21. WebEE Downloads - Calculators John Napier published his first table of logarithms, but the device in itspresent form was designed in 1850 by a French army officer, amedee mannheim. http://www.web-ee.com/Downloads/Calculator/calculators.htm

Feedback Guestbook Search Viewers Filter Design Simulators Calculators Signal Processing Graph Paper Design Tools Personal Information Managers Palm Files Random WebEE Downloads Calculators HP16 Simulator for Windows The classic HP16 available on your desktop! Do HEX to Decimal conversions as well as just about every binary operation you can imagine using this well written program from FlounderCraft Ltd. Download from WebEE HP 41C Simulator for Windows Here's a terrific HP41C emulator that runs on your desktop. No more digging for your handheld! Even the programming mode works! Go to http://www.hp41.org to read more about this classic calculator. Download from WebEE The RPN Engineering Calculator Just what everybody needs, another calculator! This one (of course) is different; it offers five different Keyboards, which gives you many different functions with which to work. See Reverse Polish Notation for basic operating instructions. Download from WebEE dB Calculator This Excel spreadsheet allows you to convert from dB to volts to watts with programmable loads. Nicely done!

22. AllRefer.com - Slide Rule (Mathematics) - Encyclopedia amedee mannheim, a French army officer, in 1850 established the form that itmaintained thereafter. This had three parts, the stock, the slide, http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/S/sliderul.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 07, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Mathematics ... slide rule By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z S slide rule, Mathematics Related Category: Mathematics slide rule, instrument for making numerical computations and readings, the results of which may be read easily and quickly after performing simple mechanical manipulations. Multiplication and division, finding of powers and roots, and other more complicated calculations may be performed with a slide rule. Based on John Napier's principle of the logarithm Topics that might be of interest to you: calculator Edmund Gunter logarithm Related Categories: Science and Technology Mathematics More articles from AllRefer Reference on slide rule SITE MAPS Encyclopedia US Gazetteer: US States A-C US States D-H US States I-L US States M ... Countries A-Z Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... Link to AllRefer.com

23. Math Words Page 13 Newton s suggested cursor did not much find favor until In 1851 a French artilleryofficer named amedee mannheim standardizes a set of four scales for the http://www.pballew.net/arithm13.html

Math Words, pg 13 Back to Math Words Alphabetical Index Aliquot parts of a number are proper divisors of the number that are smaller than the number. The aliquot parts of six are one, two, and three. The word joins two unlikely partners, the Latin ali for "other" and quot for how many. Together they came to mean a part of something, in this case, a part of the number of which it is a factor. The "other" meaning of ali remains today in words like alius, alibi, and alien. The quot root remains in quotient. Aliquot chains, sometimes called sociable chains , are formed by taking the sum of the aliquot parts and adding them to form a new number, then repeating this process on the next number. For some numbers, the result will bring you directly back to the original number. In that case the two numbers are called amicable numbers . For example, 220 and 284 are amicable numbers. The divisors of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, 110 and if you add all these numbers together, you can see they sum to 284. The aliquot parts of 284 are 1, 2, 4, 71, 142 and these sum to 220. The relationship between 220 and 284 was known at least as far back as Pythagorus (500 BC). Sam Kutler has written to tell me that the first use of a term like "friend" for the pair was in a commentary on the work of Nicomachus by Iamblichus, around 300 AD. He also thought the Greek term was

24. Websters Instrument Makers Database - Letter M mannheim, amedee, France, 18311906,, Amedée mannheim; invented the modern sliderule in 1851. GL E. Turner 24. MANNING AND MANNING, England, PHIM http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/history/websters/m.htm

