41. Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace - Famous Mathematicians Pictures, Posters, Gifts Items, Engine at a conference in Turin in 1841, one of the attendees, luigi menabrea,was so impressed that he wrote an account of Babbage s at lectures. http://www.mathematicianspictures.com/Mathematicians/Lovelace.htm

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42. Ada Lovelace -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article (Click link for more info and facts about luigi menabrea) luigi menabrea smemoir on Babbage s newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/a/ad/ada_lovelace.htm

Ada Lovelace [Categories: Women in science, British women scientists, British mathematicians, Computer pioneers, 1852 deaths, 1815 births] Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (December 10, 1815 - November 27, 1852) is mainly known for having written a description of (Click link for more info and facts about Charles Babbage) Charles Babbage 's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the (Click link for more info and facts about analytical engine) analytical engine Life Ada was the only legitimate child of the poet (Click link for more info and facts about Lord Byron) Lord Byron and his wife, (Click link for more info and facts about Annabella Milbanke) Annabella Milbanke , a cousin of (Click link for more info and facts about Lady Caroline Lamb) Lady Caroline Lamb , with whom he had an affair that scandalized (Click link for more info and facts about Regency London) Regency London . Ada was named after Byron's (Click link for more info and facts about half-sister) half-sister , Augusta Leigh, by whom he was rumoured to have fathered a child. It was Augusta who encouraged Byron to marry to avoid scandal, and he reluctantly chose Annabella. On January 16, 1816, Annabella left Byron, taking 1-month old Ada with her. On April 21, Byron signed the Deed of Separation and left England for good a few days later. He never saw either again. Biographies differ as to whether Ada lived with her mother: one claims that her mother dominated her life, even after marriage; another claims she never knew either parent. One source tells that Annabella was fond of

43. List Of Prime Ministers Of Italy -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article October 27, 1867 December 14, 1869, (Click link for more info and facts aboutFederico luigi, Conte menabrea) Federico luigi, Conte menabrea http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_prime_ministers_of_it

List of Prime Ministers of Italy [Categories: Italian prime ministers, Lists of office-holders] This is a list of (The person who holds the position of head of state in England) Prime Minister s of (A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD) Italy Dates Prime minister March 23 - June 12, 1861 (Click link for more info and facts about Camillo Benso conte di Cavour) Camillo Benso conte di Cavour June 12, 1861 - March 3, 1862 (Click link for more info and facts about Bettino Ricasoli) Bettino Ricasoli March 3 - December 8, 1862 (Click link for more info and facts about Urbano Rattazzi) Urbano Rattazzi December 8, 1862 - March 24, 1863 (Click link for more info and facts about Luigi Carlo Farini) Luigi Carlo Farini March 24, 1863 - September 28, 1864 (Click link for more info and facts about Marco Minghetti) Marco Minghetti September 28, 1864 - June 20, 1866 (Click link for more info and facts about Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora) Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora June 20, 1866 - April 10, 1867

44. RFC791.org File System Help luigi menabrea wrote a summary of what Babbage described, and published an articlein French about the development. Ada, in 1843, married to the Earl of http://www.rfc791.org/unixhelp/fs/

ambassadors of technology rfc791.ORG Unix Help : The unix file system ] Every operating system includes a facility to store documents you create, programs configuration information, etc. This information is stored in logical units called files, and the facility that stores them is called the file system. The unix file system has provisions for a special kind of file called a directory. Directories are special because, although they cannot contain any data themselves, they can contain other files (including other directories). If you are familiar with the Windows or Macintosh operating systems, you may know about directories already, although you may refer to them as folders. Windows and MacOS borrowed the idea of directories from unix. Every process in unix has a current working directory . This includes your shell. Files you create will be stored in your current working directory, unless you explicitly specify for them to be stored elsewhere. When you first log in to a unix system, your current working directory is your home directory , a special directory set aside for you to put your files in.

