41. Review Of VEDERE TECH ARTICLE etienne louis malus, a French army engineer, discovered polarization. He wasintrigued by the crystal calcite. When an object is viewed through a crystal of http://www.intl-polarizer.com/vederetechartcl.html

Polarized Lens Market Increasing! International Polarizer, Inc. of Marlborough (MA, USA) manufacturers polarizers for scientific, electronic and eyewear markets. The firm, founded in 1985 by leading physicists and Dr. Richard A. Phillips, who is also chairman, applies its expertise, developed in manufacturing films for scientific applications, to the manufacture of films for the eyewear market. It is the world’s largest producer of polarized plastic sheet for the eyewear OEM market. Its staff of renowned scientists continually works to develop improved processes and new uses for polarizers. Light and Polarization Light interacts with the eye, solid surfaces and fluids by its wave nature. The three wave properties of light are interference, diffraction and polarization. In the discovery and understanding each of these fundamental properties of nature, Europeans played the historical key role. Robert Hooke of the Royal Society in London discovered interference. He correctly explained colored interference patterns in thin films by interference between the light reflected from the front and rear surfaces of the film. Professor Francesco Maria Grimaldi at Jesuit College in Bologna discovered diffraction. He observed bands of light in the shadow of objects illuminated by a point source. The effect is explained by bending of light as it passes close to an obstacle, such as pinhole or knife edge.

42. L-9A POLARIZATION (Elementary) 1. PURPOSE To Investigate Some (9) Law of malus. (6) The intensity of light passing through two polarizersdepends on the angle between the 6. malus, etienne louis (17751812). http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/labman3/polarize.htm

L-9A POLARIZATION (Elementary) 1. PURPOSE To investigate some phenomena of polarized light. 2. APPARATUS Optical bench. White light source. Calcite crystal Black glass plate (or pile of six microscope cover glasses) Clear cellophane (or "Scotch" brand cellophane tape, not "magic" tape) Polarizing sheets, 3 linear. Miscellaneous retardation plates, quarter wave, half wave. Circularly polarizing sheets. Plain glass sheets, about 2 inches in diameter. 3. REFERENCES Wood, Elizabeth. Crystals and Light . Van Nostrand, 1964. Wood, Elizabeth. Experiments with crystals and Light . Bell Telephone Labs, 1964. Any good physics text's discussion of polarized light. 4. THEORY Fig. 1. Electromagnetic model of light. Classical electromagnetic theory provides a model of light which is adequate to describe many phenomena of polarization. This model pictures light as an electromagnetic wave in which the electric and magnetic fields have oscillatory variation. At any point and time the electric and magnetic field vectors are mutually perpendicular, and at any point the electric and magnetic vectors' size maintain the same proportion as time goes on. Because of this strict proportionality between the electric and magnetic vectors, only one vector is needed to describe the phenomena. When discussing light we generally concentrate on the electric vector only, especially since it is the electric field which is the one acting on light detectors, including the human eye. So we use the electric vector to "represent" the light wave.

43. History Of Astronomy: Persons (M) malus, etienne louis (17751812). Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist.Math.) Malvasia, Cornelio (1603-1664). Very short biography and about his http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_m.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (M) Deutsche Fassung Mac Laurin, Colin: see Maclaurin, Colin MacDonnell, William John (1842-1910) Short biographical data and archival sources Mach, Ernst (1838-1916) Very short biography and references (Or see German version Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Maclaurin [Mac Laurin], Colin (1698-1746) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Short biography (in French) Very short biography (infoplease.com) Family history Family history (under construction) Find more about Maclaurin with Alta Vista Biographical data (in Estonian) Madsen, Hans Frandsen (1843-1937) Short biographical data and reference Very short biography (under construction) Biography of his son John Percival Vissing Madsen (1879-1969) and briefly about himself Maestlin, Michael (1550-1631) Biographical data and references Short biography Maffei, Francesco Scipione (1675-1755) Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913