Signature Maker Info Instruments Comments Location References M'CALL, JOHN England, c.1830, MIM OIM see A. Chislett and M'Call. 8 Postern Row, Tower Hill, London. Taylor 2(1932). M'COLL Scotland, c.1818, MIM see Miller and M'Coll. 116 Stockwell, Glasgow. Bryden 3. M'COLL, HUGH England, c.1846, T.C.; book and instrument seller. 5 King Street, South Shields. Crawforth 1. M'MILLAN, PETER Scotland, fl.1824-51, NIM Sextant = FRK = RSM. 11 Guestrow (1824); Waterloo Quay (1828); 43 Quay (1829-33); 49 Quay (1834-39); 52 Quay (1840-41); 45 Regent Quay, (1842-51); all in Aberdeen. Taylor 2(2180); Bryden 3; Morrison-Low 1. M'MILLAN, WILLIAM, AND CO. Scotland, fl.1847-48, MIM watch and clockmaker; in partnership with Ogg as Ogg and M'Millan 1844-46. 28 Marischal Street, Aberdeen. Bryden 3. M. 1 Germany, 17th Century, MIM Diptych Sundial, ivory, round = VIE. Zinner 1. M. 2 NIM Octant = SFM. anchor is mastermark. RSW. M., IOHA Poland, 1637, MIM Wall Sundial, 1637 = Church in Wodzislaw. Wodzislaw. Polish Inventory. M.A.Z.L. 1713, MIM Armillary Sphere, 1713 = AMST. M.B. 1

25. Digital Termpapers: Term Papers On The Slide Rule developed in 1850 by a French army officer, amedee mannheim. nb This is ONLYa preview of the article. If you would like to view the entire document, http://www.digitaltermpapers.com/c8144.htm

Term Papers Count: Home Join Login Sign Out ... Contact for: The Slide Rule Term Paper Title The Slide Rule # of Words # of Pages (250 words per page double spaced) The Slide Rule The slide rule is mechanical device used by mostly engineers and scientists for fast and accurate multiplication, division, to find roots and powers, and other simple math problems. It consists of a fixed section with upper and lower parts marked with different logarithmic scales, a center part that slides between the parts of the fixed section and is also marked with scales, and a clear cursor that can be moved to help align the scale marks. The slide rule has almost been totally eliminated because of the 1970’s invention of the hand-held electronic calculator. Today it is mostly used by engineers and collected by antique collectors. A basic slide rule from the 1940’s that cost thirty dollars at the time would now be worth over two hundred dollars. Most people think that the only type of slide rule is the one that is straight and almost resembles a ruler. There are really three types of slide rules. The first type is the most common one, the Mannheim.

26. CHRONO-2 amedee mannheim creates a slide rule with an improved scale arrangement, whichbecomes a popular feature in slide rules in later years. http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/01HISTORYCD-Chrono1.htm

Lexikon's History of Computing * * * Master Chronology of Events * * * Historical highlights in the world of calculating and computing, from ancient times up to the late 20th Century. (After 1997, only a few highlights are included.) Return to Title Page Search Glossary Index Master Index To Perform a Full Text Search, use your browser's "Find" function. From the top line menu bar, select "Edit," "Find on page." About Dates Used in this Encyclopedia 3,000-4,000 B.C.E. (date approximate) Ancient Egyptians developed and used a system of picture language, which we call "hieroglyphics." The ancient Sumerians developed and used a writing system using wedged shaped symbols, called "cuneiform." 3,000 B.C.E. Early abacus is used in Babylonia. "Abacus" comes from the Semitic word for dust. The most primitive version of the abacus was a wooden tablet which was sprinkled with fine sand. Numerals were then written in the sand using a stylus. 2,500-3,000 B.C Ancient Egyptians used papyrus sheets to keep written records. Ancient Japanese use an abacus called a "soroban."