45. Ada Byron Her work was based on the writings of the Italian mathematician luigi menabrea,and meetings with Babbage himself. Byron designed the punchcard program http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/enlightenment/byron.html

Ada Byron Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, was a British mathematician who lived between 1815-1852. She was a major influence in computer programming. Computer programming is essential for building space shuttles and satellites and in analyzing scientific data. Byron published "Sketch of the Analytical Engine" which discussed Charles Babbage's analytical engine (later to be known as the first computer). Her work was based on the writings of the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea, and meetings with Babbage himself. Byron designed the "punch-card" program which was a program that gave instructions to a computer. She also created the computer law known as GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out). This law basically states that a computer can use only what is put into it. In other words, a computer cannot have a mind of its own. Because of Byron's pioneering efforts in the computer era, the U.S. Department of Defense named a computer programming language (ADA) after her in 1977. Last modified March 27, 1997 by the

46. Ada Byron Lovelace were writtenup by a young Italian military engineer, luigi menabrea. This idea, which we call looping was hinted at in menabrea s article but not http://www.sonoma.edu/Math/faculty/falbo/AdaByron.html

Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace Excerpt from from Math Odyssey 2000 Ada Byron, the only legitimate child of Lord Byron, was born in December of 1815, and one month later her mother in a bitter and celebrated separation, left the "mad and bad" Byron and took Ada with her. Ada was educated at home by governesses and tutors hired by her mother. The Lady Byron strongly believed in mathematics as a discipline of the mind and saw to it that Ada was well grounded in this subject. She felt that it would be a way to provide a stable mental state and a good antidote to the "heedlessness, imprudence, vanity, prevarication and conceit" that Ada was bound to have inherited from her immoral father. One of her tutors was William Frend, a mathematician who didn't believe in negative numbers; another was Augustus DeMorgan, the great English logician. In 1830, when she was 15, Ada met Mary Fairfax Somerville, a well known female mathematician from Scotland. Mary had two daughters the same age as Ada, and the four women, Ada, Mary and her daughters, attended geography lectures at the University of London. (It seems that the mathematician, Charles Babbage, had persuaded the university to allow women to attend lectures in 1830, a privilege which was rescinded within a year). Ada corresponded with Mary Somerville on mathematical topics for the next twenty years, until Ada's death. During her teenage years, Ada was a member of the bluestockings, a group of ladies that visited together, holding conversations, and literary discussions. They often invited learned men to their gatherings, which were meant to replace frivolous social evenings with something more intellectual. They would sometimes visit museums or residences of well known scientists, and it was during one of these visits that Ada actually got to meet Charles Babbage.

47. Cyberwomen Her mathematical fame dates from 1842 when she was invited to translate amathematical paper by luigi menabrea on the second and more complex machine, http://www.womenaid.org/cyberwomen/adaweb.html

WOMENAID INTERNATIONAL a Twentieth century Tribute to a Nineteenth Century Pioneer... Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815 -1853) Ada, Countess of Lovelace, had a brief but brilliant life, was the only legitimate child of Lord Byron. Unfortunately she had a wretched childhood due largely to her highly intelligent but control-obsessed, dominating mother. At eight years of age she was evidencing the same precocious mathematical skills as her mother, Annabel, who incidentally was an extremely wealthy woman in her own right. Launched in London society, and due to inherit great wealth, Ada discovered she was in great demand and she fully participated in the social whirl. London was 'mad' about mechanical toys and devices and Charles Babbage was exhibiting his 'Difference Engine' in an effort to raise funds to develop his work. Ada was fascinated by the machine's ability to produce a single series of numbers and then suddenly switch to a new series. Her mathematical fame dates from 1842 when she was invited to translate a mathematical paper by Luigi Menabrea on the second and more complex machine, the

48. Ada Byron Lovelace them to an audience including the engineer, luigi Federico menabrea.menabrea wrote a description of the Analytical Engine in 1842 for the Bibliotheque http://www.livezone.com/girltalk/AdaByron.html

