21. Doron Zeilberger's 36th Opinion: Rabbi levi ben gerson, in his prealgebra text (1321), Sefer Ma asei Khosev, So levi ben gerson had an inkling of the algebraic revolution to come, http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~zeilberg/Opinion36.html

Opinion 36: Don't Ask: What Can The Computer do for ME?, But Rather: What CAN I do for the COMPUTER? By Doron Zeilberger Written: March 5, 1999 Rabbi Levi Ben Gerson, in his pre-algebra text (1321), Sefer Ma'asei Khosev, had about fifty theorems, complete with rigorous proofs. Nowadays, we no longer call them theorems, but rather (routine) algebraic identities. For example, proving (a+b)*c=a*c+b*c took him about half a page, while proving (a-b)*c+a*(b-c)=b*(a-c) took a page and a half, and proving a*(b*c*d)=d*(a*b*c) took him one page. The reason that it took him so long is that while he already had the algebraic concepts, he still was too hung-up on words, and while he used symbols, (denoted by dotted Hebrew letters), he did not quite utilize, systematically, the calculus of algebraic identities. The reason was that he was still in a pre-algebra frame of mind, and it was more than three hundred years later (even after Cardano), that probably Viete started the modern `high-school' algebra. So Levi Ben Gerson had an inkling of the algebraic revolution to come, but still did not go all the way, because we humans are creatures of habit, and he liked proving these deep theorems so much that it did not occur to him to streamline them, and hence kept repeating the same old arguments again and again in long-winded natural language.

22. Philosophy: Philosophers: G: Gersonides Spirit And Sky levi ben gerson. levi ben gerson. Biographical article with links and bibliography,from the MacTutor History of Mathematics. http://www.spiritandsky.com/philosophy/philosophers/g/gersonides/

Home philosophy philosophers g : gersonides Web www.spiritandsky.com Home Search Suggest a Site Submission Guidelines ... g : gersonides Links: Bibliographia Gersonideana Bibliographia Gersonideana Annotated bibliography of primary and secondary sources on this medieval Jewish thinker, compiled by Menachem Kellner. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113673 Gersonides Gersonides Article by Tamar Rudovsky from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Provides a bibliography, in addition to discussions of this philosopher's life, work and doctrine of astrological determinism. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113671 Levi ben Gershon Levi ben Gershon Article on this medieval philosopher and astronomer, from the Jewish Encyclopedia. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113670 Levi ben Gerson Levi ben Gerson Biographical article with links and bibliography, from the MacTutor History of Mathematics. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113674 Wikipedia: Gersonides Wikipedia: Gersonides Article from this openly-edited encyclopedia. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113672 Home philosophy philosophers g : gersonides Home Search Suggest a Site Submission Guidelines ... About The Artist permission from spiritandsky.com is strictly prohibited.

23. Yale University Library Behai ben Asher. 1492. Naples. Zi +6737. Perush ha Torah. levi ben gerson. 14746.Mantua. Zi +6906. Perush ha Torah. Nahmanides. 1489. Lisbon. Zi +9833. http://www.library.yale.edu/judaica/incunab.html

The Collection / 15th-century Incunabula / 16th-century Hebrew imprints Bibliographies Hebrew Periodicals Micorform Notable New Acquisitions / Texts on CD ROM Yiddish Periodicals Yizkor Books The Judaic Studies Reading Room ... Contact Us 15th-Century Incunabula Below is a list of incunabula in alphabetical order by title. The citation includes title, author, place of publication, year published, and Yale University Library call number. All these incunabula are housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. If you have any questions locating the materials, please speak to Nanette Stahl , the Curator of the Judaica Collection To Search This Web Page by Title, Author, or Place of Publication: From "Edit" on the Menu Bar, go to "Find" Type in your search word and hit enter.

