61. Keyed-in This week s look in the vaults tells us about sofia kovalevskaya . sofia The winner, announced on Christmas Eve, was sofia kovalevskaya. http://www.netagency.co.uk/keyedin/vaults.html

Interactive worksheets Teacher resources SATs preparation Ed's puzzle page ... Strategy Games Sofia Kovalevskaya This week's look in the vaults tells us about Sofia Kovalevskaya Kovalevskaya was born on January 15, 1850, in Moscow. She was a brilliant mathematician and showed an interest in the subject from an early age. When Sofia was about six years old, her father retired from the army and the family moved to live in a castle near the Lithuanian border. She felt unloved and ignored by her parents and this was made worse by the remote location of the castle. She had a strict English governess who would humiliate her if she ever disobeyed or failed to live up to expectations. The family didn't have enough wallpaper for Sofia's room so the walls were covered with some printed notes on advanced maths that her father had bought when he was a student. Little did anyone realise what an effect this would have on Sofia. She spent hours studying the formulas and trying to understand them. She remembered these formulas years later when she began to study maths at an advanced level and amazed her teachers by what she knew.

62. Women Of The Moon List kovalevskaya, sofia V. Russian mathematician (18501891). Leavitt, Henrietta S.American astronomer (1868-1921). Lepaute, Nichole Reine De La Briere http://www.womanastronomer.com/moonwomen1list.htm

There are 68 craters on the Moon with female names, with 28 named for actual women that have made contributions to humanity. The remaining 40 craters are female names from various nationalities and were added by the IAU in 1976 and 1979. The most recent additions were made in 1988 to honor the two women, Christa McAuliffe and Judy Resnick, who perished in the Challenger disaster of 1986. Akis Greek name Ann Hebrew name Annegrit German name Artemis Greek Moon goddess Bela Slavic name Blagg, Mary Adela British astronomer (1858-1944) Bok, Priscilla Fairfield American astronomer (1896-1975) Bruce, Catherine Wolfe American philanthropist, astronomer (1816-1900) Cannon, Annie Jump American astronomer (1863-1941) Carol Latin name Catharina, St Catherine of Alexandria Greek theologian, philosopher (unknown-c. 370) Chang-Ngo Chinese name Christel German name Clerke, Agnes Mary British astronomer (1842-1907) Cori, Gerty Theresa Radnitz Czech-American physiologist, Nobel laureate (1896-1957) Delia Greek name Diana Latin name Donna Italian name Edith English name Fairouz Arab name Fleming, Williamina P.

63. Sofia Kovalevskaya Université Montpellier II sofia kovalevskaya Solomon Lefschetz sofiakovalevskaya (1850-1891). Cette image et la biographie complète en anglais résident http://ens.math.univ-montp2.fr/SPIP/article.php3?id_article=1397

64. Feb04web sofia kovalevskaya. by Gabe Amos Throwing a proverbial dart at the wall ofmathematicians yielded sofia kovalevskaya (whose visage stares down at me http://noether.uoregon.edu/~mathpeers/newsletter/feb04/page2.html

D EPARTMENT: D EAD M ATHEMATICIAN S OFIA K OVALEVSKAYA by Gabe Amos Three years later, Gottingen University granted her a doctorate for her paper on partial differential equations. However, even though she was a doctorate, she was also a woman, and therefore only qualified for a schoolteacher position. There she stayed for 9 years, conducting her own studies in her free time and mothering her daughter, born in 1878. Her husband committed suicide in 1883 after two years separation from Sofia. The shock preceded the guilt, and the guilt drove her to immerse herself in research. From then until her death in 1891, she worked to gain acceptance and respect for her research and to teach. Between 1889 and 1891, she become one of the first women to hold a chair position in a European university and won awards for two of her papers. She died in 1891 from pneumonia and influenza. Dead mathematician...Throwing a proverbial dart at the wall of mathematicians yielded Sofia Kovalevskaya (whose visage stares down at me from the high walls of Hilbert Space). Next Page