Biography Ada Byron Lovelace (December 12,1815 - November 27,1852) A great female mathematician , Augusta Ada Byron, was brought into the world on Tuesday, December 12, 1815. Her father was the popular and controversial English poet, Lord Byron and her mother was Annabella Milbanke. Their marriage was an unhappy one ending when Annabella left her husband's house taking one-month-old Ada with her. Ada's grandparents generously took her in while her mother traveled around Europe, on doctor's advice, in order to keep healthy. Her mother, Lady Byron, had always loved mathematics. She was nicknamed by Byron, the "Princess of Parallelograms." Ada's mother wanted her to be just as interested in math and so hired her old tutor, William Frend. Frend was especially good at astronomy and algebra, but would have nothing to do with imaginary or negative numbers. He believed that taking an interest in this newer mathematics would make one superstitious. Ada asked Frend questions that he didn't understand and was independently studying higher mathematics (including negative and imaginary numbers). A terrible case of measles left Ada's legs temporarily paralyzed and she was bedridden for months. She, however, did not mind her condition too much because it allowed her to pay close attention to her work without interruptions. When Ada was seventeen she was ready to "come out." This meant an introduction to the King and Queen and that she was ready for marriage. Ada loved dancing at the balls and all the people she met. At one social event she met the acclaimed professor of mathematics, Charles Babbage. Babbage had invented the "Difference Engine" which could do addition, subtraction, division and multiplication. Ada was enthralled with Babbage and his ideas.

49. Georgia On My Mind In that year an Italian mathematician, luigi Federico menabrea, heard Babbagetalk in Turin about the new machine that he was building. http://users.tpg.com.au/eedeuce/georgia.htm

GEORGIA ON MY MIND Charles Sheffield 1993 I FIRST TANGLED with digital computers late in 1958. That may sound like the Dark Ages, but we considered ourselves infinitely more advanced than our predecessors of a decade earlier, when programming was done mostly by sticking plugs into plug-boards and a card-sequenced programmable calculator was considered the height of sophistication. Even so, 1958 was still early enough that the argument between analog and digital computers had not yet been settled, decisively, in favor of the digital. And the first computer that I programmed was, by anyone's standards, a brute. It was called DEUCE, which stood for Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine, and it was, reasonably enough to cardplayers, the next thing after the ACE (for Automatic Computing Engine), developed by the National Physical Laboratory at Teddington. Unlike ACE, DEUCE was a commercial machine; and some idea of its possible shortcomings is provided by one of the designers' comments about ACE itself: "If we had known that it was going to be developed commercially, we would have finished it." DEUCE was big enough to walk inside. The engineers would do that, tapping at suspect vacuum tubes with a screwdriver when the whole beast was proving balky. Which was often. Machine errors were as common a cause of trouble as programming errors; and programming errors were dreadfully frequent, because we were working at a level so close to basic machine logic that it is hard to imagine it today.

50. Rare Books And Special Collections - Babbage Part3 - University Libraries - USC menabrea, luigi Frederico; Ada A. Lovelace, 18151852, transl. and ed., “ Sketchof the Analytical Engine,” Scientific Memoirs, 3 (London Taylor, http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/babbage/part3.html

Thomas Cooper Library (main library) - Government Documents - Map Library - Newspapers/Microforms - Reference Department - Science Library Business Library Film Library Math Library Music Library South Caroliniana Library - Books Division - Manuscripts Division - Modern Political Collections - University Archives Law Library Medical Library Special Library Collections Other USC campus Libraries Babbage - Part 3 Introduction Part 1 Part Part ... Home B abbage’s Analytical Engine Menabrea, Luigi Frederico; Ada A. Lovelace, 1815-1852, transl. and ed., “ Sketch of the Analytical Engine,” Scientific Memoirs , 3 (London: Taylor, 1843): 666-731. Ada Lovelace Anon., Vestiges of the natural history of creation London: John Churchill, 1844. Original red cloth. C. Warren Irvin Jr. Collection –The English translation of Menabrea's account was by Byron’s daughter, Ada, Countess of Lovelace, who added notes derived from Babbage’s Turin presentation. Ada Lovelace’s reputation as an ambitious amateur scientist is evidenced by the rumours that attributed to her this anonymous bestseller Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , actually by the Scottish publisher Robert Chambers.

