1. Etienne-Louis Malus EtienneLouis Malus Etienne-Louis Malus (July 23, 1775 - February 24, 1812) was a French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. Malus, Etienne Louis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 Malus, Etienne Louis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Biografia De Malus, Tienne Louis Las figuras clave de la historia. Reportajes. Los protagonistas de la actualidad. Malus, tienne Louis (Par s, 1775 id., 1812) F sico http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. Malus, Etienne Louis Malus, Etienne Louis (17751812) French physicist who discovered the polarization of light by reflection from a surface (see polarized light. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. MALUS, ETIENNE LOUIS (1775-1812) - Online Information Article MALUS, ETIENNE LOUIS (17751812) - Online Information article about MALUS, ETIENNE LOUIS (1775-1812) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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8. Encyclopedia Etienne-Louis Malus Encyclopedia EtienneLouis Malus Updated 43 days 2 hours 51 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Etienne-Louis Malus http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Etienne-Louis Malus - Music Voyager Travel Guides Information EtienneLouis Malus Etienne-Louis Malus (July 23, 1775 - February 24, 1812) was a French officer?, engineer, physicist, and mathematician. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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11. Malus, Etienne Louis malus, etienne louis (17751812) malus was born in Paris and studied thereat the Ecole Polytechnique. From 1796 he was in the army, taking part in http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Malus/1.html

Malus, Etienne Louis French physicist who discovered the polarization of light by reflection from a surface (see polarized light. He also found the law of polarization that relates the intensity of the polarized beam to the angle of reflection. Malus was born in Paris and studied there at the Ecole Polytechnique. From 1796 he was in the army, taking part in Napoleon's campaign in Egypt and Syria in 1798 and eventually rising to major, but he was also an examiner for the Ecole Polytechnique. Malus began doing experiments on double refraction in 1807. This phenomenon causes a light beam to split in two on passing through Iceland spar and certain other crystals. An empirical description had been given by Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens , based on the assumption that light is wavelike in character, and Malus's results confirmed Huygens's laws. In 1808, Malus held a piece of Iceland spar up to some light reflecting off a window. To his surprise, the light beam emanating from the crystal was single, not double. He then noted that of the two beams that normally emerge from the crystal, only one was reflected from a water surface if the crystal was held at a certain angle. The other passed into the water and was refracted. If the crystal was turned perpendicular, the second beam was reflected and the first refracted. He described the light as being 'polarized'.

12. A Brief History Of Optics etienne louis malus (France). As a result of observing light reflected from thewindows of the Palais Luxembourg in Paris through a calcite crystal as it is http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Physics/Optics/briefhistory/briefhi

Themes Science Physics Optics ~300 BC Euclid (Alexandria) In his Optica he noted that light travels in straight lines and described the law of reflection. He believed that vision involves rays going from the eyes to the object seen and he studied the relationship between the apparent sizes of objects and the angles that they subtend at the eye Probably between 100 BC and 150 AD Hero (also known as Heron) of Alexandria. In his Catoptrica , Hero showed by a geometrical method that the actual path taken by a ray of light reflected from a plane mirror is shorter than any other reflected path that might be drawn between the source and point of observation. ~140 AD Claudius Ptolemy (Alexandria). In a twelfth-century latin translation from the arabic that is assigned to Ptolemy, a study of refraction, including atmospheric refraction, was described. It was suggested that the angle of refraction is proportional to the angle of incidence Ibn-al-Haitham ( also known as Alhazen) (b. Basra). In his investigations, he used spherical and parabolic mirrors and was aware of spherical aberration. He also investigated the magnification produced by lenses and atmospheric refraction. His work was translated into latin and became accessible to later european scholars

13. Malus Biography of etienne louis malus (17751812) Étienne louis malus s fatherwas louis malus de Mitry and was Treasurer of France. Étienne louis was first http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Malus.html

Etienne Louis Malus Born: 23 July 1775 in Paris, France Died: 24 Feb 1812 in Paris, France Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Monge who realised Malus had special mathematical talents. In 1793 Malus left the school, having been dismissed for political reasons. Fourier , and he was perhaps the most able of all of Fourier While in Cairo, Napoleon's fleet was destroyed in Aboukir Bay and Malus wrote, see [3], From then on we realised that all our communications with Europe were broken. We began to lose hope of ever seeing our native land again. At Napoleon's instigation, while they were in Cairo, the Cairo Institute was set up having 12 mathematical members. As well as Malus these included Monge Fourier and Napoleon Bonaparte himself. After returning in 1801 Malus held posts in Antwerp, Strasbourg, and Paris. His mathematical work was almost entirely concerned with the study of light. This involved him in studying geometrical systems called ray systems, closely connected to 's line complexes. He conducted experiments to verify

14. References For Malus References for the biography of etienne louis malus. JB Biot, etienne louismalus, Biographie universelle XXVI (Paris, 1820), 410. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Malus.html

