21. Ockham William Of From FOLDOC Recommended Reading William of Ockham, Opera Philosophica (Franciscan, 1975);William of Ockham, Philosophical Writings A Selection, tr. by Philotheus http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Ockham William of

22. William Of Ockham WILLIAM OF OCKHAM. born between 1290 and 1300 (Thomas Aquinas b. 1224, d. 1274).-entered Franciscan order (and was later assaulted by the pope for his http://www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Course/Philosophy/william_of_ockham.htm

WILLIAM OF OCKHAM -born between 1290 and 1300 (Thomas Aquinas: b. 1224, d. 1274). -entered Franciscan order (and was later assaulted by the pope for his defense of evangelical poverty.) -began studying theology at Oxford in 1310. -lectured on the bible 1315-1317; on Peter Lombard's Sentences -1319-1324: studied, wrote, and engaged in Scholastic disputations, one result of which was his philosophizing around the problem of universals. -died in Munich, of the Black Death, in 1349. Ockham knew Aristotle thoroughly (like Aquinas), but wanted to "correct" Aristotle wherever A's phil. limited in any way the freedom and power of God. To this end he attacked A's "realism" w.r.t. universals. Recall: -the theory of divine ideas looms large in Christian thought from Augustine to Aquinas. -Plato had spoken of eternal Forms or Ideas, distinct from God, that were the patterns or models of the created order, especially w.r.t. its intelligible structure -later Greek philosophers (e.g., Plotinus) located these Ideas in the divine mind. -then are these Ideas a "given" for God

23. British Academy - William Of Ockham: Dialogus An ongoing project to provide william of ockham s Dialogus in Latin and English.The Latin is currently complete. http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/ockdial.html

home contact fellowship funding ... search Related pages: Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi General Author/Title Index Series Index Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi William of Ockham: Dialogus LATIN TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION edited by John Kilcullen, George Knysh, Volker Leppin, John Scott and Jan Ballweg under the auspices of the Medieval Texts Editorial Committee of the British Academy Ockham and the Dialogus Preface Table of Contents ... home

24. William Of Ockham William of Ockham. also called WILLIAM OCKHAM, Ockham also spelled OCCAM, bynameVENERABILIS INCEPTOR (Latin Venerable Enterpriser ), http://wwwradig.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/~dressler/ockham.html

William of Ockham also called WILLIAM OCKHAM, Ockham also spelled OCCAM, byname VENERABILIS INCEPTOR (Latin: "Venerable Enterpriser"), or DOCTOR INVINCIBILIS ("Invincible Doctor"), (b. c. 1285, Ockham, Surrey?, Eng.d. 1347/49, Munich, Bavaria [now in Germany]), Franciscan philosopher, theologian, and political writer, a late scholastic thinker regarded as the founder of a form of nominalismthe school of thought that denies that universal concepts such as "father" have any reality apart from the individual things signified by the universal or general term. Early life Little is known of Ockham's childhood. It seems that he was still a youngster when he entered the Franciscan order. At that time a central issue of concern in the order and a main topic of debate in the church was the interpretation of the rule of life composed by St. Francis of Assisi concerning the strictness of the poverty that should be practiced within the order. Ockham's early schooling in a Franciscan convent concentrated on the study of logic; throughout his career, his interest in logic never waned, because he regarded the science of terms as fundamental and indispensable for practicing all the sciences of things, including God, the world, and ecclesiastical or civil institutions; in all his disputes logic was destined to serve as his chief weapon against adversaries.

25. William Of Ockham An overview of ockham s thought by Paul Vincent Spade. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change AUG The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free William of Ockham 1. Life 1.1 England (c. 1287-1324) 1.2 Avignon (1324-28) 1.3 Munich (1328/29-47) ... Related Entries 1. Life Ockham led an unusually eventful life for a philosopher. As with so many medieval figures who were not prominent when they were born, we know next to nothing about the circumstances of Ockham's birth and early years, and have to estimate dates by extrapolating from known dates of events later in his life. Ockham's life may be divided into three main periods. 1.1 England (c. 1287 Ockham was born, probably in late 1287 or early 1288, in the village of Ockham (= Oak Hamlet) in Surrey, a little to the southwest of London. He probably learned basic Latin at a village school in Ockham or nearby, but this is not certain.