51. Sho-Me Dictionary - C 184243 Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace, translates luigi menabrea’s pamphleton the Analytical Engine, adding her own commentary. http://www.shomepower.com/dict/c/computer_history_4000_bc_to_185.htm

Computer History - 4000 B.C. to 1850 See Also: Computer - History 4000-1200 B.C. Inhabitants of the first known civilization in Sumer keep records of commercial transactions on clay tablets. 3000 B.C. The abacus is invented in Babylonia. 250-230 B.C. The Sieve of Eratosthenes is used to determine prime numbers. About 79 A.D. The Antikythera Device , when set correctly according to latitude and day of the week, gives alternating 29- and 30-day lunar months. About 1300 The more familiar wire-and-bead abacus replaces the Chinese calculating rods. John Napier uses the printed decimal point, devices logarithms, and uses numbered sticks or Napiers Bones for calculating. William Oughtred invents the circular slide rule on the basis of Napier’s logarithms. William (Wilhelm) Schickard designs a calculating clock with a gear-driven carry mechanism to aid in multiplication of multi-digit numbers. Blaise Pascal creates a gear-driven adding machine called the Pascalene , the first mechanical adding machine. In England, Samuel Morland produces a mechanical calculator that can add and subtract.

52. Torinoscienza.it/accademia > Personaggi > Luigi Federico Menabrea Translate this page Suo principale merito scientifico è legato ad alcuni risultati di meccanicaapplicata sulla teoria dei sistemi elastici, che egli condivide con Carlo http://www.torinoscienza.it/accademia/personaggi/apri?obj_id=420

53. Torinoscienza.it/accademia > Articoli > La Nonna Del Computer Translate this page matematica ad un suo giovane e brillante collaboratore, luigi Federico menabrea.menabrea, che sarebbe certamente divenuto un grande uomo di scienza se http://www.torinoscienza.it/accademia/articoli/apri?obj_id=10

54. American Scientist Online - The Calculus Of Passion In 1841 Babbage was invited to describe his Analytical Engine at Turin, wherenotes were made and later published by a Captain luigi menabrea (who later http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/14375

Home Current Issue Archives Bookshelf ... Subscribe In This Section Reviewed in This Issue Book Reviews by Issue New Books Received Publishers' Directory ... Virtual Bookshelf Archive Site Search Advanced Search Visitor Login Username Password Help with login Forgot your password? Change your username see list of all reviews from this issue: July-August 2001 HISTORY The Calculus of Passion Thomas A. Trainor The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter . Benjamin Woolley. xii + 416 pp. McGraw-Hill, first published in the United Kingdom by Macmillan in 1999. $27.95. The Bride of Science Benjamin Woolley describes a multidimensional woman whose suffering, creativity, frustration and triumph intrigue us. The first third of this book describes Ada's bizarre family background, which is the key to her complex story. Her parents' character differences constituted a vast Apollonian–Dionysian rift: George Gordon Byron, who led a sensationally romantic life as a "Regency libertine," personified the existential defiance of the fire-giving Titan Prometheus, whereas Anne Isabella ("Annabella") Milbanke was in the vanguard of Victorian priggishness, hypocrisy and entitlement. She suppressed her own considerable passions behind a facade of intellectualism, morality and amateur mathematics, and Byron dubbed her "the Princess of Parallelograms."