44. Article About "Timeline Of Electromagnetism And Classical Optics" In The English 1808 etienne-louis malus discovers polarization by reflection,; 1809 -etienne-louis malus publishes the law of malus which predicts the light http://fixedreference.org/en/20040424/wikipedia/Timeline_of_electromagnetism_and

The Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference : snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org) Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics Claudius Ptolemy tabulates angles of refraction for several media, - Pélerin de Maricourt describes magnetic poles and remarks on the nonexistence of isolated magnetic poles - Dietrich von Freiberg uses crystalline spheres and flasks filled with water to study the reflection and refraction in raindrops that leads to primary and secondary rainbows Johannes Kepler describes how the eye focuses light - Johann Kepler specifies the laws of the rectilinear propagation of the light, - Marko Dominis discusses the rainbow in De Radiis Visus et Lucis - Johannes Kepler discovers total internal reflection , a small angle refraction law, and thin lens optics, Willebrord van Roijen Snell states his Snell's law of refraction, - Cabaeus found that there are two types of electric charges René Descartes quantitatively derives the angles at which primary and secondary rainbows are seen with respect to the angle of the Sun 's elevation

45. Timelinescience - 1801 To 1850 etiennelouis malus discovers polarised light. 1809, The French botanist andzoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck states that animals evolved from simple worms. http://www.timelinescience.org/years/1850.htm

1801 to 1850 Setting the scene In 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte is created Emperor of France. The Napoleonic wars are fought between England and France - the Duke of Wellington and his army defeats Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815. There is an absolute explosion of science in this period, particularly in France. The 18th century fascination with electricity continues during this time, making full use of Volta's invention of the electric battery, announced in 1800. It is the discovery that electricity and magnetism are linked that leads to the work of people like Faraday Henry and Maxwell The teaching of science changes dramatically during the period. Lots of new fields of scientific research develop, including anthropology, archaeology, cell biology, psychology and organic chemistry. Scientific papers became commonplace, enabling scientists to communicate with one another - the birth of international science. The science John Dalton publishes his law of partial pressures for gases.

46. Store Product Details , middle age,threequarter view, uniform. Credit, AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives,......Item ID, malus etienne A3. Title, etienne louis malus. http://store.aip.org/OA_HTML/ecl.jsp?mode=detail&item=99774

47. William Rowan Hamilton: Mathematical Genius (August 2005) - Physics World - Phys him a paper on optics by the French mathematician etiennelouis malus.Dating from 1807, it turned out that malus had already discovered these results. http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/18/8/7

Advanced site search physics world sample issue Request a sample issue browse the archive January February March April May June July August September October November December Latest issue Subscribe to Physics World Media Information ... Editorial Staff quick search Search Physics World Physics World August 2005 William Rowan Hamilton: mathematical genius Feature: August 2005 This year Ireland celebrates the bicentenary of the mathematician William Rowan Hamilton, best remembered for "quaternions" and for his pioneering work on optics and dynamics Picture of genius William showed an astonishing aptitude for languages, and by the age of five was already making good progress in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Before he turned 12, he had broadened his studies to include French, Italian, Arabic, Syriac, Persian and Sanskrit. Of particular interest to him were Semitic languages such as Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic because of the many early biblical texts written in those languages. Religion was always important in the lives of Hamilton and his family, although William himself never had any desire to take holy orders. As a boy, Hamilton also spent some time studying Indian languages because his family thought that there might be a career opening for him with the East India Company. But as he grew older, his uncle ensured that Hamilton concentrated his attention on the classical languages, Latin and Greek, which formed a major portion of the curriculum at Trinity College, Dublin.

