21. Science Through The Centuries: Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton 1642 1727 Sir Isaac Newton was probably the greatest mathematicianand physicist of all time. He arrived at Cambridge in 1661, http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/science/sciencetour/newton.html

Sir Isaac Newton was probably the greatest mathematician and physicist of all time. He arrived at Cambridge in 1661, became a fellow of Trinity College in 1667 and was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669. He firmly established the University's unrivalled reputation for mathematics and astronomy that is maintained today by the current Lucasian Professor, Stephen Hawking. Newton's scientific discoveries were momentous. His groundbreaking work on calculus underpins all modern scientific activity. Other remarkable legacies include the invention of the first reflective telescope, as well as his celebrated insights into gravity and the operation of planetary forces. Since Newton, Trinity College has maintained its tradition of scientific excellence. In 1998 two of its fellows won Fields Medals, the equivalent of the Nobel Prize for mathematics. Picture Credits

22. Sir Isaac Newton | Scientist And Mathematician Short biography and portrait along with related links. http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95dec/newton.html

var dc_PublisherID = 72; var dc_UnitID = 14; var dc_AdLinkColor = 'blue'; Resources Menu Categorical Index Library Gallery Sir Isaac Newton Scientist and Mathematician If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants. Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642 (by the Julian calendar then in use; or January 4, 1643 by the current Gregorian calendar) in Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, England. He was born the same year Galileo died. Newton is clearly the most influential scientist who ever lived. His accomplishments in mathematics, optics, and physics laid the foundations for modern science and revolutionized the world. Newton was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge where he lived from 1661 to 1696. During this period he produced the bulk of his work on mathematics. In 1696 he was appointed Master of the Royal Mint, and moved to London, where he resided until his death. As mathematician, Newton invented integral calculus, and jointly with Leibnitz, differential calculus. He also calculated a formula for finding the velocity of sound in a gas which was later corrected by Laplace. Newton made a huge impact on theoretical astronomy. He defined the laws of motion and universal gravitation which he used to predict precisely the motions of stars, and the planets around the sun. Using his discoveries in optics Newton constructed the first reflecting telescope.

23. BBC - History - Sir Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) Detailed biography includes a look at newton's early years and his developing interest in science. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newton_isaac.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index WEDNESDAY 7th September 2005 Text only BBC Homepage History Homepage Topics Ancient Resources Interactive Content Reading Room Timelines Historic Figures ... History for Kids Practical History Archaeology Family History History Trails Community Messageboard Newsletter About This Site About the BBC ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Sir Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643 (although by the calendar in use at the time of his birth he was born on Christmas Day 1642, dates in this biography are those of today's 'corrected' Gregorian calendar, adopted in Britain in 1752) - in the manor house in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, three months after his father's death. He was so tiny that no one expected him to survive. When Newton was three years old, his mother remarried, an event which improved her situation, and led to three more children, but which deprived Isaac of a mother. His stepfather, the Reverend Mr Smith, would not take the three-year-old Newton along with his mother, and he was left at Woolsthorpe with his grandparents. We know little about Newton's pre-teen years, other than that he attended day schools in the neighbouring villages of Skillington and Stoke. In August 1653, when Newton was 10, the Reverend Smith died and Isaac's mother returned to Woolsthorpe. At the age of 12, Newton was sent to grammar school in Grantham. Here he got the standard education of the time, which included Latin and Greek, and some Bible studies - taught at the time to reinforce the Protestant faith in England. He was placed in the bottom class at Grantham, but a playground fight that he won due to sheer spirit began a rise to the top of the school.

24. Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law Of Gravitation sir isaac newton's theroy on gravitational attraction. http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html

Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation There is a popular story that Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on his head, and he suddenly thought of the Universal Law of Gravitation. As in all such legends, this is almost certainly not true in its details, but the story contains elements of what actually happened. What Really Happened with the Apple? Probably the more correct version of the story is that Newton, upon observing an apple fall from a tree, began to think along the following lines: The apple is accelerated, since its velocity changes from zero as it is hanging on the tree and moves toward the ground. Thus, by Newton's 2nd Law there must be a force that acts on the apple to cause this acceleration. Let's call this force "gravity", and the associated acceleration the "accleration due to gravity". Then imagine the apple tree is twice as high. Again, we expect the apple to be accelerated toward the ground, so this suggests that this force that we call gravity reaches to the top of the tallest apple tree. Sir Isaac's Most Excellent Idea Now came Newton's truly brilliant insight: if the force of gravity reaches to the top of the highest tree, might it not reach even further; in particular, might it not reach all the way to the orbit of the Moon! Then, the orbit of the Moon about the Earth could be a consequence of the gravitational force, because the acceleration due to gravity could change the velocity of the Moon in just such a way that it followed an orbit around the earth.