55. Italy conte Brolio (2nd time); 11 Apr 1867 27 Oct 1867 Urbano Rattazzi (2ndtime) (sa) CS; 27 Oct 1867 - 12 Dec 1869 Conte luigi Federico menabrea (b. http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Italy.htm

return to World Statesmen Italy 17 Mar 1861 - 18 Jun 1946 17 Mar 1861 - 18 Jun 1946 Naval Ensign Adopted 18 Jun 1946 Map of Italy Hear National Anthem "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians) a.k.a "Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymn) Text of National Anthem Adopted 1947 1946-1947 Anthem "Canzone del Piave" (Song of the Piave) Constitution (1 Jan 1948) Map of Administrative Divisions Map of Italy (c.1400) and (1860-1924) ... Hear 1861-1946 Anthem "Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza" (Royal March of Ordinance) Fascist Anthem 1922-1943 "Giovinezza" (Youth) Constitution ("Statuto") (1848 - 2 Jun 1946) Capital: Rome (Turin 1861-1865; Florence 1865-31 Dec 1870; Brindisi Sep 1943-Feb 1944) Currency: Euro (EUR); 1862- 1 Jan 2002 Lira (ITL) National Holiday: 2 Jun (1946) Republic Day Population: 58,057,477 (2004) GDP: $1.55 trillion (2003) Exports: $278.1 billion (2003) Imports: $271.1 billion (2003) Ethnic groups: Italian 96%, North African Arab 0.9%, Italo-Albanian 0.8%, German 0.8%, Albanian 0.5%, Austrian 0.4%, French and other 1% (2000)

56. Long Before The Term Engine by Italian luigi menabrea, with the encouragement of Babbage, Adabegan translating the article into English, annotating it extensively. http://www.westga.edu/~bquest/2001/women.htm

Management Pioneers: Women as Early Contributors to the Management Discipline by C. Alan Parks C. Alan Parks aparks@canes.gsw.edu is an Assistant Professor of Management at Georgia Southwestern State University. Long before the term "glass ceiling" was coined to describe the invisible but very real barrier women face in the climb to top management, there were a number of notable women who simply ignored (or overcame) all obstacles and became significant contributors to the field of management. Among them were three individuals whose unique and lasting accomplishments still affect the way managers look at information, productivity and people. Augusta Ada (Byron), Lillian Moller Gilbreth, and Mary Parker Follett are among the women who made an impact on the management discipline in spite of the cultural constraints of the era. Augusta Ada (Byron) King. Countess of Lovelace In 1834, Ada met mathematician and inventor (The cowcatcher was one of his many inventions.) Charles Babbage Babbage wrote the first programs for the un-built Analytical Engine, but it was Ada, through her notations, who devised the majority of detailed programs for the device. (Ada had by then become the Countess of Lovelace as a result of her marriage to William King, Earl of Lovelace.) Ada noted, among other things, that the Analytical Engine had the capacity to follow if/then scenarios (conditional branching), and reuse the "programs" stored on punched cards. Ada wrote a number of complex programs for the machine, including one to compute Bernoulli numbers, and she recognized a wide variety of applications for her programs and the device.

57. Charles Babbage and then expanded upon a mathematical paper by luigi menabrea (later to be menabrea had been captivated by Babbage’s explanation of the machine’s http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/maths/research/stats/Babbage.html

Charles Babbage d dot In addition to the Analytical Society, Babbage was also involved in founding the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the Cambridge Philosophical Society, the Royal Astronomical Society and the Statistical Society of London (1834), later the RSS. Economy of Machines and Manufactures Babbage was an inventor, he was involved in various societies, he tried to lay down rules for public behaviour, and he believed himself to be at the apex of cultural development. Because of all this, he has been criticised for being a typical (if very clever) child of the Victorian age. He once wrote to Alfred, Lord Tennyson: "Sir: In your otherwise beautiful poem The Vision of Sin there is a verse which reads: ‘Every moment dies a man / Every moment one is born.’ It must be manifest that, if this were true, the population of the world would be at a standstill…I would suggest you have it read: ‘Every moment dies a man / Every moment one and one sixteenth is born.’ I am, Sir, yours etc, Charles Babbage." So he really was a Statistician! The above account was compiled (often verbatim) by Julian Stander from the following (sometimes contradictory) sources: Boyer, C. B. (1968)

58. Ada Home 1997-12 -- Happy Birthday Ada Lovelace One of the attendees was luigi menabrea, who was so impressed that he wrote anaccount of Babbage s lectures. At age 27, Ada decided to translate the http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html

