explanation to any problem is the best explanation. Because of his views challenging papal supremacy, Ockham was charged with heresy in 1324. He fled to Bavaria, where he spent the remainder of his life. Ockham's Razor is one of many terms found in our loop, Who's What? William of Ockham Good entry from the Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy William of Ockham: Dialogus Online texts and other materials for serious study William of Ockham The Catholic Encylopedia says he went too far William of Ockham Brief profile, but a nice list of other resources

48. Medieval Church.org.uk: William Of Ockham (c.1285 - 1347) Medieval Church.org.uk An Internet Resource for Studying the Church in theMiddles Ages. http://www.medievalchurch.org.uk/p_williamockham.html

var MenuLinkedBy='AllWebMenus [2]', awmBN='524'; awmAltUrl=''; William of Ockham (c.1285 - 1347) Synopsis OCCAM , William (Qulielmus Occamus, or Ochamus), b. about 1280, in the village of Occam (Ockham, or Oksham), in the county of Surrey, Eng.; d. in Munich, April 10, 1347 (or 1349). As the principal source to his life (the pars iii. tract . 8, of his Dialogus in tres panes distinctus ) has perished, many details, especially of his earlier life, are very uncertain. He is said to have studied at Merton College, Oxford, and to have obtained, in 1300 the archdeanery of Stowe in Lincolnshire, besides other ecclesiastical benefices, which, however, he resigned on entering the order of the Franciscans . Shortly after, he went to Paris, where he studied under Duns Scotus , began to teach philosophy and theology himself, and acquired the surnames of Venerabilis inceptor, Doctor singularis et invincibilis, Princeps et caput nominaliam . As the reviver of nominalisin, and breaking completely with the opposite doctrine of realism, which had been sole ruler in philosophy since the days of Anselm and the Victorines, he encountered much resistance. In 1339 his views were even forbidden to be taught in the university of Paris. But he also found many enthusiastic friends, such as Marsilius of Padua, Jean of Jandun, John Buridan, and others. At what time he returned to England is not known; but in 1322 he was provincial of his order there, and as such he became implicated in controversies much iones, Lyons, 1483, and often; Quodlibela septem,. more dangerous than those his philosophy had caused. it is not probable that he took any part in the quarrel between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII. The

49. William Of Ockham At Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base william of ockham at Erratic Impact s Philosophy Research Base. Resources includebiographies, new and used books by and about william of ockham, http://www.erraticimpact.com/~medieval/html/william_of_ockham.htm

Medieval Index New Book Search Early Medieval High Medieval ... Tertullian William of Ockham Philosophers Philosophy Subjects Philosophy Books Book Series ... Advertising William of Ockham ca. 1285 - 1349 Texts: William of Ockham Used Books: William of Ockham Know of a Resource? William of Ockham Biography From the Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Excerpt: William of Ockham, the Franciscan school man, nominalist, and " doctor invincibilis ," was born at Ockham in 1280 and died in Munich on April 10, 1349. Of his early life, little is known. From the scarce data, it may be concluded that he entered the Franciscan order at an early age. He received his bachelor's degree at Oxford, and his master's at Paris, where he taught from a date between 1315 and 1320. The tradition that he was a pupil of Duns Scotus is probably correct. There is no evidence that he returned to England and taught at Oxford. In any case, it is with Paris that his principal teaching activity is connected. His doctrines had taken such hold there by 1339 that the philosophical faculty felt obliged to issue a warning against them. William of Ockham Biography Biography of the C14th philosopher and theologian by Dave Beckett of the University of Kent at Canterbury, England.

50. 20th WCP: Russell, Strawson, And William Of Ockham Russell, Strawson, and william of ockham. Sharon Kaye And Quine’s remark istrue of ockham as well, in so far as he asserted that a universal is nothing http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Medi/MediKaye.htm

Medieval Philosophy Russell, Strawson, and William of Ockham Sharon Kaye Dalhousie University smkaye@is.dal.ca ABSTRACT: Realism and conventionalism generally establish the parameters of debate over universals. Do abstract terms in language refer to abstract things in the world? The realist answers yes , leaving us with an inflated ontology; the conventionalist answers no Realism and conventionalism are commonly taken to be the primary contenders in the debate over universals. Does abstract language refer to abstract things in the world? The realist answers yes, leaving us with an inflated ontology, the conventionalist answers no, leaving us with subjective categories. In this paper I would like to defend a third possibility which aims to preserve objectivity without multiplying objects. It is nominalism, in the original, medieval sense of the word or more specifically, in the Ockham sense of the word. Willard Quine once remarked that "the nominalists of old . . . object to admitting abstract entities at all, even in the restrained sense of mind-made entities." supposition theory did have its advantages, one of which was the way that it clarified the disagreement between realists and antirealists over meaning and reference. We need to see what each of these linguistic concepts amounts to for Ockham in order to see how he explains abstract language.