27. Het Eerste Rekenmachine In 1850 amedee mannheim added the cursor. Scale divisions for calculating functionswere added too. Erekenlat.jpg (29894 bytes). Slide rule http://mathsforeurope.digibel.be/Eersterek.htm

The first calculator De Jonghe Caroline Wendy Van de Voorde The first calculator A primitive calendar: Stonehenge Archeologists believe that already in 2800 BC structures were built, for the Druiden, that functioned as a calender. For example: The Stonehenge ( Salisburg, England). It is still considered as a monument for the deep human desire to count and to establish the physical events around us. The Chinese ballframe: The Abacus The Abacus,mostly known as the Chinese ballframe, was human's first try for finding a solution for an automatic counting process The Abacus was invented for the merchants who needed it to make their account in the commerce. ( China with Japan, India and Korea) The abacus is not an automatic machine, but it gives the user the possibility to remember his results of the calculation. If so, it is possible to make more complicated calculations. The slide rule Slide rules exists in different shapes, types and measurements. The classic type exists af 3 rulers : the ruler at the bottom and at the ruler at the top are attached to each other, so that the middle ruler can move in between. Over the whole a cursor can slide. With two sliding rules that have identical lineair scale division we are able to add up or subtract two numbers. If the scale division is logarithical, we can divide and multiply in the same way. The slide rule is based on this principle. In 1620 Edmund Gunter performs multiplications and divisions by adding up and subtracting distances on a logarithmical scale. A few years later William Oughtred corrected this way by sliding two logaritmical scales beside each other. He made a construction of the circular ruler. Later cylindrical rules were invented. In 1850 Amedee Mannheim added the cursor. Scale divisions for calculating functions were added too.

28. Computer Museum In Boston MA inventor of the logarithm, came up with a calculator called Napier s Bones ;French army officer amedee mannheim invented the slide rule in 1850. http://www.newenglandtravelplanner.com/go/ma/boston/sights/computer_museum.html

Home Site Index Maps Photo Gallery ... Contact Us Boston Computer Museum "What?" you may say, "Computers aren't old enough to have a museum!" But they are. The calculating and computing devices on display at the Computer Museum on Museum Wharf go back centuries. It seems that we've always had a passion for number-crunching, but have been unable fully to realize that passion until today. The abacus has been used in China for a millennium; Scottish mathematician John Napier (1550-1617), inventor of the logarithm, came up with a calculator called "Napier's Bones"; French army officer Amedee Mannheim invented the slide rule in 1850. In158 1893, in Zurich, a "direct-multiplying machine" called The Millionaire came on the market, and sold 4,655 units in the years following. The museum has 75 hands-on, interactive exhibits. You can do everything from designing a car on a graphics terminal to flying an airplane, launching a rocket, or haggling over the price of strawberries with a computerized "vendor." Perhaps most fascinating of all is the Walk-Through Computer, a gigantic working personal computer you can use by trying out its 25-foot-long keyboard; results are displayed on a 108-square-foot monitor. Walk through the computer, past the giant chips, to find out how it all works.

29. Paper 2 Among those discussed are John Napier, who is accredited with the invention oflogarithms, amedee mannheim, the inventor of the modern slide rule, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~dcuth/Paper2.html

CS378W, History of Computing Week 3, Weekly Report Due 2004 Sept 9 Blaise Pascal David W Cuthbertson 2004 Sept 8 In the first chapter of Computing Before Computers , Michael Williams gives a concise yet thorough overview of both the persons and machines that have made computers what they are today (3). Among those discussed are John Napier, who is accredited with the invention of logarithms, Amedee Mannheim, the inventor of the modern slide rule, and even Gottfried Leibniz, who is famous for his advanced multiplying machine (3). Blaise Pascal is briefly discussed on pages 39-44, but little biographical information is offered - the book focuses more specifically on his mechanical innovations than on his life in general (3). This paper is an attempt to provide a bit more robustness to the person of Blaise Pascal and shed more light on one of the men who contributed to the development of the modern computer. Pascal, a French mathematician who lived during the 17 th century, is considered by some to be one of the greatest minds of his period (1). He was born on June 19, 1623 in