24. Previous Volumes levi ben gerson s Preliminary Remarks for a Theory of Planetary Latitudes. 31.JL Mancha levi ben gerson s Star List for 1336. 59. Francisco MorenoCarvalho http://www.alephj.huji.ac.il/Previous.htm

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Aleph 1 (2000) Aleph Abstracts ARTICLES B.R. Goldstein Levi ben Gerson's Preliminary Remarks for a Theory of Planetary Latitudes J.L. Mancha Levi ben Gerson's Star List for 1336 Francisco Moreno-Carvalho A Newly-Discovered Letter by Galileo Galilei . Contacts Between Galileo and Jacob Rosales (Manoel Bocarro Francês), a Seventeenth-Century Jewish Scientist and Sebastianist Hans Lausch "The Ignorant Hold Back Their Judgement and Await the Conclusions of the Knowing" — Moses Mendelssohn and Other Mathematicians David B Ruderman Some Jewish Responses to Smallpox Prevention in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A New Perspective on the Modernization of European Jewry David A. Hollinger

25. Gersonides Rather, inasmuch as levi ben gerson is a member of the species humanity and the levi ben gerson s Contributions to Astronomy in Studies on Gersonides. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gersonides/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change AUG The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Gersonides Perhaps no other medieval Jewish philosopher has been so maligned over the centuries as Gersonides (Levi ben Gerson, acronym Ralbag). Indeed, his major philosophical work, Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem The War of the Lord , 1329), was called " Wars against the Lord " by one of his opponents. Despite the vilification of his position, Gersonides emerges as one of the most significant and comprehensive thinkers in the medieval Jewish tradition. He has been constantly quoted (even if only to be criticized), and, through the works of Hasdai Crecas and others, Gersonides' ideas have influenced such thinkers as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibiniz and Benedict de Spinoza. This article will survey his major contributions to medieval philosophy. 1. Introduction

26. 1288 1344 Astronomy of levi ben gerson, 12881344 (Studies in the History of Mathematics levi ben gerson s Prognostication for the Conjunction of 1345 http://1288-1344.idoneos.com/

Homepage Idoneos.com Shop Directory Top RSS news See Also astronomy general science astrology ... religion Links levi levis prognostication Web idoneos.com Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People: A Study in Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Biblical Commentary (S U N Y Series in Jewish Philosophy) Published: 01 February, 1995 Author: Robert Eisen ... marketplace, click here... Our price: Buy one from zShops for: Sales rank: 1041010 Average customer rating: Phooey! My interest in Gersonides was because he felt that the perfection of mathematics proved the existence of God. Although this book is well written, Gersonides comes off as a real [...]. The arrangement of the subject material makes it a complete waste of time. An accessible review of a complicated philosopher Levi ben Gershom, better known as Gersonides, or the Ralbag, isn't an easy philosopher to read. Very few of his works have modern translations, and those that do exist are of little help to those without a background in medieval philosophy. For those of us who are interested in the radical theological innovators of the medieval era, such as Gersonides and Maimonides, it is helpful to have a guide such as Eisen's book to guide us through Gersonide's sophisticated arguments. It is concise, well written, helpful, and does not make the mistake of talking down to the reader. A certain amount of intellectual sophistication is assumed on the part of the reader - but I assume that this would be true of anyone who wishes to read Gersonides to begin with!

27. Important Message From Doron Zeilberger So levi ben gerson had an inkling of the algebraic revolution to come, but stilldid not go all the way, because we humans are creatures of habit, http://pauillac.inria.fr/algo/AofA/mailing_list/msg00113.html

ANALYSIS of ALGORITHMS, Bulletin Board Date Prev Date Next Thread Prev Thread Next ... Thread Index Important message from Doron Zeilberger To AofA@pommard.inria.fr Subject Important message from Doron Zeilberger From helmut@cam.wits.ac.za Date: Wed, 7 Apr 1999 09:48:31 GMT +2 Organization: MS, University of the Witwatersrand Priority: normal http://www.math.temple.edu/~zeilberg/ http://www.math.temple.edu/~zeilberg/ http://www.math.temple.edu/~zeilberg/programs.html )., in particular RENE ( http://www.math.temple.edu/~zeilberg/tokhniot/RENE http://www.wits.ac.za/helmut/index.htm Prev by Date: complexite pseudo-diadique Next by Date: Set symmetric difference Prev by thread: complexite pseudo-diadique Next by thread: Set symmetric difference Index(es): Date Thread Date Prev Date Next ... Thread Index

28. Geomat levi ben gerson. af Ivan Tafteberg Jakobsen. Jakobsstaven er opfundet af denjødiske lærde levi ben gerson, også kendt under navnet Gersonides eller Leo de http://www.geomat.dk/opdagelser_og_navigation/kildetekster/Levi_ben_Gerson/levi_

