61. Olivier's Opinion #006 If we come back to Rabbi levi ben gerson, I agree with Doron that probably, likemany of us, he was fascinated by the plays of these charming entities that http://www.ccr.jussieu.fr/gmpib/oliver/opinions/Opinion006.html

About Doron Zeilberger's Opinion #36 While I am very sympathetic with Doron Zeilberger's frank and direct way of expressing his ideas and while most of the mathematics he does with his companion Shalosh B. Ekhad has a strong appeal to me, I am far to agree with it on many minor aspects of his opinions. (It is better to have read Doron Zeilberger's text before reading this. See: and for the feedback he received from various people go to As english is not my mother tongue, any comment on the spelling, grammar or style of this text is welcome. Please mail it to me Mathematician=programmer ? No, a Ph. D. in math does not warrant at all the ability to learn programming, even when one has removed those very common psychological blocks DZ refers to. There is a lot to unlearn, there is the whole social implication of a researcher in the academic system. Moreover, we all now math Ph. D. who aren't smart *at all* and especially about mathematics. Introducing this kind of public to even mathematically-minded computer macro-languages like TeX is sometimes worth Hercules' works. Part of the trouble with any academic system is that there are areas, times and circonstances were you can be dubbed "researcher" or "professor" by only being a good schoolboy, no need to be smart or creative about the subject. In fact, the mathematics researchers I know who program well had most of the time a keen interest in programming or computers before they graduated. It makes me appreciate even more the senior mathematicians who are good with these tools or who switched successfully at a late stage in their career.

62. History Of Astronomy: Persons (G) Gersonides see levi ben gerson (12881344); Getaldic Ghetaldi,Marin Marino (1568-1626). Biographical data and references Biography Short biography http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_g.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (G) Deutsche Fassung Gabir ben Aflah: see Jabir ibn Aflah Gabor, Dennis (1900-1979) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 Including an autobiography. Very short biographical data and links Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich (1934-1968) Very short biography Gale, Walter Frederick (1865-1945) Short biographical data and archival sources Galilei, Galileo Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812-1910) Very short biography Very short biography Very short biography Galois, Evariste (1811-1832) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Crater Galois (lunar feature) Links to WWW sources Gamow, George (1904-1968) Short biography and references Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Very short biography Ganesa (1507-after 1564) Very short biography Gaposchkin, Cecilia Payne: see Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1900-1979) Gascoigne, Sidney Charles (b. 1915) Short biographical data Short biography Gascoigne, William (1621-1644) Biographical data and references Gassendi [Gassend; Gassendy], Pierre (1592-1655)

63. History Of Astronomy: What's New At This Site On May 29, 2000 levi ben gerson Gersonides (12881344). Very short biography. Levi-Civita,Tullio (1873-1941). Very short biography http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/new/new000529.html

History of Astronomy What's new History of Astronomy: What's new at this site on May 29, 2000 Some URLs have been updated. Welcome / About Site map (complete Table of Contents) updated History of astronomy Persons A Finding List of Obituary Notes of Astronomers (1900 - 1997) , compiled by Hilmar W. Duerbeck and Beatrix Ott, with contributions by Wolfgang R. Dick Contains more than 9000 bibliographical entries for obituaries and short obituary notes. A Abbon de Fleury [Abbo of Fleury; Abbo von Fleury; Albo; Albon Floriacensis] (c. 945-1004) Short biography and references (in German) Adam von Bremen [Adam of Bremen] (?-c.1085) Wrote also on the shape of the Earth. Short biography and references (in German) Very short biography Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius [Agrippa von Nettesheim] (1486-1535) Short biography and references (in German) Ahmad Khan, Sir Sayyid (1817-1898) Biography and extended bibliography (in German) Ailly, Pierre d' [Aliacensis; Petrus de Allaco] (1350-c.1420) Short biography and references (in German) al-Farabi, Mohammed [Abu Nasr; Abu al-Nasr; Ablufarabius; Avennasar] (c. 870-950)

64. SISIUS: Ficha Personal: José Luis Mancha Rodríguez Translate this page levi ben gerson. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicinein Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht. Kluwer Academic. 1997. Pag. 509-509. http://investigacion.us.es/sisius/sis_showpub.php?idpers=5940

65. Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: Re: [HM] Pascal's Triangle tradition; two examples are Rabbi ben Ezra and levi ben gerson. (3) Magic squaresmay first occur in the lo shu diagram, which is often linked with the http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/may99/0073.html