65. PowerPoint Presentation - Sofia Kovalevskaya: http://www.mathsci.appstate.edu/~sjg/wmm/present/kovalevsky/kova.htm

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66. Outline Of The Life Of Sofia Kovalevsky: sofia Krukovsky kovalevskaya, often called Sonya by close friends and family,was born into an aristocratic family in Moscow in 1850. http://www.mathsci.appstate.edu/~sjg/wmm/student/kova/KOVALEV.htm

The Life and Work of Sofya Kovalevsky “Say what you know, do what you must, come what may.” Sofya Kovalevsky [1] As female college students in the 21 st century, there are often things we take for granted. One of the most obvious of these is the simple right to go to school and study what we choose. When we study the lives of women who have come before us, our freedom seems to be more of a treasure. One woman who fought the social standards of her society in order to study the subject she desired was Sofia Kovalevskaya. Sofia Krukovsky Kovalevskaya, often called Sonya by close friends and family, was born into an aristocratic family in Moscow in 1850. Her parents, General Vasiliy Krukovsky and his wife Elizaveta, gave birth to their second child Sonya in their seventh year of marriage. Sonya, the youngest girl in the family, had an older sister, Anyuta, who was later to become one of her best friends and her role model, and a younger brother, Fedya [5]. When the General’s military career ended in 1858, he moved the family to an estate near the Lithuanian border called Palibino. It is here that Sonya would begin regular schooling and eventually develop a love for mathematics. It is said that the Krukovskys ran out of wallpaper when decorating their new home and resorted to General Krukovsky’s old Calculus notes for the walls in the nursery.

67. WiP: Herstory: Spotlight Scientist: Sofia Kovalevskaia sofia kovalevskaya, History of Mathematics. Wilson, Becky. sofia kovalevskaya, Biographies of Women Mathematicians. The photograph of sofia http://www.physics.purdue.edu/wip/herstory/kovalevskaia.shtml

HOMEPAGE What is WiP? Constitution WHO IS WIP? Officers and Members JOIN WIP Why Should I Join? MEETINGS Next Meeting Meeting Minutes ACTIVITIES What is ScienceScape? Physics FunFests Other Activites RESOURCES Links Office T-Shirt HTML Resource " Herstory " of Women in Science Spotlight Scientist WiP Home Physics Home Purdue Home Sofia Kovalevskaia (October 1998) Vital Life Statistics Sofia Kovalevskaia was born in Moscow, Russia, on January 15, 1850. She displayed an interest in mathematics from an early age. She studied differential and integral analysis from her father's calculus lecture notes that were used as wallpaper in the family house when 11. She was given a special tutor to teach her higher mathematics. Although Kovalevskaia wanted and attempted to attend college, she was not allowed to study abroad, like talented 19th century Russian boys did. She entered a "false" marriage at age 18 to be able to move to Europe to go to school. After attending college, she returned to Russia, but her husband wanted her to stay at home. She did not practice math for six years. Kovalevskaia gave birth to a daughter in 1878. Also in 1878, she returned to work after her husband lost all their money. She applied to teach at universities, but was refused because none wanted to hire a married woman and mother. Finally, she found employment at Sweden's Stockholm University after her husband died in 1883.

68. WiP: Herstory: Spotlight Scientist: Sofia Kovalevskaia sofia kovalevskaya, Biographies of Women Mathematicians. The photograph ofsofia Kovalevskaia is believed to be in the public domain. http://www.physics.purdue.edu/wip/herstory/kovalevskaia.html