51. What Is Ockham's Razor? ockham s Razor is the principle proposed by william of ockham in the fourteenthcentury ``Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate , which translates http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node10.html

Next: How much fraud is Up: The scientific method Previous: If scientific theories keep What is Ockham's Razor? When a new set of facts requires the creation of a new theory the process is far from the orderly picture often presented in books. Many hypothses are proposed, studied, rejected. Researchers discuss their validity (sometimes quite heatedly) proposing experiments which will determine the validity of one or the other, exposing flaws in their least favorite ones, etc. Yet, even when the unfit hypotheses are discarded, several options may remain, in some cases making the exact same predictions, but having very different underlying assumptions. In order to choose among these possible theories a very useful tool is what is called Ockham's razor Ockham's Razor is the principle proposed by William of Ockham in the fourteenth century: ``Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate'', which translates as ``entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily''. In many cases this is interpreted as ``keep it simple'', but in reality the Razor has a more subtle and interesting meaning. Suppose that you have two competing theories which describe the same system, if these theories have different predictions than it is a relatively simple matter to find which one is better: one does experiments with the required sensitivity and determines which one give the most accurate predictions. For example, in Copernicus' theory of the solar system the planets move in circles around the sun, in Kepler's theory they move in ellipses. By measuring carefully the path of the planets it was determined that they move on ellipses, and Copernicus' theory was then replaced by Kepler's.

52. A History Of Western Philosophy 2.22 william of ockham. A. The Man and His Work. william was born in ockham, nearLondon, perhaps in the year 1285, but certainly between 12801290. http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/hwp224.htm

Jacques Maritain Center A History of Western Philosophy Vol. II / by Ralph McInerny The Fourteenth Century Chapter III William of Ockham A. The Man and His Work William was born in Ockham, near London, perhaps in the year 1285, but certainly between 1280-1290. No definite information about his early life is had except that he joined the Franciscan Order while quite young and began his studies at Oxford, where he received his master of theology degree before 1320. The story that he studied under Scotus at Oxford seems just that, a story. This is not to say that Ockham was not heavily influenced by the writings of Scotus. Ockham's career at Oxford was cut short; at the completion of his lectures on the Sentences after John XXII's death in 1334, continued his opposition to the Avignon popes. In 1347 Louis of Bavaria died, and Ockham sought reconciliation with the pope and his order. A formula of submission has survived, but we do not know the outcome of this effort at reconciliation. Ockham died in 1349 and was buried in the Franciscan church in Munich. He is thought to have been a victim of the Black Plague. Ockham's difficulty with the papacy led to a series of writings on political themes; our interest is in the philosophical and theological writings, all of which were perhaps written during his Oxford and Avignon periods. His theological works include, of course, a commentary on the

53. Ockham's Ethics william of ockham. Opera Philosophica. Volumes IVII. Freppert, Lucan, OFMThe Basis of Morality According to william ockham. http://www.nd.edu/~afreddos/papers/ockethic.htm

WILLIAM OF OCKHAM (c. 1285 - 1347) Born in England and educated at Oxford, Ockham was the preeminent Franciscan thinker of the mid-fourteenth century. Because of his role in the bitter dispute between the Franciscans and Pope John XXII over evangelical poverty, he was excommunicated in 1328. After that he abandoned philosophy and theology proper, producing instead a series of political tracts on the ecclesiastical and secular power of the papacy. Ockham's moral doctrine has often been summarily dismissed as voluntaristic, authoritarian, fideistic, and even skeptical. Though the first two charges are at least defensible, recent work suggests that Ockham's ethical writings are more subtle and, in short, more Aristotelian than is commonly recognized. Because the relevant texts are dispersed throughout Ockham's non-political works, the recent publication of a complete critical edition of those works should spur more definitive research into his ethics. Right reason and divine commands According to Ockham, moral theory is divided into (i)

54. Ockham, William Of --  Encyclopædia Britannica ockham, william of Franciscan philosopher, theologian, and political writer, alate scholastic thinker regarded as the founder of a form of nominalism—the http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056715

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Early life Treatise to John XXII Excommunication Additional Reading ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Ockham, William of  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 5 William of Ockham born c. 1285, Ockham, Surrey?, Eng. died 1347/49, Munich, Bavaria [now in Germany] also called William Ockham , Ockham also spelled Occam , byname , or Franciscan philosopher, theologian, and political writer, a late scholastic thinker regarded as the founder of a form of nominalism Ockham, William of...