30. Famous Mathematicians With An M John Maior Anatoly Malcev Nicolas Malebranche Francesco Malfatti VivienneMaloneMayes Etienne Louis Malus Benoit Mandelbrot amedee mannheim Paul Mansion http://www.famousmathematician.com/az/mathematician_M.htm

Mathematicians - M Francis Macaulay James MacCullagh Hector Macdonald Sheila Scott Macintyre Saunders MacLane Colin Maclaurin Percy MacMahon Sangamagramma Madhava Leonty Magnitsky Wilhelm Magnus Muhyi al Maghribi Abu al Mahani Mahavira Mahavira Suri Mahendra Kurt Mahler John Maior Anatoly Malcev Nicolas Malebranche Francesco Malfatti Vivienne Malone-Mayes Etienne Louis Malus Benoit Mandelbrot Amedee Mannheim Paul Mansion Abu Mansur ibn Ali Vladimir Marchenko Jozef Marcinkiewicz Edward Marczewski Gregori Margulis Andrei Markov Lorenzo Mascheroni Heinrich Maschke Francis Maseres Nevil Maskelyne Max Mason George Mathews Claude-Louis Mathieu Yozo Matsushima John Mauchly Pierre de Maupertuis Francisco Maurolico James Clerk Maxwell Adolph Mayer Tobias Mayer Stanislaw Mazur Stefan Mazurkiewicz Walter McAfee John McClintock Margaret McDuff Kathleen McNulty Edward McShane Ernst Meissel Hjalmar Mellin Menelaus of Alexandria

31. Indice mannheim, amedee, 11. Marakhosky, Vladimir, 21. Marchant, 21, 22, 23.Marchant Decimagic, 21. Marchant Scm, 21. Marchant Transflow, 21, 22 http://www.dagomari.prato.it/museo/htm/ind-m.htm

M Macchina Analitica Macchina Analitica (Il Mulino) Macchina Delle Differenze Macchina Tabulatrice Macchina Virtuale Macchina Zero Macintosh Macintosh Xl Maddida Madm Madm (Manchester Automatic Digital Machine) Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer Magnetic Flux Quantum Parametron Magneto-Ottico Mahon Di Stanhope, Charles Manchester Mark 1 Manchester Mu5 Maniac Maniac (Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator And Computer) Maniac I Mannheim, Amedee Marakhosky, Vladimir Marchant Marchant Decimagic Marchant Scm Marchant Transflow Marconi Mentor Marconi Tac Mark II Mark-8 Markula, Mike Marquand, Allen Marquand, Macchina Marsh, Bob Matsuzake, Kiyoshi Mattel Mauchly, John Maya Mazor, Stan Mccarthy, John Mccreight, Ed Meccanografia Megacycle Machine Meg Melear, Charlie Melen, Roger Memoria A Condensatori Su Tamburo Rotante Memoria A Nuclei Magnetici Memoria A Tubi Catodici Memoria Cache Memoria Interleaved Memoria Pellicolare A Strato Magnetico Evaporato Memoria Virtuale Memorie A Circuiti Integrati Memorie Di Massa Magneto-Ottiche Menabrea, L.F. Menabrea, Luigi

32. Kalendarz NPE | 17 Lutego | Ludzie | Wydarzenia | ¦wiêta | Aforyzmy | Przepisy 1798 Auguste Comte, filozof francuski (zm.1857) 1831 - amedee mannheim, matematykfrancuski (zm.1906) 1877 - André Maginot, polityk francuski (zm.1932) http://www.zeszyt.pl/kalendarz.php/17|2