References for Etienne Louis Malus Version for printing Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books: E L Malus, (Paris, 1892). Articles: J B Biot, Etienne Louis Malus, Biographie universelle XXVI (Paris, 1820), 410-. J Z Buchwald, Experimental investigations of double refraction from Huygens to Malus, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. E Frankel, The search for a corpuscular theory of double refraction : Malus, Laplace and the prize competition of 1808, Centaurus Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR January 1997 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Malus.html

15. Malus, Etienne Louis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 malus, etienne louis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ma/Malus-Et.html

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16. MSN Encarta - Search Results - Etienne-Louis Boullee malus, Étienne louis (17751812), French engineer and physicist, recognized for his MSN Encarta Premium. Get more results for etienne-louis Boullee http://encarta.msn.com/Etienne-Louis_Boullee.html

fdbkURL="/encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=Etienne-Louis+Boullee#bottom"; errmsg1="Please select a rating."; errmsg2="Please select a reason for your rating."; MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers. Join Now Searched Encarta for ' Etienne-Louis Boullee' Articles ‰tienne-Louis Boull©e Boull©e, ‰tienne-Louis (1728-1799), French neoclassical architect, whose best-known works are the visionary but unrealized designs he created for... ... France was involved in three wars during Louis's reign. As a result of the first, the War of the Polish Succession (1733-35), France gained the... See all search results in Articles (205) Maps Map of Saint-‰tienne Map of Louis Trichardt (South Africa) See all search results in Maps (40) Louis XIV’s Royal Palace Guillotine execution of Louis XVI Satchmo Sings “Back O’ Town Blues” Louis Pasteur ... Learn more. Go to Magazine Center MSN Encarta Premium Get more results for "Etienne-Louis Boullee" 159 results on MSN Encarta 317 results on MSN Encarta Premium Click here to join today!

17. Etienne Louis Malus [Pictures And Photos Of] etienne louis malus pictures, photos, photographs, images, physics history. http://www.aip.org/history/esva/catalog/esva/Malus_Louis.html

A larger image of any photo may be purchased. Click on an image to place an order. For more information visit our home page Etienne Louis Malus Description middle age, three-quarter view, uniform Item ID Malus Etienne A3

18. Malus, Etienne-Louis --  Encyclopædia Britannica malus, etiennelouis French physicist who discovered that light, when reflected,becomes partially plane polarized; e ie /e , its rays vibrate in the same http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050384

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Étienne-Louis Malus Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1 born June 23, 1775, Paris died Feb. 23, 1812, Paris French physicist who discovered that light, when reflected, becomes partially plane polarized; i.e. , its rays vibrate in the same plane. His observation led to a better understanding of the propagation of light. (75 of 116 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050384

19. Rumford Medal etiennelouis malus. 1812. (no award). 1814. William Charles Wells Gustav RobertKirchhoff. 1864. John Tyndall. 1866. Armand Hippolyte louis Fizeau http://www.nndb.com/honors/428/000072212/

This is a beta version of NNDB Search: All Names Living people Dead people Band Names Book Titles Movie Titles Full Text for Rumford Medal HONOR Awarded by the Royal Society in even-numbered years for an "outstandingly important recent discovery in the field of thermal or optical properties of matter made by a scientist working in Europe." Official Website: http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/awards/medals/RumfordMedal.htm Benjamin Count Rumford (no award) John Leslie William Murdock (no award) (no award) William Charles Wells Humphry Davy David Brewster (no award) (no award) Augustin-Jean Fresnel (no award) (no award) (no award) John Frederick Daniell Macedonio Melloni (no award) James David Forbes Jean-Baptiste Biot William Henry Fox Talbot (no award) Michael Faraday Henri-Victor Regnault George Gabriel Stokes Neil Arnott Louis Pasteur Jules Jamin James Clerk Maxwell Gustav Robert Kirchhoff John Tyndall Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau Balfour Stewart Alfred Olivier Des Cloizeaux Joseph Norman Lockyer Pierre Janssen Alfred Cornu William Huggins William de Wiveleslie Abney Tobias Robertus Thalen Samuel P. Langley

20. Etienne-Louis Malus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia etiennelouis malus He is probably best remembered for malus law, givingthe resultant intensity, I, when a polarizer is placed in an incident beam of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne-Louis_Malus

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$220,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Etienne-Louis Malus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Etienne-Louis Malus Etienne-Louis Malus July 23 February 24 ) was a French officer engineer physicist , and mathematician Malus was born in Paris France . He participated in Napoleon's expedition into Egypt to . Malus became a member of the Acad©mie des Sciences in His mathematical work was almost entirely concerned with the study of light . He studied geometric systems called ray systems , closely connected to Julius Pl¼cker 's line geometry . He conducted experiments to verify Christiaan Huygens ' theories of light and rewrote the theory in analytical form. His discovery of the polarisation of light by reflection was published in and his theory of double refraction of light in crystals , in 1810. He is probably best remembered for Malus' law , giving the resultant intensity, I , when a polarizer is placed in an incident beam of intensity I I I cos - where θ is the angle between the polarisation direction of the incident beam and the axis of the polariser.

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