41. References For Keynes References for the biography of john maynard keynes. JM keynes, The collected writings of john maynard keynes VIII A treatise on probability (New York http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Keynes.html

References for John Maynard Keynes Version for printing Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Obituary in The Times available on the Web Books: R B Braithwaite (ed.), J M Keynes, The collected writings of John Maynard Keynes VIII : A treatise on probability (New York, 1988). D D Dillard, The Economics of John Maynard Keynes (1948, reprinted 1982). R F Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (London, 1951; reprint 1982). C H Hession, John Maynard Keynes (1984). M Keynes, Essays on John Maynard Keynes (London, 1975). R Lekachman, The age of Keynes : a biographical study (Harmondsworth, 1969). D E Moggridge, Keynes (London, 1976). D E Moggridge, Maynard Keynes : An Economist's Biography (1992) R Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes Vol 1 : Hopes Betrayed 1883-1920 (London, 1983). R Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes Vol 2 : The economist as saviour, 1920-1937 (London, 1992). Articles: M E Brady, J M Keynes's position on the general applicability of mathematical, logical and statistical methods in economics and social science, Synthese M Hesse, Keynes and the method of analogy, Topoi 6 (1) (1987), 65-74.

42. John Maynard Keynes [Virtual Economy] Economists john maynard keynes (1883-1946). keynes is perhaps one of the best known of all economists. This is hardly surprising for two main reasons. http://www.bized.ac.uk/virtual/economy/library/economists/keynes.htm

Economists - John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Keynes is perhaps one of the best known of all economists. This is hardly surprising for two main reasons. The first is that his work was perhaps the most important work that had been done for decades and changed the whole face of post-war economic policy. The second, more flippant reason for his fame is that he is perhaps the only economist to have a whole branch of economics named after him. Though it would be nice to argue that Milton Keynes was named in tribute to the work of two great economists - Milton Friedman and John Maynard Keynes - it would be totally untrue! So Keynes remains the only person to be honoured in this way. His main contribution to the economics debate of the time was in putting together a coherent critique of the existing classical Economic Journal Work Theories Economists Neo-Classical ... IFS

43. The Theories Of John Maynard Keynes [Virtual Economy] john maynard keynes Theories. In the General Theory keynes comprehensively challenged the Classical orthodoxy. He argued that a slump was not a long-run http://www.bized.ac.uk/virtual/economy/library/economists/keynesth.htm

John Maynard Keynes - Theories In the General Theory Keynes comprehensively challenged the Classical orthodoxy. He argued that a slump was not a long-run phenomenon that we should all get depressed about and leave the markets to sort out. A slump was simply a short-run problem stemming from a lack of demand. If the private sector was not prepared to spend to boost demand, the government should instead. It could do this by running a budget deficit. When times were good again and the private sector was spending again, the government could trim its spending and pay off the debts they accumulated in the slump. The idea, according to Keynes, should be to balance your budget in the medium term, but not in the short run. One of his best known quotes summarises this focus on short-run policies: So his theory was that the government should actively intervene in the economy to manage the level of demand. These policies are often known as demand management policies , aptly named since the idea of them is to manage the level of aggregate demand . If you want to impress your teachers or lecturers even further and leave them totally stunned with your intimate knowledge of Keynesian economics (!), you could even call these policies

44. The Economic Consequences Of The Peace By John Maynard Keynes 1919 The Economic Consequences of the Peace by john maynard keynes 1919 Chapter 1 Introductory The power to become habituated to his surroundings is a marked http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace

45. Keynes, John Maynard, Baron Keynes Of Tilton. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth E keynes, john maynard, Baron keynes of Tilton. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ke/Keynes-J.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Keynes, John Maynard, Baron Keynes of Tilton

46. Keynes, John Maynard. The New Dictionary Of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 20 keynes, john maynard. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002. http://www.bartleby.com/59/18/keynesjohnma.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy Business and Economics PREVIOUS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Keynes, John Maynard

47. Pure Induction By John Maynard Keynes short excerpt from john maynard keynes Treatise on Probability in which he explains how some finite probability leads to certainty. http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/en/keynes.htm