What Is WiP? What is Women in Physics? Constitution Who Is WiP? Officers and Members Join WiP Why Should I Join? Meetings Next Meeting Meeting Minutes Activities What Is ScienceScape? Physics FunFests Other Activities Resources WiP Links WiP Office The WiP T-shirt! HTML Resource ... Spotlight Scientist Sofia Kovalevskaia (October 1998) Vital Life Statistics S ofia Kovalevskaia was born in Moscow, Russia, on January 15, 1850. She displayed an interest in mathematics from an early age. She studied differential and integral analysis from her father's calculus lecture notes that were used as wallpaper in the family house when 11. She was given a special tutor to teach her higher mathematics. A lthough Kovalevskaia wanted and attempted to attend college, she was not allowed to study abroad, like talented 19th century Russian boys did. She entered a "false" marriage at age 18 to be able to move to Europe to go to school. After attending college, she returned to Russia, but her husband wanted her to stay at home. She did not practice math for six years. K ovalevskaia gave birth to a daughter in 1878. Also in 1878, she returned to work after her husband lost all their money. She applied to teach at universities, but was refused because none wanted to hire a married woman and mother. Finally, she found employment at Sweden's Stockholm University after her husband died in 1883.

69. Encyclopedia: Sofia Kovalevskaya sofia AI Projectsofia kovalevskaya (18501891) was a mathematician working on partial differentialequations, Abelian integrals among other things. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Sofia-Kovalevskaya

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Sofia Kovalevskaya" also viewed: Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko Pavel Sergeevich Alexandrov Joseph_Louis de Lagrange Mathematician ... Konstantin Thon What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Marcus Gilbert March 26 Maplewood, New Jersey Manorialism ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Sofia Kovalevskaya Updated 203 days 8 hours 33 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Sofia Kovalevskaya Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya January 15 February 10 ) was a Russian mathematician and a student of Karl Weierstrass in Berlin . In she was appointed professor at Stockholm University , the third woman in Europe to become a professor. Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow . Her father was Vasily Vasilievich Kriukovskoi (1800-1874), an artillery officer of Polish descent. He managed to convince the Russians to list him as descended of aristocracy, a Hungarian king in particular; in he was permitted to change his surname to Korvin -Krukovsky.

70. Sofia Kovalevskaya / Matematica / Materiali / Cartesio http://www.cartesionline.it/materiali/matematica_biografie_kovalevskaya.cfm

Cartesio La didattica con le calcolatrici Home Gli argomenti I materiali Link utili ... Materiali MATERIALI Matematica Biografie di 32 matematici di Raffaele Mauro , Istituto Tecnico Commerciale "A.Bianchini" - Terracina Sofia Kovalevskaya ( 15 Gennaio 1850 Mosca - 10 Febbraio 1891 - Stoccolma) Indice biografie Commenti sull'argomento Se sei un iscritto a Cartesio puoi lasciare il tuo commento su questo argomento. Per iscriverti, clicca qui Al momento non ci sono commenti. Inserisci commento XHTML 1.0 ^ Inizio pagina

71. Sonya Kovalevskaya - Germantown Academy Mathematica Biographies Line.gif (3834 bytes). sofia Vasilyevna kovalevskaya by Lauren Kupersmith 00 sofia Vasilyevna kovalevskaya will die the day after our interview. http://www.germantownacademy.org/academics/US/Math/Millar/kovalevskaya/Kupersmit

" Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya " by Lauren Kupersmith '00 Mathematician and Educator The German Gem February 10, 239 Volume 314159 In honor of the five hundredth anniversary of her death, we are going to go back in time to interview Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya (1850-1891), a famous mathematician, novelist, and advocate of women rights. We will return to February 9, 1891, the day before her death. German Gem : Ms. Kovalevskaya, I want to thank you for meeting with us although you are sick. Kovalevskaya I feel as if a great change has come over me since my illness. I am ready to die in peace. German Gem : I would like to start off by asking you about your interesting beginnings in the field of mathematics. Kovalevskaya : Well, when I was very young, starting at the age of five, my uncle would talk about mathematics and it fascinated me. It was also in my blood; my maternal grandfather and great-grandfather were eminent mathematicians and astronomers. The meaning of the concept [s, my uncle talked about,]

72. Images Of Mathematicians On Postage Stamps kovalevskaya, sofia. Issued by the Soviet Union on Aug. 15, 1951, part of a seriesto honor famous Russian scientists kovalev1.jpg; issued by Russia on May http://jeff560.tripod.com/