Re: [HM] Pascal's Triangle James A Landau JJJRLandau@aol.com Sat, 8 May 1999 16:14:33 EDT Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next message: Dave Cohen: "[HM] Chinese history" Previous message: David Fowler: "Re: [HM] M.H.A. Newman" Maybe in reply to: Arthur B. Powell: "[HM] Pascal's Triangle" Next in thread: Prof. Dr. Ivo Schneider: "Re: [HM] Pascal's Triangle" Next in thread: David Fowler: "Re: [HM] M.H.A. Newman" In a message dated 99-05-08 09:50:25 EDT, Arthur B. Powell wrote: When looking for the first occurrence of a mathematical term, a good place to check is Jeff Miller's Web page at http://members.aol.com/jeff570/mathword.html (one reason to check there is that a number of members of this mailing list are contributors to Jeff's page) The entry for "Pascal's Triangle" reads used the term "arithmetical triangle" (triangle arithmetique). In Italy it is called Tartaglia's triangle and in China it is called Yang Hui's triangle. Who was Yang Hui? He was a Chinese mathematician who flourished from circa 1261 to 1275 and who may also have been known as "Qianguong".

66. AST 3043 TOPIC LIST 1. Celestial Sphere, Poles, And Equator And 67. nakedeye instruments cross-staff (levi ben gerson), nocturnal; Brahe sinnovations. 68. telescopes Galilean refractor, Kepler (astronomical) http://www.astro.ufl.edu/~hsmith/TopicList3043.html

AST 3043 TOPIC LIST 1. celestial sphere, poles, and equator and relation to Earth's poles and equator 2. horizon, zenith, celestial meridian; altitude and latitude, daily (diurnal) motion in different parts of sky and different latitudes 3. Sun's annual motion: evidence, path around ecliptic; equinoxes and solstices, their meanings, their approximate dates, and Sun's noon altitude; rising and setting points through year 4. equatorial coordinates: definitions, units 5. sidereal year vs. tropical year, precession and its effects; heliacal rising of stars 6. Moon's phases and time of day; its motion relative to stars, ascending and descending nodes; synodic, sidereal, and nodical (draconic) months, relative lengths and why, regression of nodes, lunar major and minor standstills 7. Stonehenge: megalith; main elements, possible alignments, Stonehenge Decoded and Aubrey holes; considerations for astronomical identifications generally; probable use 8. Newgrange: alignment, probable use 9. Inca: Coricancha symbolism and alignment; Pleiades heliacal rising; ceque system, huacas, social and spatial organization, and calendar; Cerro Picchu and planting, antizenith (nadir) sunsets 10. inferior and superior planets, configurations, transits, motions on celestial sphere and retrograde motion, synodic

67. Alibris: Religion Judaism History and teachings of Moses Maimonides, Isaac Israeli, Judah Halevi, Abraham IbnDaud, Hillel ben Samuel, levi ben gerson, Joseph Albo, and many others, the. http://www.alibris.com/search/books/subject/Religion Judaism History/page/4

You'll find it at Alibris! Log in here Over 50 million used, new and out-of-print books! CART ACCOUNT WISHLIST HELP ... SEARCH search in Books Music: All CD Vinyl Movies: All DVD VHS by title / ISBN by author / artist by subject / genre Sell it to Alibris for $5. We'll buy your used copy and pay the postage too. learn more my email address unsubscribe here your shopping cart order status wish list ... help browse BOOKS Your search: Books Subject: Religion Judaism History Narrow your results by: Eligible for FREE shipping Narrow results by title Narrow results by author Narrow results by subject Narrow results by keyword Narrow results by publisher or refine further Page of 20 sort results by Top-Selling Used Price New Price Title Author Celebrating Biblical Feasts: In Your Home or Church more books like this by Zimmerman, Martha This unique book brings deeper meaning to seven Jewish feasts by offering a "guided tour" through each celebration from a New Testament perspective. The author carefully explains the significance of each feast, the materials necessary to observe them, and full directions for the events. see all copies from new only from SVS Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel more books like this by Shahak, Israel, and Mezvinsky, Norton

68. Philosophisches Seminar - Prof. Möbuß Translate this page Die Intellektlehre des levi ben gerson in ihrer Beziehung zur christlichen Der Begriff der cientia bei levi ben gerson, in Miscellanea Mediaevalia 22 http://www.philosem.uni-hannover.de/moebuss.htm