25. Newton Biography of isaac newton (16431727) sir isaac newton isaac newton slife can be divided into three quite distinct periods. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newton.html

Sir Isaac Newton Born: 4 Jan 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England Died: 31 March 1727 in London, England Click the picture above to see twenty four larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Isaac Newton 's life can be divided into three quite distinct periods. The first is his boyhood days from 1643 up to his appointment to a chair in 1669. The second period from 1669 to 1687 was the highly productive period in which he was Lucasian professor at Cambridge. The third period (nearly as long as the other two combined) saw Newton as a highly paid government official in London with little further interest in mathematical research. Isaac Newton was born in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Although by the calendar in use at the time of his birth he was born on Christmas Day 1642, we give the date of 4 January 1643 in this biography which is the "corrected" Gregorian calendar date bringing it into line with our present calendar. (The Gregorian calendar was not adopted in England until 1752.) Isaac Newton came from a family of farmers but never knew his father, also named Isaac Newton, who died in October 1642, three months before his son was born. Although Isaac's father owned property and animals which made him quite a wealthy man, he was completely uneducated and could not sign his own name. You can see a picture of Woolsthorpe Manor as it is now Isaac's mother Hannah Ayscough remarried Barnabas Smith the minister of the church at North Witham, a nearby village, when Isaac was two years old. The young child was then left in the care of his grandmother Margery Ayscough at Woolsthorpe. Basically treated as an orphan, Isaac did not have a happy childhood. His grandfather James Ayscough was never mentioned by Isaac in later life and the fact that James left nothing to Isaac in his will, made when the boy was ten years old, suggests that there was no love lost between the two. There is no doubt that Isaac felt very bitter towards his mother and his step-father Barnabas Smith. When examining his sins at age nineteen, Isaac listed:-

26. Fundus.org Kurzes Referat ¼ber newton. http://www.fundus.org/referat.asp?ID=2304

27. Newton Portraits Portraits of sir isaac newton. From a portrait by sir James Thornhill in 1712The original is in Woolsthorpe Manor, From a portrait by John Vanderbank http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Newton.html

Sir Isaac Newton From a portrait by Sir James Thornhill in 1712 The original is in Woolsthorpe Manor From a portrait by John Vanderbank in 1725 Click A bigger picture for a colour version. From a portrait by Enoch Seeman in 1726 Detail from the Vanderbank portrait The original is in Trinity College, Cambridge From a portrait by Kneller in 1689 Part of a portrait by Kneller in 1702 The original is in the National Portrait Gallery in London From an English pound note A bigger picture Click HERE for the other thirteen pictures JOC/EFR August 2005 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Newton.html

28. Index A tonguein-cheek collection of facts about newton, Liebniz, and Kepler. http://geocities.com/sirisaacnewton2001/

A Few Pictures of the Man Himself Sir Isaac Newton Resource Page The Number One Resource For Isaac Newton Facts on the Internet* I'm sorry if the consummate professionalism of this page makes you feel self-conscious about your own page. If you have any facts about Isaac Newton that I have missed, e-mail me at delazach@hotmail.com Also, if you choose to use this page as the basis of a report for school, e-mail me and tell me how you did on the paper, so that I may improve this page for others. This page is meant to be used as a resource for people doing reports or who are curious about the greatest mathematician of our time, Sir Isaac Newton. A lot of what you find on this page may have been glossed over or flat-out denied in the textbooks. In my extensive studies of him, I have found a lot of things about his life that were not previously known. Anyway, feel free to use any of the information on this page in a paper, thesis, or just in conversation. And enjoy learning about my favorite mathematician of all time. Facts: -Born on December 25, 1642 c.e. in Woolsthorpe, England.