John Maynard Keynes (1920) Chapter XX of Treatise on Probability Pure Induction Source A Treatise on Probability (1920) publ. MacMillan, 1948. Just a short excerpt reproduced here. ... Pure Induction can be usefully employed to strengthen an argument if, after a certain number of instances have been examined, we have, from some other source, a finite probability in favour of the generalisation, and, assuming the generalisation is false, a finite uncertainty as to its conclusion being satisfied by the next hitherto unexamined instance which satisfies its premise. To take an example, Pure Induction can be used to support the generalisation that the sun will rise every morning for the next million years, provided that with the experience we have actually had there are finite probabilities, however small, derived from some other source, first, in favour of the generalisation, and, second, in favour of the sun's not rising to-morrow assuming the generalisation to be false. Given these finite probabilities, obtained otherwise, however small, then the probability can be strengthened and can tend to increase towards certainty by the mere multiplication of instances provided that these instances are so far distinct that they are not inferable one from another. Those supposed proofs of the Inductive Principle, which are based openly or implicitly on an argument in inverse probability, are all vitiated by unjustifiable assumptions relating to the magnitude of the

48. The General Theory Of Employment, Interest And Money By John Maynard Keynes john maynard keynes (1936) Source The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money by john maynard keynes, Fellow of the King s College, Cambridge, http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/

John Maynard Keynes (1936) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Written: Source: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money by John Maynard Keynes, Fellow of the King's College, Cambridge, published by Harcourt, Brace and Company, and printed in the U.S.A. by the Polygraphic Company of America, New York; First Published: Macmillan Cambridge University Press, for Royal Economic Society in 1936; Transcribed for M.I.A. , corrected and formatted by Andy Blunden This Edition: marxists.org 2002. Chapter 24 Preface Book I Introduction Chapter 1: The General Theory Chapter 2: The Postulates of the Classical Economics Chapter 3: The Principle of Effective Demand Book II Definitions and Ideas Chapter 4: The Choice of Units Chapter 5. Expectation as Determining Output and Employment Chapter 6. The Definition of Income, Saving and Investment Appendix on User Cost Chapter 7. The Meaning of Saving and Investment Further Considered Book III The Propensity to Consume Chapter 8. The Propensity to Consume: I. The Objective Factors Chapter 9. The Propensity to Consume: II. The Subjective Factors

49. John Maynard Keynes, Biography: The Concise Encyclopedia Of Economics: Library O john maynard keynes, Biography The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Keynes.html

Search Site Search Card Catalog Search a Book Home ... and Help Biography of John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) So influential was John Maynard Keynes that an entire school of modern thought bears his name. Many of his ideas were revolutionary; almost all are controversial. Keynesian economics serves as a sort of yardstick that can define virtually all economists who came after Keynes. Keynes was born in Cambridge and attended King's College, Cambridge, where he earned his degree in mathematics in 1905. He remained there for another year to study under Alfred Marshall and Arthur Pigou, whose scholarship on the quantity theory of money led to Keynes's Tract on Monetary Reform many years later. After leaving Cambridge, Keynes took a position with the civil service in Britain. While there, he collected the material for his first book in economics, Indian Currency and Finance, in which he described the workings of India's monetary system. He returned to Cambridge in 1908 as a lecturer, then took a leave of absence to work for the British Treasury. He worked his way up quickly through the bureaucracy and, by 1919, was the Treasury's principal representative at the peace conference at Versailles. He resigned because he thought the Treaty of Versailles was overly burdensome to the Germans. Upon resigning, he returned to Cambridge to resume teaching. Keynes was a prominent journalist and speaker, and one of the famous Bloomsbury Group of literary greats, which included Virginia Woolf and Bertrand Russell. At the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, where the International Monetary Fund was established, Keynes was one of the architects of the postwar system of fixed exchange rates. In 1925 he married the Russian ballet dancer Lydia Lopokova. He was made a lord in 1942. Keynes died on April 21, 1946, survived by his father, John Neville Keynes, also a renowned economist in his day.

50. Keynesian Economics, By Alan S. Blinder: The Concise Encyclopedia Of Economics: (Reprinted in john maynard keynes (18331946), vol. keynes, john maynard. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. 1936. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/KeynesianEconomics.html