Apl. Prof. Dr. Susanne Möbuß ZUR PERSON Geboren am 10.01.1963 in Hannover; Studium der Philosophie und Geschichte in Hannover. LEHRGEBIETE UND FORSCHUNGSSCHWERPUNKTE Jüdische Philosophie des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Französische Gegenwartsphilosophie NEUERE VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN (AUSWAHL) a. Monographien Die Intellektlehre des Levi ben Gerson in ihrer Beziehung zur christlichen Scholastik, Frankfurt / Main, New York, Paris 1991 (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe XX, Band 353). Die Erscheinung des Transzendenten, Eilah Delmedigo und der Averroismus der Renaissance, Hannover 1996. Schopenhauer für Anfänger, "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung". Eine Lese-Einführung, München 1998. Damit er vielsichtig werde. Die Entwicklung des Selbstbewußtseins in der Renaissonce, in: Asa A. Schillinger-Kind, Die Affirmation des Unvermeidlichen in Widerstand und Würde, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Paris 1998 (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe XX, Band 566). Plotin. Zur Einführung, Hamburg 2000. Sartre, Freiburg 2000. b. Beiträge in Sammelwerken und Zeitschriften

69. Project MUSE Regiomontanus had concurred with levi ben gerson that the distance of cometscould be established by parallax observations (Jervis 1985; http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_on_science/v010/10.2barker02.html

How Do I Get This Article? Athens Login Access Restricted This article is available through Project MUSE, an electronic journals collection made available to subscribing libraries NOTE: Please do NOT contact Project MUSE for a login and password. See How Do I Get This Article? for more information. Login: Password: Your browser must have cookies turned on Barker, Peter 1949- "Constructing Copernicus" Perspectives on Science - Volume 10, Number 2, Summer 2002, pp. 208-227 The MIT Press Abstract This paper offers my current view of a joint research project, with Bernard R. Goldstein, that examines Kepler's unification of physics and astronomy. As an organizing theme, I describe the extent to which the work of Kepler led to the appearance of the form of Copernicanism that we accept today. In the half century before Kepler's career began, the understanding of Copernicus and his work was significantly different from the modern one. In successive sections I consider the modern conception of Kepler's contribution to Copernicanism, the most influential sixteenth century view of Copernicus's work and its sequel, Kepler's work from the viewpoint of this tradition, and finally the historical origins of the modern view of Copernicanism. Search Journals About MUSE Contact Us

70. Project MUSE Gersonides (levi ben gerson Ralbag, 12881344, Provence) was the outstandingJewish philosopher, scientist, exegete, and theologian of the fourteenth http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jewish_quarterly_review/v095/95.2lasker.html

How Do I Get This Article? Athens Login Access Restricted This article is available through Project MUSE, an electronic journals collection made available to subscribing libraries NOTE: Please do NOT contact Project MUSE for a login and password. See How Do I Get This Article? for more information. Login: Password: Your browser must have cookies turned on Lasker, Daniel J. "Les methodes de travail de Gersonide et le maniement du savoir chez les scolastiques (review)" Jewish Quarterly Review - Volume 95, Number 2, Spring 2005, pp. 353-356 University of Pennsylvania Press Excerpt Jewish Quarterly Review [Access article in PDF] It is well known that medieval Jewish philosophy was much indebted to its Islamic counterpart not only for its form and content but also for its very existence. Without Islamic models and developments, not to mention the Arabic language and Arabic translations of Greek philosophical sources, the masterpieces of Jewish philosophy, like Saadia Gaon's Beliefs and Opinions , Judah Halevi's Kuzari , and Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed , could not have been written. Jews cited Muslim thinkers as authorities, often entering into the Islamic philosophical disputes. Jewish critiques of philosophy, such as that of Halevi, were influenced by Alghazali. Although the Arabic of the Jewish philosophical treatises was written in Hebrew script, and the scriptural sources were the Bible and not the Quran, Jewish thought in the Islamicate could even be considered a variant of the philosophy of the dominant religion. Even when Jews moved to Christian countries and no longer knew Arabic, the impact of Islamic thought, whose classics had been translated into Hebrew, was still dominant.