29. Newton's Life newton, sir isaac (16421727), mathematician and physicist, one of the foremostscientific intellects of all time. Born at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html

Isaac Newton Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to our site.  The following information came from Microsoft Encarta. I INTRODUCTION Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), mathematician and physicist, one of the foremost scientific intellects of all time. Born at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, where he attended school, he entered Cambridge University in 1661; he was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1667, and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669. He remained at the university, lecturing in most years, until 1696. Of these Cambridge years, in which Newton was at the height of his creative power, he singled out 1665-1666 (spent largely in Lincolnshire because of plague in Cambridge) as "the prime of my age for invention". During two to three years of intense mental effort he prepared Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ) commonly known as the Principia, although this was not published until 1687. As a firm opponent of the attempt by King James II to make the universities into Catholic institutions, Newton was elected Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689, and sat again in 1701-1702. Meanwhile, in 1696 he had moved to London as Warden of the Royal Mint. He became Master of the Mint in 1699, an office he retained to his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1671, and in 1703 he became President, being annually re-elected for the rest of his life. His major work

30. American Philosophical Society Library Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A collection which dates from the Society's founding in 1743. Includes first editions of sir isaac newton's 'Principia' and Charles Darwin's 'Origin of Species.' Areas of particular strength 18th and 19th century natural history, the history of genetics and eugenics in America, quantum mechanics, and the development of cultural anthropology in America. Research grants and fellowships are available. Research affiliation Research Library Group. http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/

Your browser does not support script Library Overview The American Philosophical Society Library is a major national center for research in the history of the sciences, medicine, and technology. With its roots extending back to the founding of the Society in 1743, it houses over 300,000 volumes and bound periodicals, eight million manuscripts, 100,000 images, and thousands of hours of audio tape. The Library is comprised of three departments: Printed Materials (housing books, periodicals, broadsides, and other printed works), Manuscripts (housing manuscript materials, photographs, and many works of art on paper), and Conservation (responsible for the physical preservation and conservation of all library materials). Each of the departments contributes to putting up a regular rotation of exhibits based on the Library collection. Mounted in the entrance hall to the Library, exhibits are open to the public free of charge during regular operating hours. Library Collections Peter Stephen Duponceau (1760-1844), APS 1791 Among the many extraordinary books in the collections of printed materials are first editions of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia , Charles Darwin's Origin of Species , a presentation copy of Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia , the elephant folio of Audubon's Birds of North America (for which the A.P.S. was an original subscriber), as well as a majority of Benjamin Franklin imprints and a significant portion of Franklin's personal library.

31. Isaac Newton Links Papers of sir isaac newton in Cambridge University Library The most completecollection of newton s scientific papers (held on microfilm, http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newton.html

Isaac Newton Resources Here at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, we are often asked about Newton's life and works. There are already many excellent and informative Web sites and books about Newton, so rather than duplicate those, we have put together a guide to some of the places, both real and virtual, where you can find out more. The Newton Institute Newton and Cambridge Newton's Birthplace Isaac Newton on the Web The Newton Institute The Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences is an international research institute running a series of visitor programmes across the spectrum of the Mathematical Sciences. Established in 1992, the 350th Anniversary of Newton's birth, the Institute itself has no direct historical links with Newton, but was named after him because of his great achievements in the fields of mathematics, optics, physics and astronomy. The Newton Institute continues in this tradition of crossing the boundaries between scientific disciplines. The Newton Institute's Home Page A brief history of the Institute Books about Newton in the Institute Library Newton 'artefacts' at the Institute Newton and Cambridge Trinity College contains about five portraits of Newton, and the famous

32. Genealogy Of Borodenko, Bowser, Fawcett, Newton And Radford Canadian Connection. Surnames include Bowser, Geisler, and Radford. The descendants of sir isaac newton's family are also listed. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~radfordfamily/

OAS_AD('Top'); The Canadian Connection to the Borodenko, Bowser, Geisler, Fawcett, Haus, Newton, Pohl, Radford Family History The History of the Borodenko Family of the Ukraine The History of the Fawcett Family of Yorkshire The History of the Haus Family The Descendents of Simon Newton of Westby 1499 (Sir Isaac Newton included) ... The Origin of the Radford Name Table of Contents Selected Families/Individuals Surname List Name Index Prepared by: Randall Radford Please, no rants or rages this is only a hobby. If you should have any additions, corrections or questions please email me. My Ged.com file can be downloaded from Rootsweb.com WorldConnect Project Send email to: randy_radford@hotmail.com This web site produced 08 Nov 2002 by Ancestry Family Tree , a product of Incline Software, LC. OAS_AD('Bottom');

33. Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) sir isaac newton (1642 1727). From `A Short Account of the History ofMathematics (4th edition, 1908) by WW Rouse Ball. The mathematicians considered in http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Newton/RouseBall/RB_Newton.html