48. Optics 6 etiennelouis malus (1775-1812) was another graduate of the ?cole Polytechnique.He rose to the rank of colonel in Napoleon’s corps of engineers, http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~kbnahm/optics 200501/History of Optics Tayper UMD/optic

49. Technophobia 4 Massive Quizbowl Overdose Bonuses By Caltech I Ve answer etiennelouis malus. C. Bertholinus and malus both used crystals of thiscommon birefringent material, whose three perfect cleavages give its http://quizbowl.stanford.edu/archive/technophobia4/caltechugboni.html

Technophobia 4: Massive Quizbowl Overdose Bonuses by Caltech I've Got One Hand in My Packet (Brandon VandeBrake, Jay Catherwood, Josh DenHartog, Jason Meltzer) Welcome to Technophobia! Classify the following 2-manifolds topologically for the stated number of points: A. (5) This closed, orientable space with Euler characteristic equal to is topologically equivalent to the surface of a standard coffee cup. answer: torus B. (10) This closed non-orientable surface with Euler characteristic equal to may be obtained by joining opposite ends of a cylinder with a twist, or by attatching two Mobius bands along their boundary circles. answer: Klein bottle C. (15) This surface with Euler characteristic equal to 1 is obtained by identifying antipodal points on the boundary of a disk. It is closed and non-orientable. Answer: projective plane Identify these Leonardo DaVinci paintings from descriptions 5-10-15: A. (5) Christ is seated at the center of a long table, with six men on each side of him, in a sparsely decorated room. answer: The Last Supper B. (10) Brown and yellow ochre are the colors composing this piece, which features a woman and small child in the center, and a crowd of men and women all trying to look at the child.

50. Ecole Polytechnique - Celebrities Of Our Alumni Community François ARAGO X 1803, AlexisThérèse PETIT X 1811 Augustin FRESNEL X 1804Pierre-louis DULONG X 1805 etienne-louis malus X 1795, Henri BECQUEREL http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID=75

51. Optics 6 etiennelouis malus (1775-1812) was another graduate of the Šcole Polytechnique.He rose to the rank of colonel in Napoleon’s corps of engineers, http://www.math.unipd.it/~frank/astro/appunti/storia/Optics6.html

....Optics Highlights VI Wave Optics T Laplace, Fourier and Poisson th Century, the unsuccessful attempts of Fizeau and then of Michelson and Morley to measure the drag of the ether on light waves led to Einstein Thomas Young (1773-1829), as his epitaph in Westminster Abbey states, was "a man alike eminent in almost every department of human learning." As a medical student he discovered the way the eye lens changes shape in order to focus and the cause of astigmatism. Proficient in many languages, he later made the first nearly correct translation of the Rosetta Stone. His diverse scientific accomplishments included contributions to the theory of elasticity. Influenced by Euler’s arguments, he attempted to prove the wave nature of light, discovered interference and published numerous papers arguing in favor of the wave theory during the first decade of the 19 th century. A savage anonymous review of his work in 1803 in the

52. History Of Optics etienne louis malus (France).As a result of observing light reflected from thewindows of the Palais Louxembourg in Paris through a calcite crystal as it is http://www.lasing.com/paginas/archivos/his_optics.htm

A Brief History of Optics ~300 BC Euclid (Alexandria) In his Optica he notes that light travels in straight lines and describes the law of reflection. He believes that vision involves rays going from the eyes to the object seen and studies the relationship between the apparent sizes of objects and the angles that they subtend at the eye Probably between 100 BC and 150 AD Hero (also known as Heron) of Alexandria. In his Catoptrica , Hero shows by a geometrical method that the actual path taken by a ray of light reflected from a plane mirror is shorter than any other reflected path that might be drawn between the source and point of observation. ~140 AD Claudius Ptolemy (Alexandria). In a twelfth-century Latin translation from the Arabic that is assigned to Ptolemy, a study of refraction, including atmospheric refraction, is described. It is suggested that the angle of refraction is proportional to the angle of incidence Ibn-al-Haitham ( also known as Alhazen) (b. Basra). In his investigations, he used spherical and parabolic mirrors and was aware of spherical aberration. He also investigated the magnification produced by lenses and atmospheric refraction. His work was translated into Latin and became accessible to later european scholars

53. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results etienne louis malus The site provides a short biography of etienne malus (17751812)who researched the mathematics of light. http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psifullrecord.pl?handle=200431-101747

54. Adventures In CyberSound: Investigations With Light : 1704 - 1887 etienne louis malus (17751812) discovered the phenomenon of polarization.If you use a polarizing filter, it cuts down glare (as with polarized sunglasses) http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/LIGHT_CHRON.html

A D V E N T U R E S in C Y B E R S O U N D Investigations with Light : 1704 - 1887 Prior to the mid 17th century, light was presumed to move instantaneously across any distance. Astronomers at the French Academy showed (by comparing the times they expected to see the moons of Jupiter appear from behind that planet with the times they actually observed (about a 15 minute difference)) that light does travel with a definite speed (their calculations were actually fairly accurate, @ 150,000 miles per second). That finding, generated new interest in the "physics" of light, what is it, how does it propagate, etc. The dominant theory through the end of the 17th century was the undulatory (wave) theory of light. Newton's Opticks of 1704 persuaded almost everybody that light is a stream of corpuscles (particles) and he established the corpuscular theory of light. That held until the early 19th century when the French (in trying to save the corpuscular theory) established a wave theory of light. That lasted until the early 20th century when quantum mechanics told us light can be either a wave or a particle depending on what experiments we do. All that is confusing, but here's an easy mnemonic: In the 17th century light was a wave: in the 18th, it became a particle; in the 19th, it turned back into a wave; and finally, in the 20th we've compromised. Under quantum theory and the Uncertainty Principle, we describe light as either a wave or a particle depending on the experiments we choose to make.

55. Malus Translate this page etienne louis malus (1775 - 1812) Teorema de malus (óptica geométrica).Los rayos de un haz luminoso que provienen de la misma fuente puntual, http://es.geocities.com/fisicas/cientificos/fisicos/malus.htm

56. Royal Society | About The Society | Awards, Medals And Prize Lectures | | Rumfor 1810 etiennelouis malus. For the discovery of certain new properties of ReflectedLight, published in the second volume of the Memoires d’Arcueil. http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=1748

57. Citebase - The Qubits Of Qunivac G/A, 14 malus, etiennelouis. Memoires de la Societe d Arcueil 2, 143 (1805).Excerpted in Magie, WF, A Source Book in Physics, McGraw-Hill 1935. http://citebase.eprints.org/cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-th/0206036

58. III. LA METROLOGÍA ÓPTICA Translate this page Fue etienne-louis malus quien en París en 1775 resolvió el enigma, En 1808,etienne-louis malus (1775-1812) descubrió la polarización de la luz por http://omega.ilce.edu.mx:3000/sites/ciencia/volumen2/ciencia3/084/htm/sec_6.htm