71. Mittelalterliche Geschichte Uni Tübingen - Linksammlung: Judentum Cartagena, levi ben gerson, auch Gersonides oder Rabbi L. ben Gerson, http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/mittelalter/links/links11.htm

Startseite Aktuelles Abteilung Studium ... Uni Tübingen Judentum im Mittelalter Jews and the Law in England (1275-90) Die Geschichten der Juden im mittelalterlichen Wien Die Vertreibung der Juden aus Spanien 1492 Soziologiehausarbeit mit knapper Bibliographie, Barbarossas täglich Brot (Die gesellschaftliche Stellung der Juden im Mittelalter) Proseminarsarbeit mit knapper Bibliographie, leider lassen sich die Arbeiten nicht direkt verlinken, man muss also selbst nach dem exakten Titel suchen ( www.google.de Moses Maimonides - eine Einführung und Buchstabe oder Geist? Schriftauslegung in christlich-jüdischen Kontroversen des Mittelalters , beides Listen mit den in den Semesterapparten zur Verfügung gestellten Büchern zu Seminaren der Uni Freiburg Die europäischen Juden und das Zeitalter der Kreuzzüge Das Judentum in Europa bis ins 16. Jahrhundert Medieval Jewish Women in History, Literature, Law, and Art: A Bibliography Early Jewish History in Italy Artikel leider fast ohne Bibliographie und Rashi and the First Crusade: Commentary, Liturgy, Legend

72. L'Impero Portoghese levi ben gerson, la sua introduzione a bordodelle navi portoghesi segue di poco il grande viaggio di Vasco de Gama del http://www.portogallo.cc/impero_portoghese.html

L'Impero portoghese Home L'Impero coloniale Portoghese I Portoghesi, guidati dal principe Enrico il Navigatore (1394-1460), affrontarono il problema della navigazione in modo innovativo, quando iniziarono i grandi viaggi di esplorazione lungo la costa occidentale dell'Africa. Nel 1420 furono colonizzate le Isole Canarie, e nel 1433 fu il turno delle isole Azzorre. In questo periodo fu studiato con cura il sistema di venti dell'Oceano Atlantico, e presto i marinai si convinsero che sarebbero sempre potuti tornare a casa, sia che si muovessero verso Sud, sia che navigassero verso Ovest. Infatti scoprirono che la direzione del vento dominante cambiava con la latitudine e con la stagione. Questi viaggi venivano intrapresi principalmente per aggirare l'impero islamico e raggiungere l'Oriente e, in parte, per soddisfare il desiderio di scoperte del principe Enrico. Fu lo stesso principe a volere a Sagres una scuola, dove si insegnava ad usare i metodi più comuni di navigazione e l'uso di semplici strumenti astronomici. Con questo sistema, quando il navigante voleva recarsi in un luogo la cui altezza polare fosse riportata sul suo quadrante, non doveva fare altro che navigare verso Nord o verso Sud fino a che la Polare non avesse avuto l'altezza voluta e poi muoversi verso Est o verso Ovest, a seconda di casi. In seguito fu insegnato ai naviganti come convertire le differenze di gradi di altezza in leghe, per conoscere di quanto si era navigato nella direzione Nord-Sud, moltiplicando i gradi per 16 e due terzi.

73. Judeu levi ben gerson; Outro tão ou mais importante foi Levi ben Gersom ( Gersonides ) de Provença http://www.revistamirabilia.com/judeu.html

Mirabilia 2 A Different Expression of the Divine: Jewish Knowledge on Geography Spaces in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Resumo Palavras-chave Abstract Voyages, since Antiquity, are important sources for topographical descriptions. Thus, religious persecutions, pilgrimages and commercial routes played a major role for geographical knowledge. This article focuses Jewish geographical knowledge in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Key-words Geographical Knowledge - Jews - Voyages ELIADE, s.d.: 4 POLIAKOV, 1996 SELBOURNE, 2001: 35 The Book of Ways and Kingdoms apud. ADLER, 1987: 2-3 Accounts of the Routes os the Jewish Merchantes to the East em http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/847radanite.html Quadro 1 Viajantes ou autores Annales Francorum Eldad (o Danita) Literatura de viagens Chisdai ibn Shaprut Carta enviada ao rei Khozars Benjamim de Tudela Petachia de Ratisbona Fragmento de "Cairo Geniza" Samuel ben Samsom Judah-al Harizi (viajante) Rabi Jacob Jacob D’Ancona Elijah de Ferrara (viajante) Meshullam ben R. Menahem de Volterra Obadiah de Bertinoro David Reubeni ) e D’ANCONA ( ADLER, 1987: 27

74. Received From Mh2.sprynet.com (mh2.sprynet.com [165.121.2.53]) By on Yedaya haPenini s unusual conception of the void * JL Mancha (Sevilla),on the chronology and Christian context of levi ben gerson s work in http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~judaic/newsletters/8-001p7.txt