29. Den ældste Beskrivelse Af En Jakobsstav (o.1340) Download I Jakobsstaven er opfundet af den jødiske lærde levi ben gerson, levi ben gersonskrev på hebraisk et større religiøstfilosofisk værk med titlen Herrens http://www.geomat.dk/opdagelser_og_navigation/kildetekster/Levi_ben_Gerson/Levi_

30. Ivars Peterson's MathLand combinations can be found in the writings of levi ben gerson (12881344). derived in a manner strikingly similar to that used by levi ben gerson. http://www.maa.org/mathland/mathland_1_20.html

Search MAA Online MAA Home Ivars Peterson's MathLand January 20, 1997 Fragments of the Past The early history of mathematics is like a jigsaw puzzle missing many of its pieces. Historians and mathematicians have been painstakingly filling in the blanks, gradually constructing a richer, more complete story of how and where mathematical thought originated and spread. One period of considerable interest is that between the decline of Greek mathematics, coinciding with the collapse of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century, and the rise of European mathematics in the fifteenth century. Mathematics professor Morris Kline of New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences expressed a common view of that period in his 1972 book Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times . "The Arabs made no significant advance in mathematics," he wrote. "What they did was absorb Greek and Hindu mathematics, preserve it, and ultimately, ... transmit it to Europe." In other words, Islamic scholars did little more than put Greek mathematics into cold storage until Europe was ready to accept it.

31. Jewish Astronomy In Sefarad (Spain) 13 BR Goldstein (1985) The Astronomy of levi ben gerson (12881344), 14 BR Goldstein (1969) Preliminary Remarks on levi ben gerson s http://wise-obs.tau.ac.il/judaism/sefarad.html

Astronomy in Sefarad Yuval Ne'eman Mortimer and Raymond Sackler Institute of Advanced Studies Tel Aviv University , Israel 1. Greeks and Hebrews: two intertwining intellectual progressions In very broad lines, Western culture is the outcome of two independent intellectual progressions: Greek philosophy and science, centered on a rational understanding of the world - and Hebrew ethics, worrying about the condition of man and his interaction with other men. On the Greek side, we note that at the beginning of the first Century AD, Eratosthenes (250 BC) had already computed the diameter of the earth with an error of less than 1/2 %, Hipparchus (150 BC) had evaluated the distance to the Moon with a 1/3 % precision, Hero (100 BC) had invented the steam engine [1]. On the Jewish side, Abraham (1800 BC) had put an end to human sacrifice, Moses (1300 BC) had codified the day of rest, to be applied even to slaves and house animals, Amos (800 BC) had preached social justice and Isaiah (700 BC) had already conceived the idea of universal peace - in a world where war remained the explicit ideal "manly" activity for another thousand years [2]. Note that in this ethical voyage of discovery, Jewish society had evolved "schools" as early as 1000 BC [3], the earliest foundations of what was later to become a learning-oriented culture. In parallel, we have, of course, the Athens Academy ( ~ 500 BC). With the destruction of the Second Temple (70 AD), the Jewish cult and rites centre on learning much more than before. Judaism, as remodeled for a countryless nation by Yokhanan Ben Zakkay (Ist Century AD) became a study-oriented religion. Note that 1000 years later, in medieval Europe, all male Jews were literate, at a time when in most of Europe, only churchmen could read.

32. Aleph Table Of Contents No. 2 levi ben gerson s Preliminary Remarks for a Theory of Planetary Latitudes / 15 levi ben gerson s Star List for 1336 / 31. Francisco MorenoCarvalho http://iupjournals.org/aleph/aptoc2.html