III. LA METROLOGÍA ÓPTICA LA METROLOGÍA óptica es la rama de la óptica que tiene como propósito efectuar medidas de muy alta precisión usando las ondas de la luz como escala. Esto se hace por medio de unos instrumentos llamados interferómetros, basados en el fenómeno de la interferencia, que se describirá más adelante. Ya que dicha aplicación está fundamentada en la naturaleza ondulatoria de la luz, se comenzará por describir brevemente la historia del desarrollo de los conceptos sobre la naturaleza de la luz. Posteriormente, se tratarán las principales aplicaciones de la metrología óptica. III.1. LA NATURALEZA DE LA LUZ La naturaleza de la luz ha sido un enigma muy atractivo e interesante para los hombres, desde la más remota antigüedad. Los griegos pitagóricos, alrededor de 530 a.C., al igual que Aristóteles doscientos años más tarde, creían que la visión era causada por partículas que emitía el cuerpo luminoso, que llegaban después al ojo. Sin embargo, los filósofos Platón, Euclides y Claudio Tolomeo, creían que era justo lo contrario, es decir, que las partículas salían del ojo para llegar después al objeto observado. Alhazen, en Arabia, estaba convencido de que el punto de vista de Aristóteles era el correcto, es decir, que la luz salía de los objetos y que al penetrar en el ojo producía la sensación visual. Sin embargo, no se hacía todavía ninguna conjetura sobre la naturaleza de estas emanaciones de las fuentes luminosas. Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1618-1663) ingresó a la Compañía de Jesús a la edad de catorce años. En 1648, siendo ya jesuita, se le ofreció la cátedra de matemáticas en Bolonia. En un experimento que realizo ahí, dejó que penetrara la luz del Sol a un cuarto obscuro a través de un pequeño agujero en una cartulina (Figura 11). Hizo después pasar esta luz a través de otra cartulina perforada, con dimensiones que midió muy cuidadosamente. Descubrió que la luz proyectaba una mancha mayor que la esperada si la propagación de la luz fuera rectilínea. En algunos otros experimentos observó que la orilla de la sombra en lugar de estar bien definida, mostraba algunas franjas claras y oscuras, como se muestra en la figura 12. Estos fenómenos los atribuyó Grimaldi a la presencia de la difracción, debida a la naturaleza ondulatoria de la luz.

59. Etienne-Louis Malus Etienne-louis Light Theta Theory 1810 Historique Les grands Polytechniciens Les physiciens d où il est renvoyé comme suspect (1793), il s enrôle comme volontaire. http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Etienne:Louis:Malus:Ib.htm

var GLB_RIS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_RIR='/cincshared/external';var GLB_MMS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_MIR='/site/image';GLB_MML='/'; document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); A1('s',':','html'); Non User A B C ... Home Etienne-Louis Malus July 23 February 24 ) was a French officer engineer physicist , and mathematician Malus was born in Paris France . He participated in Napoleon's expedition into Egypt to . Malus became a member of the French academy of sciences in His mathematical work was almost entirely concerned with the study of light. This involved him in studying geometrical systems called ray systems, closely connected to Plücker's line complexes. He conducted experiments to verify Huygens' theories of light and rewrote the theory in analytical form. His discovery of the polarisation of light by reflection was published in 1809 and his theory of double refraction of light in crystals in 1810. He is probably best known now for "Malus' Law", the law giving the intensity produced when a polarizer is placed in front of an incident beam: I I cos Malus, Etienne-Louis

60. Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics And You - Timeline - Étienne-Louis Malus Auteurs de textes à valeur historique pour les sciences malus; etienne-louis;Sur une propriété de la lumière réfléchie; ?;; Maricourt (de); Pierre; http://146.201.224.61/optics/timeline/people/malus.html

Visit the Molecular Expressions Website Galleria Photo Gallery ... Home Étienne-Louis Malus Étienne-Louis Malus was born in Paris, France and displayed significant ability in mathematics while attending the military engineering school at Mezires. He was dismissed from the establishment, however, without a commission in 1793 on political grounds. Subsequently, Malus entered the French army as a private soldier and eventually gained notice for his skills, which resulted in his superiors selecting him to study at the École Polytechnique. A pupil of Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier, while enrolled at the state supported institution Malus began carrying out research in optics focusing upon the refractive indices of various materials. Once he received his degree, Malus was accepted into the army’s corps of engineers, but remained associated with the École Polytechnique as an examiner. Malus took part in Napoleon’s campaigns in Egypt and Syria in 1798 and did not leave the region until 1801. Although he continued to hold official posts in the military for many years, Malus became increasingly involved in the study of optics following his return from the East. In 1807, he commenced experiments on double refraction , the phenomenon that causes a light beam to divide into two different rays on passing through certain materials, such as Iceland spar. Malus’s findings supported those obtained earlier by Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens, whose description of double refraction was founded upon the then controversial idea that light is characteristically wavelike. In 1808, Malus famously discovered that light could be

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