zeszyt.pl strona g³ówna publikacje awans zawodowy forum 17 lutego 17 lutego jest 48 dniem w kalendarzu gregoriañskim. Do koñca roku pozosta³o 317/318 dni ¯yczenia imieninowe i prezenty przyjmuj±... Aleksy, Donat, Donata, Franciszek, Izydor, Julian, Konstanty, £ukasz, Niegowoj, Sylwin i Zbigniew. Dni ¶wi±teczne... Urodzeni tego dnia... 1653 - Arcangelo Corelli, kompozytor i skrzypek w³oski (zm.1713) 1754 - Nicholas Baudin, francuski podró¿nik i odkrywca (zm.1803) 1798 - Auguste Comte, filozof francuski (zm.1857) 1831 - Amedee Mannheim, matematyk francuski (zm.1906) 1877 - André Maginot, polityk francuski (zm.1932) 1888 - Otto Stern, niemiecki fizyk, noblista (zm.1969) 1908 - Stefan Ignar, polski ekonomista i dzia³acz ruchu ludowego (zm.1992) 1912 - Andre Norton, pisarka amerykañska 1913 - René Leibowitz, francuski dyrygent i kompozytor pochodzenia rosyjskiego (zm.1972) 1929 - Graham Hill, brytyjski kierowca samochodowy 1960 - Andrzej Ziemiañski, polski pisarz science fiction 1963 - Michael Jordan, amerykañski koszykarz zawodowy 1971 - Artur Szrejter, polski pisarz fantasy

33. Computermuseum Rekenlat In 1850 werd door amedee mannheim de cursor of loper toegevoegd. Ook schaalverdelingenvoor het berekenen van elementaire functies werden aangebracht. http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/museum/prehist/rekenlat.html

Computermuseum: Rekenlat Status: publiek Laatste wijziging: 31 augustus 2004 De Rekenlat Werkingsprincipe Rekenlatten bestaan in verscheidene vormen, types en afmetingen. Het klassieke type bestaat uit drie linialen, waarvan de onderste en de bovenste onwrikbaar met mekaar zijn verbonden, zodat de middelste liniaal er kan tussen bewegen. Over het geheel kan een loper (cursor) verschoven worden. Rekenlat voorzijde: Rekenlat achterzijde: Twee langs mekaar glijdende linialen met een identieke lineaire schaalverdeling laten toe twee getallen op te tellen en af te trekken. Indien de schaalverdeling logaritmisch is, kunnen op gelijkaardige wijze vermenigvuldigingen en delingen uitgevoerd worden, gebruik makend van de regel dat de logaritme van een produkt de som van de logaritmen is. Op dit principe is de werking van de rekenlat gebaseerd. Volgende figuur illustreert de vermenigvuldiging 2 x 3. De nauwkeurigheid is echter nogal beperkt. Met een rekenlat van 30 cm lengte kan een ervaren gebruiker drie juist beduidende cijfers aflezen, wat voor vele ingenieurstoepassingen voldoende is. Geschiedenis In 1620 voerde Edmund Gunter rekenkundige vermenigvuldigingen en delingen uit door met een passer afstanden op een logaritmische schaal op te tellen en af te trekken. Enkele jaren later verbeterde William Oughtred deze werkwijze door twee logaritmische schalen naast en ten opzichte van mekaar te verschuiven. Hij construeerde eveneens een cirkelvormige rekenlat, die nog handiger in gebruik was. Later zijn ook cilindervormige rekenlatten geconstrueerd. In 1850 werd door Amedee Mannheim de cursor of loper toegevoegd. Ook schaalverdelingen voor het berekenen van elementaire functies werden aangebracht.

34. LINKI która w sto lat pózniej odegra kolosalna role w konstrukcji komputera 1850 amedee mannheim udoskonala suwak; w tej wlasnie postaci, zwanej suwakiem http://sp.poniatowa.pl/art4.htm

HISTORIA INFORMATYKI (KALENDARIUM) 3000 p.n.e. - Abakus - prekursor maszyn licz¹cych u¿ywany w Babilonii autor © 2004 Rafa³ Pastwa autor © 2004 R AP