Images of Mathematicians on Postage Stamps RECENT CHANGES: On Sept. 4, metric36.jpg, panini.jpg, gamm.jpg, and avicenna17.jpg were added. Thanks to Heinz Klaus Strick for these images. On Sept. 2, balseiro.jpg and polyhedron.jpg were added. On Aug. 23, graph17.jpg was added. On Aug. 22, goldensection3.jpg was added. Thanks to Magnus Waller for these images. On Aug. 14, abel10.jpg, abacus9.jpg, abacus10.jpg, graph16.jpg, computing1.jpg, and binary1.jpg were added. Thanks to Heinz Klaus Strick for these images. ABEL, Niels Henrik. Issued by Norway on April 6, 1929, upon the death centenary abel1.jpg abel2.jpg abel3.jpg abel4.jpg ; issued by Norway on June 5, 2002, on the two-hundredth anniversary of his birth abel5.jpg abel6.jpg abel8.jpg abel9.jpg ; a coin issued by Norway in 2002 on the 200th anniversary of his birth abel7.jpg ; issued by Norway in 1983, showing the Abel monument by Gustav Vigeland abel10.jpg AIRY, George B. Issued by Nicaragua in 1994 as part of a series depicting astronomers airy.jpg ; issued by Great Britain in 1984 airy2.jpg

73. Biography-center - Letter K Koval evskaya, sofia www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/kova.htm; kovalevskaya,sofia wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~ history/Mathematicians/kovalevskaya.html http://www.biography-center.com/k.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish K 403 biographies K hayyam, Omar www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Khayy am.html K lee, Paul www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTklee.htm K nopp, Konrad www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Knopp .html K oss, Johann Olav www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/heroes/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=74776 www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/M athematicians/Konig_Julius.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Konig_Samuel.h tml www -history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Konigsberger.html www-history.mcs. st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Kurschak.html Kabir, www.geocities.com /athens/8107/bios1.html#kabir Kac, Mark www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Kac.html Kaestner, Abraham

74. Pronunciation kovalevskaya, sofia (18501891) (kov a LEF skä yä) Kronecker, Leopold (1823-1891) (KROWnek er) Kummer, Ernst (1810-1893) (KUM er) http://www.math.ucla.edu/~bnewdelm/Pronunciation.htm

This list is for my math-hommies Stop teasing me !!!!!!! Agnesi, Maria Gaetana (1718-1799) (an YAY zee) Bernoulli, Jakob/Jacques/James (1654-1705)(ber NOO lee) Bernoulli, Johann/Jean/John (1667-1748) (ber NOO lee) Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (1789-1857) (ko SHE) Clairaut, Alexis-Claude (1713-1765) (kla ROW, as in row your boat) Dedekind, Richard (1831-1916) (DA de kint) Dirichlet, Peter Lejune (1805-1859) (dee ree KLAY) Euclid (YOU klid) Eudoxus (408-355 B. C.) (you DOK sis) Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783) (OI ler) Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830) (foo RYAY) Heine, Eduard (1821-1881) (HI na, not a long a) Hermite, Charles (1822-1901) (er MEET) Kronecker, Leopold (1823-1891) (KROW nek er) Kummer, Ernst (1810-1893) (KUM er) Laplace, Pierre-Simon de (1749-1827) (la PLAS) Lebesgue, Henri (1875-1941) (la BEG) in some elite cultures (la BAHJE) Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) (LIP nits, long i) Napier, John1550-1617) (NAY pee air) Noether, Emmy (1882-1935) (NOI ter)

75. Kennislink - Beroemde Wiskundigen:De Kinderkamer Van Sofia Kovalevskaja Was Met sofia Vasilyevna kovalevskaya (Engels) Spotlight scienstist sofiaKovalevskaia (18501891) (Engels) kovalevskaya, sofia(1850-1891) (Engels) http://www.kennislink.nl/web/show?id=100847

76. Past Notable Women Of Mathematics sofia Vasilyevna kovalevskaya. Hypatia of Alexandria (370415). Biography fromMacTutor Archive Biography from the Biographies of Women Mathematicians http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women-math.html