26. Robert Wagner - About William Of Ockham Biography of this philosopher. http://www.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~rwagner/me/ockham.html

Robert Wagner about William of Ockham William of Ockham also called W ILLIAM O CKHAM , Ockham also spelled O CCAM , byname V ENERABILIS I NCEPTOR OCTOR INVINCIBILIS c. Early life After his early training, Ockham took the traditional course of theological studies at the University of Oxford and apparently between 1317 and 1319 lectured on the Sentences Sentences (a commentary known as Ordinatio inceptor baccalaureus formatus. Ockham continued his academic career, apparently in English convents, simultaneously studying points of logic in natural philosophy and participating in theological debates. When he left his country for Avignon, Fr., in the autumn of 1324 at the pope's request, he was acquainted with a university environment shaken not only by disputes but also by the challenging of authority: that of the bishops in doctrinal matters and that of the chancellor of the university, John Lutterell, who was dismissed from his post in 1322 at the demand of the teaching staff. theologicus logicus is Luther’s term). On the one hand, with his passion for logic he insisted on evaluations that are severely rational, on distinctions between the necessary and the incidental and differentiation between evidence and degrees of probability – an insistence that places great trust in man’s natural reason and his human nature. On the other hand, as a theologian he referred to the primary importance of the God of the creed whose omnipotence determines the gratuitous salvation of men; God’s saving action consists of giving without any obligation and is already profusely demonstrated in the creation of nature. The medieval rule of economy, that "plurality should not be assumed without necessity," has come to be known as

27. The Ecole Glossary Brief profile of the originator of ockham's razor. http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/glossary/ockham.html

The Ecole Glossary William of Ockham A logician and proponent of nominalism, William of Ockham originated Ockham's razor, a philosophical paring tool that prefers the simplest theory that will explain the observable data. Born c. in Surrey, William was a Franciscan who taught at Oxford until the chancellor John Lutterell accused him of teaching suspect doctrine. John XXII appointed a commission which found 51 propositions questionable but which did not condemn the lecturer. William revised these, and while he was at Oxford and Avignon, he wrote commentary on the Organon of Aristotle and the Sentences of Peter Lombard. William accepted the teachings of the Spiritual Franciscans, who believe that Christ and his Apostles held all property in common and, therefore, poverty was essential to the church. John XXII did not accept these ideas, and William came to see him as a pseudo-pope. William, with two leaders of the Spiritual Franciscans, fled in to the protection of Louis of Bavaria, a papal enemy. John excommunicated William and the others. After John's death in , William sought to reconcile himself with the Roman church; the outcome of these efforts is not known. William died, possibly of the plague, in Munich c.

28. William Of Ockham [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] william of ockham, the Franciscan school man, nominalist, and doctor invincibilis, was born at ockham in 1280 and died in Munich on April 10, 1349. http://www.iep.utm.edu/o/ockham.htm

William of Ockham (d. 1347) Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to that part of this article) Life Writings Nominalism Nature of God ... Church and State Life William of Ockham, the Franciscan school man, nominalist, and " doctor invincibilis Back to Table of Contents Writings There is no complete edition of the works of Ockham, which can serve as an indicator of the disfavor into which he fell by his rebellious attitude. Although the numerous manuscripts and early printed editions testify to the interest which was felt in his writings. Under the head of philosophical works may be named the Expositio aurea et admodum utilis super totam artem veterem . This work, in the form of commentaries on Aristotle and Porphyry, contains Ockham's logic, epistemology, metaphysic, Summa logices, Qucestiones in octo libros physicorum, Summultv in libros physicorum, and two or three works still unprinted. The principal theological work is Quoestiones et decisiones in quatuor libros sententiarum . The first book is much fuller than the other three and is frequently found in manuscripts independent of them. This leads us to believe that Ockham published it before the other three and on a much larger scale. Other theological treatises are the Centiloquium theologicum , "embracing almost the whole of speculative theology under one hundred conclusions," which gives a interesting collection of instances of what rational theology might consider possible.

29. William Of Ockham [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] Unsigned article which provides an overview of major concepts in ockham. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm

William of Ockham (d. 1347) Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to that part of this article) Life Writings Nominalism Nature of God ... Church and State Life William of Ockham, the Franciscan school man, nominalist, and " doctor invincibilis Back to Table of Contents Writings There is no complete edition of the works of Ockham, which can serve as an indicator of the disfavor into which he fell by his rebellious attitude. Although the numerous manuscripts and early printed editions testify to the interest which was felt in his writings. Under the head of philosophical works may be named the Expositio aurea et admodum utilis super totam artem veterem . This work, in the form of commentaries on Aristotle and Porphyry, contains Ockham's logic, epistemology, metaphysic, Summa logices, Qucestiones in octo libros physicorum, Summultv in libros physicorum, and two or three works still unprinted. The principal theological work is Quoestiones et decisiones in quatuor libros sententiarum . The first book is much fuller than the other three and is frequently found in manuscripts independent of them. This leads us to believe that Ockham published it before the other three and on a much larger scale. Other theological treatises are the Centiloquium theologicum , "embracing almost the whole of speculative theology under one hundred conclusions," which gives a interesting collection of instances of what rational theology might consider possible.