Search Site Search Card Catalog Search a Book Home ... and Help Keynesian Economics by Alan S. Blinder Keynesian economics is a theory of total spending in the economy (called aggregate demand) and of its effects on output and inflation. Although the term is used (and abused) to describe many things, six principal tenets seem central to Keynesianism. The first three describe how the economy works. 2. According to Keynesian theory, changes in aggregate demand, whether anticipated or unanticipated, have their greatest short-run impact on real output and employment, not on prices. This idea is portrayed, for example, in Phillips curves that show inflation changing only slowly when unemployment changes. Keynesians believe the short run lasts long enough to matter. They often quote Keynes's famous statement "In the long run, we are all dead" to make the point. 3. Keynesians believe that prices and, especially, wages respond slowly to changes in supply and demand, resulting in shortages and surpluses, especially of labor. Even though monetarists are more confident than Keynesians in the ability of markets to adjust to changes in supply and demand, many monetarists accept the Keynesian position on this matter. Milton Friedman, for example, the most prominent monetarist, has written: "Under any conceivable institutional arrangements, and certainly under those that now prevail in the United States, there is only a limited amount of flexibility in prices and wages." In current parlance, that would certainly be called a Keynesian position.

51. Knitting Circle John Maynard Keynes keynes, J. MSecondary Literature RF Harrod, The Life of john maynard keynes (Macmillan, john maynard keynes(zolatimes.com) by Milton Friedman from The Laissez Faire http://www.sbu.ac.uk/~stafflag/jmkeynes.html

The Knitting Circle: Economics Biography work bibliography press cuttings John Maynard Keynes Born 5th. June, 1883, at Cambridge, England; died 21st. April, 1946, in Firle, Sussex, England. Polymath, British economist, pioneer of the theory of full employment, and with many other interests from book collecting to probability theory. His influence on economics was such that the thirty-year boom in Western industrial countries (1945-75) has been called the Age of Keynes. His mother was Florence Ada Brown. His father was John Neville Keynes. John Maynard Keynes was educated at Eton and King's College Cambridge where he blended effortlessly into the idealistic atmosphere of the "higher sodomy" which attained its most rarefied form in the secret society known as the Cambridge Apostles, to which he was almost immediately elected. In the Apostles he met his lifelong friends Lytton Strachey and Leonard Woolf, and hence became part of the Bloomsbury Group . Believing himself ugly, he was shy in the presence of the undergraduates he admired. However, in 1908 he began a serious affair with the painter Duncan Grant of whom he later said he was the only person in whom he found a truly satisfying combination of beauty and intelligence.

52. Keynes, John Maynard Glossary of Religion and Philosophy Short Biography of john maynard keynes. http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/political/bldef_keynesjohnmaynard.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Atheism Essentials ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter! See Online Courses Search Agnosticism / Atheism John Maynard Keynes Back to Last Page Glossary Index Related Terms epistemology empiricism rationalism fallibilism ... skepticism Biography: John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) was an English economist who became one of the most important figures in American economics. Keynes was a many-sided person who had written about mathematical probabilities (including a book which was described by Bertrand Russell as "impossible to praise too highly"), acquired an impressive fortune through trading on international securities and currencies, worked in government service, served as the chairman of a life insurance company, collected modern art, and did much more. Very early on Keynes became widely known, even to non-economists, because of his opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, arguing that its economic consequences made it impractical. Although he served as Deputy for the Chancellor for the Exchequer on the Supreme Economic Council, but he personally did not have the power to make decisions and see that his views became policy. His opposition to the treaty made Keynes unpopular with the British government, but his predictions that the staggering reparations demanded from Germany would lead to economic collapse, nationalism and even militarism proved to be correct.

53. Economics A-Z | Economist.com keynes, john maynard keynesian Kleptocracy Kondratieff wave. keynes, john maynard. A much quoted, great British economist, not famous for holding the http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/alphabetic.cfm?LETTER=K

54. John Maynard Keynes Baron Of Tilton Founder Of Keynesian Research john maynard keynes at the Questia.com online library. http://www.questia.com/library/economics-and-business/economists/john-maynard-ke

55. Keynes, John Maynard keynes, john maynard. English economist celebrated for General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which initiated the socalled keynesian http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006148.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: Keynes, John Maynard English economist celebrated for General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which initiated the so-called Keynesian Revolution. He is also noted for his other writings, especially A Treatise on Money (1930), as well as his central role in the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 which created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Related Links Bretton Woods Keynesian economics World Bank macroeconomics ... International Monetary Fund Bolivia Flag Red stands for Bolivia's animals and the valour of the liberating army. Green symbolizes fertility. Yellow represents Bolivia's mineral deposits. Effective date c. Buy Cheap Games Gran Turismo 4 Win £500 cash Volunteer to take part in our Tiscali survey and you could win £500 to spend on whatever you want. Print now Send to a friend Related articles Related products var st_pg=""; var st_ai=""; var st_v=1.0; var st_ci="762"; var st_di="d001"; var st_dd="st.sageanalyst.net"; var st_tai="v:1.2.3";