Received: from mh2.sprynet.com (mh2.sprynet.com [165.121.2.53]) by m1.sprynet.com (8.8.5/8.8.5) with ESMTP id RAA24455 for ; Wed, 28 Oct 1998 17:31:27 -0800 (PST) Received: from tortoise.oise.utoronto.ca (tortoise.oise.utoronto.ca [142.150.96.236]) by mh2.sprynet.com (8.8.5/8.8.5) with ESMTP id RAA14615; Wed, 28 Oct 1998 17:31:11 -0800 (PST) Received: (from majordom@localhost) by tortoise.oise.utoronto.ca (8.8.8/8.8.8) id IAA24653 for js-network-outgoing; Wed, 28 Oct 1998 08:47:12 -0500 (EST) Date: Wed, 28 Oct 1998 08:47:32 -0500 (EST) From: Lorenzo DiTommaso To: js-network@oise.utoronto.ca Subject: Jewish Studies Newsletter: Multimedia Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-js-network@oise.utoronto.ca Precedence: bulk Reply-To: Jewish Studies Newsletter Subject: Hebrew section of NYU ACF Multilingual Website The NYU ACF Multilingual Website Digest Moderator: Aviva Ben-Ur Managing Editor: Avi Jacob Hyman Review Editor: Henry Abramson Chair: Jonathan Sarna Newsletter Editor: Lorenzo DiTommaso New Books Editor: Lorenzo DiTommaso

75. Western Philosophy And Religion characteristics of works of Moses Maimonides, Isaac Israeli, Judah Halevi,Abraham Ibn Daud, Hillel ben Samuel, levi ben gerson, many others. http://store.doverpublications.com/by-subject-philosophy-and-religion-western-ph

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76. Www.ffplm.it Fondo Fotografico Pierluigi Manzone - Pinhole Photography , Tecnica e di levi ben gerson (1320). Cesare Cesariano nel 1521 pubblica i http://www.ffplm.it/pinholephoto.htm

sulla fotografia stenopeica Pinhole photography Fotografia stenopeica o a foro di spillo Un po' di storia Una breve storia della fotografia mondiale Per quanto riguarda la fotografia stenopeica in Italia si può far riferimento allo storico libro: "La fotografia senza obiettivo" di Luigi Sassi, edizioni Hoepli 1905 o al contemporaneo "La Fotografia Stenopeica" di Vincenzo Marzocchini, edizioni Agora35 2004 Un po' di tecnica Poche sono le regole che servono per costruire una fotocamera a foro stenopeico. E' importante sapere che la definizione (nitidezza) di una immagine ottenuta con un foro stenopeico, posto ad una distanza nota, varia al variare del diametro del foro. Esiste un diametro ottimale del foro per ogni distanza foro/pellicola e viceversa. Ecco la formula matematica che permette di calcolare il diametro ottimale (D) di un foro data la sua distanza dal piano pellicola: Dove D è il diametro del foro espresso in mm;

77. Spinoza: Una Vita Per L'etica Translate this page Lesse le opere di Maimonide, Crescas, levi ben gerson, Ibn Ezra. Conobbe anchela Qabbalah e le opere del neoplatonico Leone Ebreo. http://web.genie.it/utenti/i/inanna/livello2/spinoza.htm

STORIA FILOSOFIA RELIGIONE SCIENZA ... ENGLISH VERSION SPINOZA Una vita per l'etica Spinoza nasce in una ricca famiglia ebraica dedita al commercio. Durante la sua vita riesce a pubblicare una sola opera (il Tractatus Theologico-Politicus ), senza indicazione dell'autore, con un nome falso dell'editore e con il luogo di stampa errato. L'ultimo capitolo del Tractatus ha questo titolo: "Capitolo XX: Si mostra come in un libero Stato ad ognuno è consentito pensare ciò che vuole e dire ciò che pensa" "Caput XX: Ostentidur, in Libera Republica unicuique et sentire, quae velit, et quae sentiat, dicere licet" Località : Olanda Epoca : 1632-1676 d.C. L'ambiente storico Con la pace di Westfalia (1648) le Province Unite, odierna Olanda, ottennero l'indipendenza dalla Spagna Nel 1650 la carica di Stadhouder venne soppressa e per 12 anni le Province Unite furono una repubblica. Gran Pensionario divenne Johan de Witt. Nel 1672 l'esercito francese invase l'Olanda. Il partito orangista assunse il potere. Il 20 agosto Johan de Witt fu barbaramente ucciso insieme al fratello e Guglielmo III d'Orange assunse il controllo del paese.