30. Archival Information For "William Of Ockham" More results from plato.stanford.edu CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA william of OckhamVisit New Advent for the Summa Theologica, Church Fathers, Catholic Encyclopediaand more. http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=ockham

31. William Von Ockham Ein Artikel im Philosophenlexikon . http://www.philosophenlexikon.de/ockham.htm

Begriffe Abaelard - Ayer Baader - Byron Cabanis - Czezowski Ebbinghaus - Ewald ... Frauen in der Philosophie Diskussion PhilTalk Philosophieforen Andere Lexika PhilLex -Lexikon der Philosophie Lexikon der griechischen Mythologie PhiloThek Bibliothek der Klassiker Zeitschriftenlesesaal Nachschlagewerke Allgemeine Information ... Dokumentenlieferdienste Spiele Philosophisches Galgenraten PhilSearch.de Shops PhiloShop PhiloShirt Service Kontakt Impressum eMail William von Ockham (1285 - 1349) Der englische Philosoph und Logiker William von Ockham (auch Occam) war ein extremer Nominalist Zeichen. wahr und falsch nahm Ockham einen dritten Wert unbestimmt Ockham lehnte die Meinung der Realisten ab, dass Universalien geistige Wesenheiten sind und bezeichente sie als Termini, die Klassen von Objekten und Relationen bezeichnen. Die Welt besteht nach Ockham aus einzelnen Dingen. Verborgene In diesem Zusammenhang formulierte er ein wichtiges Prinzip: (entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem), denn (frustra fit per plura, quod fierit potest per pauceriora). Man nennt dieses Prinzip Ockhamsches Rasiermesser , weil es dazu dient Platons Bart abzuschneiden.

32. Ockham Biography of william of ockham (12881348) william of ockham s name issometimes written william Occam. He is also known as the More than Subtle http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ockham.html

William of Ockham Born: about 1288 in Ockham (near Ripley, Surrey), England Died: 9 April 1348 in Munich, Bavaria (now Germany) Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing William of Ockham 's name is sometimes written William Occam. He is also known as the "More than Subtle Doctor" or the "Venerable Inceptor". Nothing is known of his parents or his early life before he entered the Franciscan order at the age of fourteen. His education was in a Franciscan convent and it was almost certainly the London convent since it acted as the educational centre for the area in which he lived. We do know that he was ordained a subdeacon by the archbishop of Canterbury in Southwark, London, in 1306 which certainly supports him being trained in London. After this some students were sent to Paris for further training, the rest taught at a convent. There is no direct evidence to support which of these alternatives Ockham followed but it must have one of them. He was then sent to Oxford to study for a theological degree. At Oxford Ockham lectured on the Book of Sentences of Peter Lombard. Peter was a 12

33. References For Ockham References for the biography of william of ockham. G Leff, william of ockhamThe Metamorphosis of Scholastic Discourse (1975). MJ Loux (ed. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Ockham.html

References for William of Ockham Version for printing Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Biography by W J Courtenay, in Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004). Books: M Adams, William Ockham (2 vols.) (Notre Dame, 1987). Baudry, (Paris, 1950). P Beckmann (ed.), Ockham- Bibliographie. 1900-1990 (German) (Hamburg, 1992). Articles: P Boehner, Collected Articles on Ockham (Bonaventure, N.Y., 1956). A J Freddoso and H Schuurman, Ockham's theory of propositions. Part II of the 'Summa logicae' (South Bend, Ind.-London, 1980). G Leff, William of Ockham: The Metamorphosis of Scholastic Discourse M J Loux (ed.), Ockham's theory of terms. Part I of the 'Summa logicae' (Notre Dame, Ind.-London, 1974). M McCord Adams, William Ockham, 2 Vol. (1987). P V Spode (ed.), Five texts on the mediaeval problem of universals : Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham (Indianapolis, IN, 1994). M M Adams, What does Ockham mean by `supposition'?, Notre Dame J. Formal Logic