Aleph Number 2 C ONTENTS Number 2 Abstracts / 9 Articles B.R. Goldstein Levi ben Gerson's Preliminary Remarks for a Theory of Planetary Latitudes / 15 J.L. Mancha Levi ben Gerson's Star List for 1336 / 31 Francisco Moreno-Carvalho Hans Lausch "The Ignorant Hold Back Their Judgement and Await the Conclusions of the Knowing"Moses Mendelssohn and Other Mathematicians / 93 David B. Ruderman Some Jewish Responses to Smallpox Prevention in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A New Perspective on the Modernization of European Jewry / 111 David A. Hollinger Why Are Jews Preeminent in Science and Scholarship? The Veblen Thesis Reconsidered / 145 Discussion Forum On Yehuda Liebes' recent Torat Ha-yesirah sel Sefer Yesirah Y. Tzvi Langermann On the Beginnings of Hebrew Scientific Literature and on Studying History Through " Maqbilot " (Parallels) / 169 David Shulman Sefer Yesirah and Sanskrit Linguistics / 191 Steve Wasserstrom Further Thoughts on the Origins of Sefer Yesirah Brief Communications A Newly-Discovered Partial Hebrew Version of Al-Khwarizmi's Algebra Ruth Glasner Levi ben Gershom (Gersonides) / 235 Cyrill Aslanov Joseph Ibn Kaspi / 259 John North Y. Tzvi Langermann

33. Islamic Philosophy: Transmission Into Western Europe including Moses ibn Tibbon, Shem Tov Ibn Falaquera, levi ben gerson (see Republic) and of levi ben gerson s supercommentary on the Organon, http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H056.htm

Islamic philosophy: transmission into Western Europe Early translations: twelfth century Thirteenth-century translations The contribution of Jewish scholars The beginnings of Arabic scholarship 1. Early translations: twelfth century Some seventy works were translated from Arabic by Gerard of Cremona , nicknamed 'the Master' ( dictus magister ), at the cathedral of Toledo. These included Aristotle's Posterior Analytics Physics On Generation and Corruption and Meteorology I-III (see Aristotle ), as well as four short tracts on natural science by Alexander of Aphrodisias . To these originally Greek works, Gerard added four philosophical letters of al-Kindi , a letter on proof by the Ikhwan al-Safa' and al-Farabi's Kitab ihsa' al-'ulum (On the Classification of the Sciences) (see al-Farabi Also at this time, the importance of the al-Shifa' (Healing) of Avicenna (Ibn Sina) was brought to the notice of Archbishop John of Toledo by a Jewish scholar called 'Avendauth' (perhaps the same as Abraham Ibn Daud , the author of al-'Aqida al-rafi'a (The Exalted Faith) ). Portions of the text, including those on universals, physics (in part), the soul and metaphysics, were translated by Avendauth, Dominicus Gundissalinus (an archdeacon in the cathedral

34. Segeln/ Der Jakobsstab, Winkelmessinstrument Der Alten Seefahrer Translate this page Wenn man in Betracht zieht, dass levi ben gerson, möglicherweise Enkel des Mosesben Nachman (Nachmanides), seine astronomischen Kenntnisse auf Schriften http://www.esys.org/technik/jakobsstab.html

E S EGEL- I NFORMATIONS SYS TEM Der Jakobsstab, Winkelmessinstrument der alten Seefahrer von Manfred Iffland Last update: Donnerstag, 15.3.2001, 06:05:33 Uhr Er beschreibt wie Vasco da Gama in Ostafrika einem Mauren seine Astrolabien zeigt. Astrolabium Quadrant Obwohl der Jakobstab bereits 1433 von Paolo Toscanelli (1397 - 1482) erfolgreich zur Ortsbestimmung eines Kometen verwendet worden war, konnte er sich in der Seefahrt, trotz der erheblichen Vereinfachung im Gebrauch durch Regiomontanus, erst ab dem 16. Jahrhundert durchsetzen. Sextant von Isaak Newton 1699 Der Nachbau eines Jakobstabes von Wilhelm Dorenbusch, ist beim Arbeitskreis Norderney der Wilhelm-Dorenbusch-Sternwarte auf Norderney zu besichtigen. Sail home to ESYS ... [Google] [Altavista] [Euroseek] [Allesklar.de] ... [Hotbot] Page by Peter O.Walter

35. History Of Trigonometry levi ben gerson worked on plane trigonometry, particularly the laws of sines andcosines He expanded on levi ben gerson s work. He proved the Sine Rule, http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110248/trigonometry/history2.htm