78. Gersonides: Information From Answers.com levi ben Gershon ( levi son of gerson ), better known as gersonides or theRalbag (12881344), was a famous rabbi, philosopher, mathematician and Talmudic http://www.answers.com/topic/gersonides

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Encyclopedia Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Gersonides Encyclopedia Gersonides gərsŏn Ä­dēz ) or Levi ben Gershon lē vÄ« bĕn g»r shən ) , 1288–1344, Jewish philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, called also Ralbag, from the initials of his Hebrew name, b. Languedoc. He wrote scientific works and commentaries on Averro«s and the Torah. His Milchamoth Adonai [the wars of the Lord] is an elaborate treatise modeled after the Moreh Nevukhim of Maimonides. It is mainly a systematic criticism of the syncretism of Maimonides. His scientific views remained influential into the 19th cent. Wikipedia Gersonides Levi ben Gershon ("Levi son of Gerson"), better known as Gersonides or the Ralbag ), was a famous rabbi , philosopher, mathematician and Talmudic commentator. He was born at Bagnols in Languedoc France Biography As in the case of the other medieval Jewish philosophers little is known of his life. His family had been distinguished for piety and exegetical skill in Talmud, but though he was known in the Jewish community by commentaries on certain books of the Bible , he never seems to have accepted any rabbinical post. Possibly the freedom of his opinions may have put obstacles in the way of his preferment. He is known to have been at

79. Page About Freemasonry, Essays: Pythagoras And Mystic Science The leading Jewish mathematician of the 14th century was Rabbi levi bengerson (RaLBaG)of Catalonia, but more commonly known in science books as Master Leo http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/Masonry/Essays/pythagoras.html

Dr. Daniel Farhey, Jacob Caspi Lodge, Haifa, Israel In fact, the "Ancient Mysteries' Magi" specialized in "science" as it was perceived in those days, with the considerable influence of their "specialization" in paganism. The sparse knowledge of the Magi and the surrounding society caused the secrecy and mysticism. At this period, special instructors called "Sophists" (scholars) were brought from Sicily. Opposed to the first and original Pythagoreans, the Sophists taught for pay and somehow abandoned the secrecy and mysticism. Hippocrates, a Pythagorean, was the principal combatant against the secrecy and published for the first time a book entitled "Principles". Subsequently, a very famous school was founded in Alexandria, Egypt, under Pythagorean influence. The most famous scholars were Euclid, Ptolemy, Menelaus, and Nicomachus, who revived the original Pythagorean theory. After the year A.D. 415, these theories did not continue to develop in Alexandria and the principal subject for research and study was theology, while the paganism passed away with the art of science. In the year A.D. 529, all the schools in Athens were closed according to an order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, thus ending one of the most brilliant periods in the development of mathematics and science. The philosophy and many theories on the Pythagorean way of life, transmitted orally by Pythagoras, were considerably influenced by the way of life of Judaism and the Bible, which was the only source explicitely prescribing the order. King Solomon lived about 400 years before Pythagoras. After the destruction of the First Temple of Jerusalem (586 B.C., before Pythagoras was born), under foreign and hostile rule, Jews gathered in regional schools. The five-pointed star (not six!) refered in Judaism "Solomon's Seal" and by the Greeks "pentagrama", was, in addition to the triangle, one of the symbols of the Pythagoreans. As known, the most ancient source of the pentagrama found by archeologists is Jewish. There is even a presumption that it was the symbol of the Jews before the six-pointed star "Shield of David".

80. Gersonides -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article levi ben Gershon, ( levi son of gerson ), better known as gersonides or theRalbag (1288—1344 CE), was a famous (Spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/gersonides.htm

Gersonides [Categories: Medieval philosophers, Middle Ages rabbis, Philosophers of Judaism] Levi ben Gershon , ("Levi son of Gerson"), better known as Gersonides or the Ralbag (Spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; qualified to expound and apply Jewish law) rabbi , philosopher and (The collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism) Talmud ic commentator, and is well-known to scholars of (The monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud) Judaism . He was born at Bagnols in (Click link for more info and facts about Languedoc) Languedoc in what is today (A republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe) France Biography As in the case of the other (Click link for more info and facts about medieval) medieval Jewish (A specialist in philosophy) philosophers little is known of his life. His family had been distinguished for piety and exegetical skill in Talmud, but though he was known in the Jewish community by commentaries on certain books of the (The sacred writings of the Christian religions) Bible , he never seems to have accepted any rabbinical post. Possibly the freedom of his opinions may have put obstacles in the way of his preferment. He is known to have been at

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