34. Medieval Philosophy A study of Duns Scotus, william of ockham and other fourteenth century philosophers, and of medieval elements in Descartes and other early modern philosophers. Course notes by R.J. Kilcullen. http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/medph.html

Teaching Materials on Medieval Philosophy John Kilcullen Download 1 Download 2 Courses (no longer offered) Course description, Medieval Philosophy Course description, Later Medieval Philosophy Website for Sydney University Course The Medieval Intellectual Tradition Reading Guides Medieval Philosophy: An Introduction Greek Philosophical Background Aristotle on the Web Macquarie Library books on Aristotle ... Medieval elements in Berkeley, Locke and Hume Return to Intellectual History

35. Ockham And The Dialogus The best way of becoming acquainted with william of ockham would be to read AS william of ockham, A Letter to the Friars Minor and Other Writings, ed. http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/wock.html

OCKHAM AND THE DIALOGUS John Kilcullen and George Knysh The best way of becoming acquainted with William of Ockham would be to read A.S. McGrade's "Introduction", "Principal Dates in Ockham's Life", and "Suggestions for Further Reading" in William of Ockham, A Short Discourse on the Tyrannical Government... usurped by some who are called Highest Pontiffs , ed. A.S. McGrade (Cambridge University Press, 1992), or the corresponding material in William of Ockham, A Letter to the Friars Minor and Other Writings , ed. A.S. McGrade and John Kilcullen (Cambridge University Press, 1995). For a detailed interpretation of Ockham's Dialogue see George Knysh's Fragments of Ockham Hermeneutics (Winnipeg, 1997), and pp. 237-240 of his Political Ockhamism (see below). The following is a brief introduction for readers altogether unacquainted with Ockham. Ockham and Pope John XXII William of Ockham was a medieval English philosopher and theologian who lived about a generation before Chaucer (he was born about 1285, perhaps as late as 1288, and died in 1347 or 1348). In his earlier years he wrote many influential works in logic, philosophy and philosophical theology. For a study of these works see Marilyn McCord Adams

36. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: William Of Ockham Biographical article on the fourteenthcentury Franciscan philosopher. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15636a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... W > William of Ockham A B C D ... Z William of Ockham Fourteenth-century Scholastic philosopher and controversial writer, born at or near the village of Ockham in Surrey, England, about 1280; died probably at Munich, about 1349. He is said to have studied at Merton College, Oxford, and to have had John Duns Scotus for teacher. At an early age he entered the Order of St. Francis. Towards 1310 he went to Paris, where he may have had Scotus once more for a teacher. About 1320 he became a teacher (magister) at the University of Paris. During this portion of his career he composed his works on Aristotelean Avignon in 1328, but managed to escape and join John of Jandun and Marsilius of Padua, who had taken refuge at the Court of Louis of Bavaria. It was to Louis that he made the boastful offer, "Tu me defendas gladio; ego te defendam calamo". In his controversial writings William of Ockham appears as the advocate of secular absolutism. He denies the right of the popes to exercise temporal power, or to interfere in any way whatever in the affairs of the Empire. He even went so far as to advocate the validity of the adulterous marriage of Louis's son, on the grounds of political expediency, and the absolute power of the State in such matters. In philosophy William advocated a reform of Scholasticism both in method and in content. The aim of this reformation movement in general was simplification. This aim he formulated in the celebrated "Law of Parsimony", commonly called "Ockham's Razor": "Entia non sunt multiplicanda sine necessitate". With this tendency towards simplification was united a very marked tendency towards skepticism a distrust, namely, of the ability of the human mind to reach certitude in the most important problems of philosophy. Thus, in the process of simplification he denied the existence of intentional species, rejected the distinction between essence and existence, and protested against the Thomistic doctrine of active and passive intellect. His skepticism appears in his doctrine that human reason can prove neither the immortality of the soul nor the existence, unity, and infinity of

37. William Of Occam william of ockham, born in the village of ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285,was the most influential philosopher of the 14th century and a http://wotug.ukc.ac.uk/parallel/www/occam/occam-bio.html