55. William Of Ockham (from Epistemology) --  Encyclopædia Britannica william of ockham (from epistemology) There are several places in Duns Scotus account where Skeptical challenges can gain a foothold, for example, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-59978

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Issues of epistemology Epistemology as a discipline Two epistemological problems Implications Relation of epistemology to other branches of philosophy The nature of knowledge Six distinctions of knowledge ... Skepticism The history of epistemology Ancient philosophy Pre-Socratics Plato Aristotle Ancient Skepticism ... St. Augustine Medieval philosophy St. Anselm of Canterbury St. Thomas Aquinas John Duns Scotus changeTocNode('toc59228','img59228'); William of Ockham From scientific theology to secular science Modern philosophy Faith and reason Impact of modern science on epistemology René Descartes John Locke ... Philosophy of mind and epistemology Additional Reading General works The history of epistemology Ancient Medieval Modern Contemporary ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95

56. Who's Who In Medieval History - William Of Ockham Basic information and useful websites about philosopher william of ockham. http://historymedren.about.com/library/who/blwwockham.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Medieval History Homework Help ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Medieval History newsletter! See Online Courses Search Medieval History William of Ockham c. 1285 c.1349 Monastic Writer x Britain France Ockham (or Occam) attempted to reform Scholastic philosophy and is generally regarded as the founder of a form of Nominalism. His writings were controversial in his day but he remained within the fold of the Church. On the Web William of Ockham on the Web In Print The links below will take you to mySimon, where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the book's page at one of the online merchants. The Basis of Morality According to William of Ockham by Lucan Freppert The Cambridge Companion to Ockham by Paul V. Spade Ockham on the Virtues by Rega Wood Related Resources A multi-page index of philosophical and theological theories and the individuals who contributed them, from the early Middle Ages to the early Modern Age.

57. William Of Occam (Ockham) Books And Articles - Research William Of william of Occam (ockham) Scholarly books and articles on william of Occam (ockham)at Questia, world s largest online library and research service. http://www.questia.com/library/philosophy/william-of-occam.jsp

58. Ockham, Scotus, Buridan (An electronic edition on World Wide Web of william of ockham, Dialogus, Latintext with william of ockham, The Work of Ninety Days, Introduction, http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/

Macquarie University Late medieval and early modern intellectual history Scotus, Ockham, Wyclif, Buridan, Grotius, Bayle R.J. Kilcullen. The linked files are: Corrected Latin text for the passages from Ockham's Dialogus translated in William of Ockham, A Letter to the Friars Minor and other Writings , ed. Arthur Stephen McGrade and John Kilcullen (Cambridge University Press, 1995). The passages are: Dialogus , part III, tract 1, book 2, chs. 1-30 Dialogus , part III, tract 1, book 3, chs. 8-11 ... , part III, tract 2, book 3, chs. 5-7 (An electronic edition on World Wide Web of William of Ockham, Dialogus , Latin text with translation, is being made by John Kilcullen and John Scott for the Medieval Text Committee of the British Academy.) Corrections to the translation published in A Letter (Please send other corrections to: john.kilcullen@mq.edu.au) William of Ockham, The Work of Ninety Days , Introduction, Translation and Notes, by John Kilcullen and John Scott (The Edwin Mellen Press, 2001). Papers relating to Ockham's "political" writings:

59. Ockham, Macquarie University POL167 Introduction to Political Theory. william of ockham,Eight Questions, Dialogue Reading Guide. Copyright © 1996 RJ Kilcullen http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/y67s16.html

Eight Questions Dialogue Macquarie University POL167: Introduction to Political Theory William of Ockham, Eight Questions Dialogue : Reading Guide R.J. Kilcullen (The Readings book contains extracts.) In Eight Questions Ockham states and compares various answers to a set of questions someone active in politics had sent to him and to others (one other set of answers survives). It is one of Ockham's 'recitative' works, in which he does not indicate which of the various opinions is his. Read iii.1 (i.e. question 3, ch. 1) This states several theories which imply an affirmative answer to the question. Theory (a), 'fullness of power': This is the theory criticised in Short Discourse , book ii. Theory (b): There ought to be one world ruler (though without 'fullness of power' in the objectionable sense), who should be the pope. The argument for this theory ('It is also proved by reason...') is constructed from materials taken from Marsilius of Padua (p. 80, in Readings ), but (b) is not Marsilius' theory: he does not hold that the pope should be the supreme ruler. Perhaps Ockham thought that Christians would have to hold that any ruler as strong as the one Marsilius advocated would have to be the head of the Church. Read iii.2

60. Ockham (Occam), William Of (c.1280-1347) ockham (Occam), william of (c.12801347). Famous fourteenth century intellectual,of ockham s Razor fame, who joined the Franciscan order and studied at http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/O/Ockham.html

Return to The Worlds of David Darling INDEX LATEST NEWS ARCHIVE ... Z entire Web this site Ockham (Occam), William of (c.1280-1347) Famous fourteenth century intellectual, of Ockham's Razor fame, who joined the Franciscan order and studied at Oxford, where he was a contemporary of Jean Buridan , and Paris. He went further than Buridan in modifying Aristotle 's doctrine of natural place by arguing that the elements in each world would return to their natural place within their own world, without any intervention by God. Although he began by supporting pluralism , he later became a strong opponent of the idea, citing the view that neither other worlds nor the creation of man elsewhere were mentioned in the Scriptures. See also medieval philosophy, related to the possibility of extraterrestrial life BACK TO TOP var site="s13space1234"

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