Past Notable Women of Mathematics Computing Community: Please help us expand this section. Send TAP your information on historical women in computing and mathematics by clicking on the "submit" icon below. Submit information Feedback The meaning of these concepts I naturally could not yet grasp, but they acted on my imagination, instilling in me a reverence for mathematics as an exalted and mysterious science which opens up to its initiates a new world of wonders, inaccessible to ordinary mortals. - Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya Hypatia of Alexandria (370-415) Biography from MacTutor Archive Biography from the Biographies of Women Mathematicians site Howard Landman's Hypatia Web Site - comprehensive collection of biographies and links Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil Marquise du Châtelet (1706-1749) Biography from MacTutor Archive Biography from the Biographies of Women Mathematicians site Biography from MacTutor Archive Biography from the Biographies of Women Mathematicians site Biography from New Advent Catholic Supersite Caroline Lucretia Herschel (1750-1858) Biography from MacTutor Archive Sophie Germain (1776-1831) Biography from MacTutor Archive Biography from the Biographies of Women Mathematicians site Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville (1780-1872) Biography from MacTutor Archive Paragraph from The Calculating Passion of Ada Byron , by Joan Baum ... Biography from the Biographies of Women Mathematicians site Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya (1850-1891) Biography from MacTutor Archive Biography from the

77. SVSU sofia Krukovsky kovalevskaya was a mathematician who admitted that she was In 1891, sofia kovalevskaya died of influenza complicated by pneumonia. http://www.svsu.edu/writingprogram/femmes/braun-rick-01.htm

Femmes des Maths Issue 8, Volume 1 20 August 2000 Hypatia- Math Martyr TheanoMore Than Pythagoras' Wife The First Female Ph.D Profile: Sophie Germain ... What's Happening NOW in the Math World... Hypatia - Math Martyr Top There is little information on Hypatia, but what is known of this ancient mathematician certainly indicates that she was greatly regarded as a teacher and a scholar. The oldest accounts of Hypatia are in the Suda , a 10th-century encyclopedia alphabetically arranged and drawing on earlier sources. Other facts also come from the writings of the early Christian church, preserved letters from one of her pupils, Synesius, and the Latin compilation known as the Patrologiae Graecae Hypatia, born around 370 A.D., was the daughter of Theon, who was considered one of the most educated mathematicians and philosophers in Alexandria, Egypt. Theon, a well-known scholar and mathematics professor at the University of Alexandria, surrounded Hypatia with an environment of knowledge. It is said that Theon disciplined Hypatia not only in her education, but with a "physical routine that ensured a healthy body as well as a highly-functional mind" (3). There is evidence that Hypatia was regarded as physically beautiful and wore distinctive academic apparel.

78. EWM Newsletter 7, 2000 sofia kovalevskaya s 150th birthday, January 15, 2000. sofia kovalevskaya was anadoptive member of the Swedish mathematical community The last few years http://www.math.helsinki.fi/EWM/news/news00.html

EUROPEAN WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS Newsletter 7 Edited by Nadia Larsen , Department of Mathematics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Maren Riemenschneider , Arbeitsgruppe 2 Geometrie und Algebra, Fachbereich Mathematik, Contents EDITORIAL INFORMATION AND USEFUL E-MAIL ADDRESSES REPORTS ON THE 9TH GENERAL MEETING OF EWM REPORTS ON MEETINGS HELD IN 1999 ... Mentor-Ring Questionnaire to Members of EWM 1. EDITORIAL Mentoring in 2000 Means Future Women Mathematicians With apologies to US Awise The year 2000 has been designated as the World Mathematical Year, a tribute to the importance of our subject as the backbone of a true scientific approach. It is also Information and useful e-mail addressesanniversary of the birth of Sonia Kovalevskaya, a pioneer of women mathematicians. The situation for women mathematicians has improved considerably and yet in most civilized countries the opportunities for women are too restricted. To alleviate these difficulties for members of EWM who work in isolation or who are embarking on a mathematical career, we are setting up a mentor ring. Members are urged to fill in the questionnaire that is included in this issue. It is meant to provide us with information to set up a data base that should serve as a talent bank which we can access when a member needs mathematical help. EWM can boast that it is wealthy not only in the diversity of mathematical ideas that its members are interested in but also in the way these ideas are presented depending on the geographical area where studies are taken. Through the data base we can learn which resources the members can share among themselves. It is often the case that members who hold prestigious academic or administrative positions feel an urge to guide others still in the lower rungs. It is the purpose of this exercise to create a database, which can be used to support members who may need help by referring them to these members willing to share their expertise. We can also use such information to address the future policies of EWM.