History of Trigonometry Contents Early Trigonometry European Developments Trigonometry Main Page European Developments Trigonometry reached Europe in the medieval times. Richard of Wallingford wrote a text on trigonometry, Quadripartium . He related the Indian sine to the ancient chords. He used Euclid's Elements as a basis for his arguments in plane trigonometry. Levi ben Gerson worked on plane trigonometry, particularly the laws of sines and cosines. In the 16th century, trigonometry was incorporated into geography and navigation. Knowledge of trigonometry was used to construct maps, determining the position of a land mass in relation to the longitudes and latitudes. Johannes Muller, or more popularly known as Regiomontanus, wrote a text On Triangles . He studied plane trigonometry, including results for solving triangles. He expanded on Levi ben Gerson's work. He proved the Sine Rule, and also considered the ambiguous case in using the rule. Later works improved the tables of sines, which has been worked on extensively; as well as included tables for the other functions. Thomas Finck was the first to use the modern terms "tangent" and "secant". The workd so far applied trigonometric concepts in astronomy. It was only until Bartholomew Pitiscus when there was a text considering the solving of a plane triangle on earth. He invented the word "trigonometry", in his title

36. Table Of Contents XV. levi ben gerson. XVI. AARON BEN ELIJAH OF NICOMEDIA. XVII. HASDAI BEN ABRAHAMCRESCAS. XVIII. JOSEPH ALBO. CONCLUSION. BILIOGRAPHY http://web.doverpublications.com/cgi-bin/toc.pl/0486422372

American History, American...... American Indians Anthropology, Folklore, My...... Antiques Architecture Art Bridge and Other Card Game...... Business and Economics Chess Children Clip Art and Design on CD-...... Coloring Books Cookbooks, Nutrition Crafts Detective, Ghost , Superna...... Dover Patriot Shop Ethnic Interest Features Gift Certificates Gift Ideas History, Political Science...... Holidays Humor Languages and Linguistics Literature Magic, Legerdemain Military History, Weapons ...... Music Nature Performing Arts, Drama, Fi...... Philosophy and Religion Photography Posters Psychology, Education Puzzles, Amusement, Recrea...... Science and Mathematics Shakespeare Shop Sociology, Anthropology, M...... Sports, Out-of-Door Activi...... Stationery, Gift Sets Stationery, Seasonal Books...... Summer Fun Shop Summer Reading Shop Teacher's Store Travel and Adventure Women's Studies Clearance Center A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy by Isaac Husik ISBN: 0486422372 Dover Publications Price: $18.95 click here to see this book In this enlightening study, a noted scholar elucidates the distinguishing characteristics of the works of several Jewish thinkers of the Middle Ages. In addition to summaries of the main arguments and teachings of Moses Maimonides, Isaac Israeli, Judah Halevi, Abraham Ibn Daud, Hillel ben Samuel, Levi ben Gerson, Joseph Albo, and many others, the author offers insightful analyses and commentary. Of particular value to beginners, this volume is also an ever-relevant resource for many issues of scholarly debate.

37. Spinoza - Theological-Political Treatise: Chapter 9. Rabbi levi ben gerson and others believe that these forty years which the Therefore it is evident that levi ben gerson (certainly a very learned man), http://home.earthlink.net/~tneff/tpt09.htm

HOME Intro. MT ST ... NextPg Theological-Political Treatise: Chapter 9. - OTHER QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE SAME BOOKS: NAMELY, WHETHER THEY WERE COMPLETELY FINISHED BY EZRA, AND, FURTHER, WHETHER THE MARGINAL NOTES WHICH ARE FOUND IN THE HEBREW TEXTS WERE VARIOUS READINGS. PREV NEXT THIS UPPER ... TOP How greatly the inquiry we have just made concerning the real writer of the twelve books aids us in attaining a complete understanding of them, may be easily gathered solely from the passages which we have adduced in confirmation of our opinion, and which would be most obscure without it. But besides the question of the writer, there are other points to notice which common superstition forbids the multitude to apprehend. Of these the chief is, that Ezra (whom I will take to be the author of the aforesaid books until some more likely person be suggested) did not put the finishing touches to the narrative contained therein, but merely collected the histories from various writers, and sometimes simply set them down, leaving their examination and arrangement to posterity. PREV NEXT THIS UPPER ... TOP The cause (if it were not untimely death) which prevented him from completing his work in all its portions, I cannot conjecture, but the fact remains most clear, although we have lost the writings of the ancient Hebrew historians, and can only judge from the few fragments which are still extant. For the history of Hezekiah (2 Kings xviii:17), as written in the vision of Isaiah, is related as it is found in the chronicles of the kings of Judah. We read the same story, told with few exceptions, [N11], in the same words, in the book of Isaiah which was contained in the chronicles of the kings of Judah (2 Chron. xxxii:32). From this we must conclude that there were various versions of this narrative of Isaiah's, unless, indeed, anyone would dream that in this, too, there lurks a mystery. Further, the last chapter of 2 Kings 27-30 is repeated in the last chapter of Jeremiah, v.31-34.