35. SARDAIGNE&ITALIE Translate this page Victor amedee II, Duc de SAVOIE, Roi de SICILE puis de SARDAIGNE - Roi de SICILEde 1713 Comte de SOISSONS et Duc de TROPPAU - né 1714 - + mannheim 1734 http://genroy.free.fr/italie.html

GENEALOGIE DES ROIS de SARDAIGNE et d'ITALIE Maison de SAVOIE Charles Emanuel I, Duc de SAVOIE Prince Philippe Emanuel de SAVOIE, Prince de PIEMONT Princesse Louise Christine de SAVOIE François Hyacinthe, Duc de SAVOIE Charles Emanuel II, Duc de SAVOIE Victor Amedee II, Duc de SAVOIE, Roi de SICILE puis de SARDAIGNE Princesse Marie Adelaide de SAVOIE Princesse Marie Louise de SAVOIE Prince Victor Amedee de SAVOIE, Prince de PIEMONT Charles Emanuel III, Roi de SARDAIGNE Prince Victor Amedee de SAVOIE, Duc d'AOSTE Victor Amedee III, Roi de SARDAIGNE Charles Emanuel IV, Roi de SARDAIGNE Princesse Marie Louise de SAVOIE Prince Amedee de SAVOIE, Duc de MONTFERRAT Princesse Marie Therese de SAVOIE Princesse Marie Anne de SAVOIE Victor Emanuel I, Roi de SARDAIGNE Princesse Marie Beatrice de SAVOIE Princesse Marie Therese de SAVOIE Princesse Marie Christine de SAVOIE, Reine des DEUX-SICILES Prince Maurice de SAVOIE, Duc de MONTFERRAT Princesse Caroline de SAVOIE Charles Felix, Roi de SARDAIGNE Prince Joseph de SAVOIE, Duc d'AOSTE Princesse Eleonore de SAVOIE Princesse Louise de SAVOIE Princesse Marie Felicitee de SAVOIE Prince Emanuel Philibert de SAVOIE, Duc d'AOSTE

36. Oughtred Society Slide Rule History. In 1851 a French artillery officer named amedee mannheim standardizes a set offour scales for the most common calculation problems. http://www.oughtred.org/history-new.shtml

History In Memoriam Journal ... Swap Sheet Online [password access] HOME Slide Rule History Prologue In the 16th Century, engineering design as we know it today, with its emphasis on precise measurements and finely calculated tolerances, is unthinkable. And yet, every scientist, mathematician and alchemist feels that there are basic fundamental mathematical relationships that underpin the natural world. The pre-eminent figures in science both contribute to the creation of the slide rule and make use of it in their work, including Galileo, Napier, Gunter, Oughtred, Newton, Gauss, Watt, Priestley, Fulton, Fuller, Einstein, Fermi, and Von Braun. A quick look at the first five of these men covers the creation and initial evolution of the slide rule. Just Before the Slide Rule John Napier dramatically advances the understanding of number relationships in 1614 with his invention of logarithms. Since logarithms are the foundation on which the slide rule is built, its history rightly begins with him. His early concept of simplifying mathematical calculations through logarithms makes possible the slide rule as we know it today. Chronology of the Slide Rule Napier himself contributes Napier's Bones in 1617, calculating sticks based on logarithmic distances. In 1620 Edmund Gunter of London makes a straight logarithmic scale and performs multiplication and division on it with the use of a set of dividers, or calipers.

37. 453 Librairies 1 904 207 Livres D Occasion, Anciens Et Modernes Translate this page HESSE (Maxime) et Claude amedee-mannheim. La photographie. P., Armand Colin, 1932.- Prix 15.00 €. Avec 80 figures. http://www.livre-rare-book.com/Matieres/gd/821x.html