Ada Home December 10, 1997 December 10 Happy Birthday Ada from John McCormick mccormick@cs.uni.edu On December 10, 1815, Anna Isabella (Annabella) Byron, whose husband was Lord Byron, gave birth to a daughter, Augusta Ada. Ada's father was a romantic poet whose fame derived not only from his works but also from his wild and scandalous behavior. His marriage to Annabella was strained from the beginning, and Annabella left Byron just a little more than a month after Ada was born. By April of that year, Annabella and Byron signed separation papers, and Byron left England, never to return. Byron's writings show that he greatly regretted that he was unable to see his daughter. In one poem, for example, he wrote of Ada, I see thee not. I hear thee not. But none can be so rapt in thee. Byron died in Greece, at the age of 36, and one of the last things he said was, Oh my poor dear child! My dear Ada! My God, could I but have seen her! Meanwhile, Annabella, who was eventually to become a baroness in her own right, and who was herself educated as both a mathematician and a poet, carried on with Ada's upbringing and education. Annabella gave Ada her first instruction in mathematics, but it soon became clear that Ada's gift for the subject was such that it required more extensive tutoring. Ada received further training in mathematics from Augustus DeMorgan, who is today famous for one of the basic theorems of Boolean Algebra which forms the basis for modern computers. By the age of eight, Ada had also demonstrated an interest in mechanical devices and was building detailed model boats.

59. The Amazing Adding Subtracting Composing Creating Do-Everything Machine: Ada Lov The following year, luigi Federico menabrea, an Italian mathematician, wrote asummary of the presentation and published an article in French. http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2003-01/lovelace.html

The Amazing Adding Subtracting Composing Creating Do-Everything Machine Ada Lovelace Envisions Modern Computing by Paulette Campbell Ada Lovelace was a scientist and a countess. Her passion for mathematics was unfettered by the popular view that women had frail brains that could be injured by serious work in mathematics. Her interests ranged from machinery to anatomy, and in 1843 she wrote a visionary text explaining the process now known as computer programming. She came of age during a period of scientific optimism, when anything was believed possible. Ada was only twelve years old when she wrote of her plans to build an airplane: I’ve got a scheme about a steam engine. It is to make a thing in the form of a horse with a steam engine in the inside so contrived as to move an immense pair of wings fixed to the outside of the horse in such a manner as to carry it up into the air when a person sits on its back. I think of writing a book of flyology illustrated with plates if I ever invent a method of flying. Lovelace’s life and contributions to the field of computing are profiled in a new hour-long documentary

60. The Military Academy luigi menabrea, Alessandro Lamarmora, luigi Lagrange, Angelo Saluzzo, GiovanniPlana, Vittorio Alfieri, Ignazio Bertola, Giovanni Cavalli, luigi Cadorna http://www.comune.torino.it/english/itiner/frames/cur/military.htm

The Military Academy Its history ... Turin's Military Academy, the Scuola di Applicazione Militare , originates from the Royal Schools of Artillery and Fortifications (later the School of Artillery and Military Engineering) founded by Carlo Emanuele II King of Sardinia in 1739 , the cradle of the originally Piedmontese and later Italian oldest and most glorious military traditions. Its foundation comes from the merger of these schools with the famous Parma Infantry School and Pinerolo Cavalry School. It was Europe's first academy of this type, the same record being held by the Military Academy found at Turin in 1677 by Madama Reale Giovanna Battista of Savoy Nemours This Institute's influence on Italy's history was enormous, as many of the personages such as Camillo Cavour, Luigi Menabrea, Alessandro Lamarmora, Luigi Lagrange, Angelo Saluzzo, Giovanni Plana, Vittorio Alfieri, Ignazio Bertola, Giovanni Cavalli, Luigi Cadorna, Armando Diaz, Pietro Badoglio and many others who played an important role in the cultural life and political, economic and social development of Turin and Italy were trained here. The headquarters ...

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