56. MSN Encarta - John Maynard Keynes keynes, john maynard (18831946), British economist, one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. His ideas profoundly influenced the http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569910/John_Maynard_Keynes.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items associates education more... Further Reading Search for books and more related to Keynes, John Maynard Encarta Search Search Encarta about Keynes, John Maynard Advertisement document.write(' Keynes, John Maynard Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 1 item Article Outline Introduction Early Years and Education Early Work in Economics World War I and the Peace Conference ... International Policy Planner I Introduction Print Preview of Section Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946), British economist, one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. His ideas profoundly influenced the economic policies of most non-Communist governments after World War II (1939-1945). The approach to economic policy based on his theories is known as Keynesianism or Keynesian economics. II Early Years and Education Print Preview of Section Keynes was born on June 5, 1883, in

57. MSN Encarta - John Maynard Keynes more Further Reading. Search for books and more related to keynes, john maynard. Encarta Search. Search Encarta about keynes, john maynard http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569910_2/John_Maynard_Keynes.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items associates education more... Further Reading Search for books and more related to Keynes, John Maynard Encarta Search Search Encarta about Keynes, John Maynard Advertisement document.write(' Page 2 of 2 Keynes, John Maynard Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 1 item Article Outline Introduction Early Years and Education Early Work in Economics World War I and the Peace Conference ... International Policy Planner V Postwar Life Print Preview of Section Returning to his academic duties at King’s, Keynes also became bursar of that college. He continued to write widely on economic conditions in Europe. Shortly after the war, he borrowed small sums of money from members of his family and invested first in foreign-exchange deals, later in commodities, and finally in stock-exchange securities. By 1937 he had built up a private fortune of over half a million pounds (then U.S.$2,500,000). He also greatly improved the financial condition of King’s College by his investment policy. In addition to his academic life in Cambridge, Keynes had an active business life in London. In the early 1920s he served as a financial consultant to several firms on their investments and he founded three small investment trusts. He was editor of the

58. Biographies: The Economists: Lord John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946). After attending Eton, keynes went to Cambridge. His first dissertation (King s) was on the theory of probability. And while it certainly did look like http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Keynes.htm

Lord, John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, England. His father, Dr. John Neville Keynes, occupied a high level administrative position at the university. Maynard's mother was one of the earliest female students to attend Cambridge. It therefore can be seen that Maynard had a very enriched childhood. After attending Eton, Keynes went to Cambridge. His first dissertation (King's) was on the theory of probability. And while it certainly did look like Keynes, at first, was going to concentrate his abilities on mathematics, it was to economics he was to turn. Indeed, he was tempted to go to the bar, which would normally lead to positions of political power; but, instead, he chose a course which would lead him to be an advisor to those in political power: he chose the civil service. After the competition (he came second) he was appointed to a position in Foreign Affairs, specifically, the department that extended advice on the administration of India, which then was one of England's Dominions. (He would have preferred the Treasury Department. ) Fortunately, in his first position with the civil service, - boredom overtook him.

59. Keynes, John Maynard, Baron Keynes Of Tilton keynes, john maynard, Baron keynes of Tilton (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Economist john maynard keynes His radical idea that governments should spend http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0827493.html

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60. John Maynard Keynes - A Biographical Note john maynard keynes a biographical note. john maynard keynes Portrait john maynard keynes (pronounced Canes ) was one the most important figures in http://www.mantex.co.uk/ou/a319/jmkeynes.htm

Home Tutorials Bookshop Reviews ... Subscribe here for our free email newsletter John Maynard Keynes a biographical note John Maynard Keynes (pronounced "Canes") was one the most important figures in the history of economics. He revolutionized the subject with his classic study, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). This is generally regarded as one of the most influential social science treatises of the twentieth century. It quickly and permanently changed the way the world looked at the economy and the role of government in society. He was born in 1883 in Cambridge into an academic family. His father, John Nevile Keynes, was a lecturer at the University of Cambridge teaching logic and political economy. His mother Florence Ada Brown was a remarkable woman who was a highly successful author and a pioneer in social reform. She was also the first woman mayor of Cambridge. Interesting family detail: although Keynes lived to the age of sixty-three, both his parents outlived him. He was educated at Eton and King's College Cambridge where his intelligence made him very successful. He was almost immediately elected into the secret society known as the Cambridge Apostles. There he met

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