(3824 librairies) Rejoignez livre-rare-book Vente Publique Espace Client ... livre-rare-book librairies livres d'occasion, anciens et modernes THESAURUS Affiches Gravures Cartes postales ... RECHERCHE Photographie ako all ann ano ... cat - cha - che c Réf : 3717 en vente chez : Le Sac du Marin - Cliquez ici - Magny-Lormes, France - 03 86 22 04 02 Chanel Chanel Boutique - Collection Hiver 1996-1997 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Chanel, 1997, grand in-4 (23,5 cm x 30 cm) reliure éditeur plein cartonnage illustré, non paginé, sans texte, 41 photographies de mode, à pleine page, en couleurs, par Karl Lagerfeld. Très bon état - Prix : Hors commerce Réf : 3716 en vente chez : Le Sac du Marin - Cliquez ici - Magny-Lormes, France - 03 86 22 04 02 Chanel Chanel Boutique - Collection Printemps-Eté 1997 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Chanel, 1997, grand in-4 (23,5 cmx30 cm) reliure éditeur plein cartonnage illustré, non paginé, sans texte, 67 photographies de mode, à pleine page, en couleurs, par Karl Lagerfeld. Très bon état - Prix : Hors commerce Réf : 50 407 en vente chez : Librairie Pierre et Sophie Miara - Cliquez ici - Belin-Beliet, France - 05 56 88 08 47

38. History1 amedee mannheim designs the logarithmic slide rule that dominated mechanicalcalculation for the next 100 years. 1851. The English Channel gets the first http://www.sagegis1.com/history.htm

TIMELINES Timeline: written, compiled, created and maintained by Sagegis1. Where conflicting dates appeared in the historical documentation, we have attempted to collaborate the accuracy of the dates by going directly to the source. The color legend: Green for Cryptography and Red for Hacking, Cracking, and Attacks is not meant to signify any political or ethical stand by the company, and was employed only for viewing convenience. Please address all comments to Webmaster@Sagegis1 The early years of development leading up to the 1900s Ancient World Invention of the abacus. For the first time, people use a calculating device to do math. ATBASH Cipher Hebrew encoding method employed in religious text. The perhaps apocryphal 'skytale' cipher a form of "staff cipher" is used to send secret messages between Greek warriors. Ciphers had been in fact used for more than a thousand years throughout the ancient world, for example in Egypt to hide grave locations as series of disordered hieroglyphics.

39. Mannheim Biography of Amédée mannheim (18311906) Amédée mannheim entered the ÉcolePolytechnique in Paris in 1848 at the age of 17. Two years later he went to http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Mannheim.html

Born: 17 July 1831 in Paris, France Died: 11 Dec 1906 in Paris, France Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Although slide rules existed before Mannheim's time, invented by Oughtred and Gunter and others, it was Mannheim who standardised the modern version of the slide rule which was in common use until pocket calculators took over a few years ago. It was while he was a student at Metz that the ideas for this slide rule came to Mannheim. I [EFR] purchased a slide rule of the Mannheim type when I was at school and my parents paid 5 pounds for it. That would be the equivalent of perhaps 100 pounds today so the calculator has not only given us a better calculating tool but also a much cheaper one. However, I still have the slide rule and treasure it, while I have thrown out all my early calculators. He made numerous contributions to geometry and for his outstanding contributions to the subject he was awarded the Poncelet Prize of the in 1872. He studied the polar reciprocal transformation introduced by

40. References For Mannheim References for the biography of Amédée mannheim. Amédée mannheim, Proc.London Math. Soc. 5 (1907), 13. G Loria, L opera geometrica di A mannheim, http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Mannheim.html

Version for printing Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Articles: Proc. London Math. Soc. G Loria, L'opera geometrica di A Mannheim, Rendiconti del Circolo matimatico di Palermo G Loria, A Mannheim - soldier and mathematician, Scripta Mathematica C Niven, Mannheim's researches on the wave surface, Quarterly J. Pure Appl. Math. A M Tokarenko, Development of the methods of the exact synthesis of mechanisms in England (1870s-1880s) (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1988 "Nauka" (Moscow, 1988), 218-232. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR May 2000 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Mannheim.html

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