Biography William of Ockham, born in the village of Ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285, was the most influential philosopher of the 14th century and a controversial theologian. He entered the Franciscan order at an early age and took the traditional course of theological studies at Oxford. Strong opposition to his opinions from members of the theological faculty prevented him from obtaining his Master's degree. His teaching had also aroused the attention of Pope John XXII, who summoned him to the papal court in Avignion (France) in 1324. The charges against him were presented by Jogh Lutterell, the former chancellor of the university of Oxford. Ockham was never condemned, but in 1327, while residing in Avignion, he became involved in the dispute over apostolic poverty. When this controversy reached a critical stage in 1328, and the Pope was about to issue a condemnation of the position held by the Franciscans, Ockham and two other Franciscans fled from Avignion to seek the protection of Emperor Louis IV, the Bavarian. They followed the emperor to Munich (Germany) in 1330, where Ockham wrote fervently against the papacy in a series of treatises on papal power and civil sovereignty. The medieval rule of parsimony, or principle of economy, frequently used by Ockham came to be known as

38. Occam's Razor - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Walter of Chatton was a contemporary of william of ockham (12871347) who tookexception to Occam s Razor and ockham s use of it. In response he devised his http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_Razor

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$180,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Occam's Razor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Occam's Razor (also spelled Ockham's Razor ), is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English logician and Franciscan friar, William of Ockham . It forms the basis of methodological reductionism , also called the principle of parsimony or law of economy. In its simplest form, Occam's Razor states that one should make no more assumptions than needed. Put into everyday language, it says The simplest explanation is the best When multiple explanations are available for a phenomenon, the simplest version is preferred. For example, a charred tree on the ground could be caused by a landing alien ship or a lightning strike. According to Occam's Razor, the lightning strike is the preferred explanation as it requires the fewest assumptions. However, taking the term simplicity at face value leads to an obviously invalid heuristic which deems theories more likely merely by virtue of being easier to comprehend; the modern usage of the razor leans more towards "simplicity" as the lack of unnecessarily improbable loose ends in a theory in favor of a theory that does a better job of "tying things up". Contents Variations History Justifications Chatton's Anti-razor ... edit Variations The principle is most often expressed as Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem , or "Entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity", but this sentence was written by later authors and is not found in Occam's surviving writings. This also applies to

39. Aus Der Summa Logicae Des William Von Ockham (ca Ausz¼ge aus der Summa Logicae des william von ockham zu Intention, Universalien und Suppositionslehre. http://www.uni-rostock.de/fakult/philfak/fkw/iph/strobach/veranst/mittelalter/OC

Aus der summa logicae des William von Ockham (ca. 1286 - ca. 1350) zur Download-Version SL I,12: Erste und zweite Intention [Intentionen sind allgemein mentale Termini mit Zeichencharakter] (3) Aber was ist dieses Etwas in der Seele, welches ein derartiges Zeichen ist? SL I, 14: In welchem Sinne "Universalien" allgemein und in welchem Sinne sie Einzelnes sind erste Anders SL I,15: Das Universale ist kein extramentales Ding SL I,33: The Meaning of Meaning ["Bedeuten" ist doppeldeutig] (2) Denn auf eine (5) Anders [Es gibt Dinge und "Akzidentien" (ja, die auch!)] (6) [...] es gibt keine anderen Dinge als Substanzen und Akzidenzien; aber sowohl Substanz als auch Akzidens sind Seiende an sich. [...] [Grobe Charakterisierung] SL I,64: Die Arten der Supposition 1. Die suppositio personalis 2. Die suppositio simplex 3. Die suppositio materialis Klarstellungen SL I,5: (4) Es gibt nun drei Unterarten oder Unterschiede [abstrakter] Namen. Der erste SL II,2: [Nieder mit dem platonisch-aristotelischen Jargon!]

40. Occam's Razor Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy william of ockham . Hyman, Arthur and James J.Walsh, Philosophy in the Middle Ages 2nd ed. http://skepdic.com/occam.html

Robert Todd Carroll SkepDic.com Click to order from Amazon Occam's razor " Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate " or "plurality should not be posited without necessity." The words are those of the medieval English philosopher and Franciscan monk William of Ockham (ca. 1285-1349). Like many Franciscans, William was a minimalist in this life, idealizing a life of poverty, and like St. Francis himself, battling with the Pope over the issue. William was excommunicated by Pope John XXII. He responded by writing a treatise demonstrating that Pope John was a heretic. What is known as Occam's razor was a common principle in medieval philosophy and was not originated by William, but because of his frequent usage of the principle, his name has become indelibly attached to it. It is unlikely that William would appreciate what some of us have done in his name. For example, atheists often apply Occam's razor in arguing against the existence of God on the grounds that God is an unnecessary hypothesis. We can explain everything without assuming the extra metaphysical baggage of a Divine Being. William's use of the principle of unnecessary plurality occurs in debates over the medieval equivalent of psi.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 2     21-40 of 100    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20