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. The mathematicians considered in the last chapter commenced the creation of those processes which distinguish modern mathematics. The extraordinary abilities of Newton enabled him within a few years to perfect the more elementary of those processes, and to distinctly advance every branch of mathematical science then studied, as well as to create some new subjects. Newton was the contemporary and friend of Wallis, Huygens, and others of those mentioned in the last chapter, but though most of his mathematical work was done between the years 1665 and 1686, the bulk of it was not printed - at any rate in book-form - till some years later. I propose to discuss the works of Newton more fully than those of other mathematicians, partly because of the intrinsic importance of his discoveries, and partly because this book is mainly intended for English readers, and the development of mathematics in Great Britain was for a century entirely in the hands of the Newtonian school. Isaac Newton was born in Lincolnshire, near Grantham, on December 25, 1642, and died at Kensington, London, on March 20, 1727. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and lived there from 1661 till 1696, during which time he produced the bulk of his work in mathematics; in 1696 he was appointed to a valuable Government office, and moved to London, where he resided till his death.

34. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) sir isaac newton (16421727). The Life and Works of isaac newton The Life ofsir isaac newton with an Account of his Works , by Bernard le Bovier de http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Newton/

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) The Life and Works of Isaac Newton Eighteenth Century Accounts The Life of Sir Isaac Newton with an Account of his Works , by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (London, 1728) A Discourse concerning the Nature and Certainty of Sir Isaac Newton's Methods of Fluxions and of Prime and Ultimate Ratios , by Benjamin Robins (London, 1735) See also material relevant to the Analyst controversy Nineteenth Century Accounts The chapter on Isaac Newton in Rouse Ball's A short account of the history of mathematics ... A short account of the history of mathematics Autobiographical Material Extracts from the Works of Isaac Newton (The following excepts are by no means representative of the range of the mathematical work of Sir Isaac Newton.) Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , Book Two, Lemma II. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , Book One, Section I. ... (Introduction to the Quadrature of Curves) Other relevant Websites Isaac Newton Resources (Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge University) Cambridge University Library: Papers of Sir Isaac Newton The Newton Project ... , by Nicholas Kollerstrom (University College London) Back to: The History of Mathematics David R. Wilkins

35. John Kingman Symposium This meeting is organised to mark the occasion of sir John Kingman leaving Bristol to take up the Directorship of the isaac newton Institute in Cambridge. The programme will focus on topics of current interest in probability and related fields where John Kingman's own work has been particularly influential. University of Bristol, UK; 16 May 2001. http://www.stats.bris.ac.uk/~peter/jfck.html

Symposium in honour of Sir John Kingman, FRS 16 May 2001 This meeting is organised to mark the occasion of Sir John Kingman leaving Bristol to take up the Directorship of the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge. The programme will focus on topics of current interest in probability and related fields where John Kingman's own work has been particularly influential. The programme of talks will include: Simon Tavare' (Departments of Biological Sciences, Mathematics and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California) The coalescent and other GEMs: adventures in population genetics David Williams (Swansea) Achievements and challenges Wilfrid Kendall (Department of Statistics, University of Warwick) Evolving backwards into the past: a retrospective The meeting will be held in lecture theatre SM2 in the School of Mathematics at the University of Bristol, and will conclude at about 6pm; attendance is free of charge. To assist us in planning, please send an email to Peter Green, via Email link , mentioning JFCK in the subject field, if the probability of your attending is at least 0.5.

36. Newton, Sir Isaac sir isaac newton, the culminating figure in the scientific revolution of the 17th 1979); Anthony, Herbert D., sir isaac newton (1960); Bell, Arthur E., http://euler.ciens.ucv.ve/English/mathematics/newton.html

Newton, Sir Isaac Sir Isaac Newton, the culminating figure in the scientific revolution of the 17th century, was born on Jan. 4, 1643 (N.S.; Dec. 25, 1642, O.S.), in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. Perhaps the greatest scientific genius of all time, Newton made fundamental contributions to every major area of scientific and mathematical concern to his generation. Newton came from a family of modest yeoman farmers. His father died several months before he was born. Three years later his mother remarried and moved to a nearby village, leaving Isaac in the care of his maternal grandmother. Upon the death of his stepfather in 1656, Newton's mother removed him from grammar school in Grantham in hopes of training him to manage her now much-enlarged estate, but even then Newton's interests ran more toward books and mathematical diversions. His family decided that he should be prepared for the university, and he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in June 1661. Even though instruction at Cambridge was still dominated by the philosophy of Aristotle, some freedom of study was permitted in the student's third year. Newton immersed himself in the new mechanical philosophy of DESCARTES, GASSENDI, and BOYLE; in the new algebra and analytical geometry of VIETA, Descartes, and WALLIS; and in the mechanics and Copernican astronomy of GALILEO. At this stage Newton showed no great talent. His scientific genius emerged suddenly when the plague closed the University in the summer of 1665 and he had to return to Lincolnshire. There, within 18 months he began revolutionary advances in mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy.