38. Evolution Of The Sextant It was first described in 1342 by a Jewish scholar named levi ben gerson. 1342 Cross staff described by levi ben gerson http://home.earthlink.net/~nbrass1/cardart.htm

Evolution of the Sextant by Rod Cardoza West Sea Co. 2495 Congress St. San Diego CA 92110 Phone: (619) 296-5356 Fax: (619) 296-1097 Edited by A. N. Stimson, Head of Navigation Section, Department of Astronomy and Navigation, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England. The sextant has come to be widely recognized as a universal nautical symbol. Indeed, the sextant, in conjunction with the compass, has been the basic navigational tool for more than two centuries. The mariners' most prized possession was often his sextant. Witness the drama portrayed by the handwritten account found with a 19th century English sextant. "This sextant was salvaged from the pilot house of the Norwegian steamship Victory by her master, after being sunk by gunfire from a German submarine 35 miles north of Ushant at 1:00 PM on July 6, 1917. The master, 2nd mate, nine crewmen, and a stowaway were rescued from an open boat by the USS O'Brien at 5:30 A.M. on July 7th, 20 miles west of Ushant and were later landed at St. Nazaire, France. As a token of his gratitude for the rescue the master gave this sextant to the Captain of the O'Brien (jpeg 18K) It is only in the last 20 years, with the advent of satellite navigation and inertial guidance, that the demise of the sextant has been heralded. Yet, despite its obsolescence in the computer age, the simplicity, accuracy, and relatively low cost of the sextant will ensure its survival.

39. Gersonides levi ben gerson was born in 1288 in Provence and may have lived for a time in levi ben gerson’s Contributions to Astronomy in Studies on Gersonides. http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/archives/win2001/entries/gersonides/

This is a file in the archives of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z Gersonides Perhaps no other medieval Jewish philosopher has been so maligned over the centuries as Gersonides (Levi ben Gerson, acronym Ralbag). Indeed, his major philosophical work, Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem The War of the Lord , 1329), was called " Wars against the Lord 1. Introduction 2. Biography 3. Major Works 4. Major Themes in Milhamot Ha-Shem ... Related Entries 1. Introduction In the introduction to his recently completed translation of Wars of the Lord , Feldman suggests that the significance of Gersonides lies in his emphasis upon "religious rationalism in Judaism." According to Feldman, we see a man who "has taken seriously the fact that he has reason, who believes that this faculty is God-given, and who attempts to understand God with this instrument" ( Wars , p. 52). Gersonides is the philosopher who attempted to show that philosophy and Torah, that reason and revelation are co-extensive; he is a philosophical optimist who believes that reason was fully competent to attain all the important and essential truths. Thus, according to Feldman, Gersonides is "a most vigorous and consistent defender of human reason in religion"( Wars , p. 53).

40. Gersonides levi ben gerson was born in 1288 in Provence and may have lived for a time in levi ben gerson s Contributions to Astronomy in Studies on Gersonides. http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/archives/spr2004/entries/gersonides/

This is a file in the archives of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z This document uses XHTML-1/Unicode to format the display. Older browsers and/or operating systems may not display the formatting correctly. last substantive content change AUG Gersonides Perhaps no other medieval Jewish philosopher has been so maligned over the centuries as Gersonides (Levi ben Gerson, acronym Ralbag). Indeed, his major philosophical work, Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem The War of the Lord , 1329), was called " Wars against the Lord " by one of his opponents. Despite the vilification of his position, Gersonides emerges as one of the most significant and comprehensive thinkers in the medieval Jewish tradition. He has been constantly quoted (even if only to be criticized), and, through the works of Hasdai Crecas and others, Gersonides' ideas have influenced such thinkers as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibiniz and Benedict de Spinoza. This article will survey his major contributions to medieval philosophy. 1. Introduction

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