79. February 17, 1869 Diary of sofia kovalevskaya. Compression by Storm Technology®, Inc.96Nq.February 17, 1869. Dear Diary,. My primary purpose of keeping a record of my time http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/VSA/Jessicaheidelburga.htm

Diary of Sofia Kovalevskaya February 17, 1869 Dear Diary, My primary purpose of keeping a record of my time spent in Heidelberg is so that I may preserve the details of my life for future generations of women who may read my struggles and experiences. Future daughters, granddaughters, great granddaughters, it is my wish that the future holds an easier day for you as women, and that you may gain respect for your intellect without hardship. My passion for mathematics has been thwarted by the men in my life for many years. My father, and my late husband Vladimir both opposed my education in mathematics as it is not traditional for women to participate in scholarly studies. I know, however, that my brain functions just as well as any man and that one day I will achieve my goal of becoming an acclaimed mathematician. Sofia y. uggles that await me as a student, and the reactions of the male students with which i ngs. Right now I must p After the end of my marriage and my husband’s death, I came from Moscow Russia to study here at Heidelberg University. There are many international students that attend the university, but I have seen no other women on campus. When I arrived here I found that I would not be able to attend classes because I am a woman, even though I believe myself competent. I have since discussed the matter with the directors of the University and they have allowed me the freedom to attend classes with the permission of my professors. The Campus, however, is beautiful, and once I explore it more I feel I will be inspired to write about my surroundings. My beautiful surroundings are the only things that make me feel at home at present. Right now I must prepare for the struggles that await me as a student, and the reactions of the male students with whom I

80. University Of Heidelberg Generously Endowed sofia kovalevskaya Young Scholar s Award for Krzysztof OplustilResearch in sofia kovalevskaya also began her career in Heidelberg http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/press/news/press182_e.html

Home Press Office Press Releases 24 January 2002 Generously Endowed Sofia Kovalevskaya Young Scholar's Award for Krzysztof Oplustil: Research in Heidelberg Krzysztof Oplustil On 31 January 2002 the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation awarded the Sofia Kovalevskaya Prize to 29 promising young scholars and scientists from 13 different countries. One of the recipients, Krzysztof Oplustil of the University of Cracow, will be pursuing his research activities at the University of Heidelberg. The 500,000 marks that come with the award will be sufficient to cover staff and material costs for a research sojourn of more than three years at Heidelberg's Institute of German and European Company and Economic Law. "The University of Heidelberg is fortunate to be able to welcome this remarkable young research talent," said Heidelberg University Rector Prof. Dr. Peter Hommelhoff. Heidelberg's latest law research acquisition is no stranger to Prof. Hommelhoff, who supervised Oplustil's doctoral dissertation on the protection for creditors afforded by German and Polish law. With young colleagues in Heidelberg the Kovalevskaya laureate will be devoting his efforts to the recently founded "European Company". Says Oplustil: "In terms of eventual accession to the European Union, it is vital for us in Poland to know the European legal system and establish interfaces with its Polish counterpart." Sofia Kovalevskaya also began her career in Heidelberg Mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850-1891) also began her academic career in Heidelberg. Born in Moscow in 1851, she came to Heidelberg at the age of 19. Initially barred from study like all other women at the time, she was finally permitted to attend lectures unofficially. A few years later she was offered the chair of mathematics at the University of Stockholm, thus becoming one of the first women in Europe to aspire to a university professorship.

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