37. Department Of Physics | Faculty Of Science | University Of Waterloo Includes news and events, information about colloquia and seminars as well as general information for students. Also features information about the sir isaac newton Examination. http://www.sci.uwaterloo.ca/physics/

@import url("http://www.uwaterloo.ca/css/UWblank.css"); @import url("css/physics.css"); @import url("http://www.uwaterloo.ca/css/UWhome.css"); @import url("http://www.uwaterloo.ca/css/UW3col.css"); @import url("http://www.uwaterloo.ca/css/UWprint.css") print; search physics uwaterloo.ca Skip to the content of the web site. physics home about physics people ... Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics the main foyer desperately needs renovation. This is your space too, and we want to know what you think! Ideas, sketches and photos are welcome. learn more Faculty positions: NSERC University Faculty Award Condensed Matter Astrophysics Theoretical Physics congratulations to Andrew Cressman on his 5th place for the CAP Lloyd G. Elliott Prize Examination this year. to Jeffrey Quilliam (Jan Kycia's student) on earning 1st prize at the CAP meeting for the graduate student talk in condensed matter physics and 3rd prize for over all subjects. The talk was titled "Specific heat and AC susceptibility of LiHoxY1-xF4" to Parisa Bohlouli-Zanjani for her prize in the CAP Graduate student poster competition; best student poster, entitled "

38. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Invented the differential and integral calculus (independently of sir isaac newton), http://mally.stanford.edu/leibniz.html

Home Page Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (b. 1646, d. 1716) was a German philosopher, mathematician, and logician who is probably most well known for having invented the differential and integral calculus (independently of Sir Isaac Newton). In his correspondence with the leading intellectual and political figures of his era, he discussed mathematics, logic, science, history, law, and theology. Principal Works: De Arte Combinatoria Hypothesis Physica Nova unpublished manuscripts on the calculus of concepts, c. 1690 Nouveaux Essais sur L'entendement humaine Monadologia Leibniz's Life: Born July 1, 1646, in Leipzig 1661, entered University of Leipzig (as a law student) 1663, baccalaureate thesis, De Principio Individui 1667, entered the service of the Baron of Boineburg 1672 - 1676, lived in Paris (met Malebranche, Arnauld, Huygens) 1675, laid the foundation of the differential/integral calculus 1676, entered the service of the Duke of Hannover; worked on hydraulic presses, windmills, lamps, submarines, clocks, carriages, water pumps, the binary number system published Nova Methodus Pro Maximus et Minimus 1685, took on the duties of historian for the House of Brunswick

39. Sir Isaac NEWTON Br¨ve biographie et pr©sentation de ses travaux dans les domaines de la m©canique, de l'optique, de l'astronomie et des math©matiques. http://hebergement.ac-poitiers.fr/c-fr-poitiers/newton/

Naissance d'Isaac NEWTON à Woolsthorpe Manor près de Grantham (Lincolnshire - Angleterre) Passionné de sciences, il entre au Trinity College de l'université de Cambridge, dont il deviendra membre associé en 1667. Épidémie de peste à Londres : il interrompt ses études et se retire 2 ans à Woolsthorpe où il élabore sa célèbre théorie de la gravitation. Il devient professeur de mathématiques au Trinity College (jusqu'en 1695). Il invente le premier télescope à réflexion. Parution de Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, ouvrage dans lequel il développe la théorie de la gravitation universelle. Il entre à la Monnaie dont il devient le directeur en 1700. Isaac Newton devient le président de la Royal Society de Londres (Académie des Sciences) Mort d'Isaac NEWTON à Londres. Son corps est inhumé dans l'abbaye de Westminster. Sir Isaac NEWTON MÉCANIQUE OPTIQUE ASTRONOMIE ... À propos d'Isaac NEWTON

40. National Trust | Woolsthorpe Manor Small 17thcentury manor house, the birthplace and family home of sir isaac newton. National Trust property page with information about opening times and facilities. http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/scripts/nthandbook.dll?ACTION=PROPERTY&PROPE

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