21. Ibrahim Pasha --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your Gateway To All Britan ibrahim ibn sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra University of St.Andrews, ScotlandBiographical sketch of this tenthcentury mathematician and astronomer from http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9367740

Home Browse Store Help Search Britannica Concise Again Ibrahim Pasha  Concise Encyclopedia Article Page 1 of 1 born 1789, Kavalla, Rumelia died Nov. 10, 1848, Cairo, Egypt Egyptian general. Ottoman Empire , forced the Egyptians to evacuate the occupied territories. Ibrahim became viceroy of Egypt in 1848 shortly before his death. var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Ibrahim Pasha." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9367740 APA style: Ibrahim Pasha. ( Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Retrieved http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9367740 Britannica style: "Ibrahim Pasha." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9367740 Back to top More results on "Ibrahim Pasha" when you join 430 items Subscribe to unlock this content today!

22. Thabit Ibn Qurrah (Thebit), 836-901 CE Thabit ibn Qurrah, known in the West as Thebit, is known for his work on Thabit left his legacy with sons (ibrahim and sinan), grandsons (Thabit and http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/qurra.html

23. History Of Astronomy: Persons (I) ibrahim, ibn sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908946). Short biography andreferences (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Ingalls, Albert (1888-1958) http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_i.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (I) Ibn Al-Banna, al-Marrakushi (1256-1321) Short biography, references and links (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Ibn Haiyan, Jabir (?-803) Short biography (Or see here or here Ibn Qurra: see Thabit Ibn Qurra (836-901) Ibn Qurra: see Ibrahim, ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908-946) Ibn Rushd [Averroes; Abul Walid Mahommed Ibn Achmed, Ibn Mahommed Ibn Roschd] (1128-1198) Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Short biography (Or see here or here Ibn Sina [Avicenna] (980-1037) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Short biography (Or see here or here Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Crater Avicenna (lunar feature) Ibrahim, ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908-946) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Ingalls, Albert (1888-1958) Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Inghirami, Giovanni (1779-1851)

24. History Of Astronomy: Persons (Q) Very short biography and reference (infoplease.com). Qurra see Thabit ibnQurra (836901); Qurra see ibrahim, ibn sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908-946) http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_q.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (Q) Qadi Zada, al'Rumi (1364-1436) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Quensel, Conrad (1676-1732) Very short biographical data and links With a short biography in Swedish. Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe (1796-1874) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Very short biography and reference (infoplease.com) Qurra: see Thabit Ibn Qurra (836-901) Qurra: see Ibrahim, ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908-946) Wolfgang R. Dick . Created: 16 Jan 1995. Latest update: 19 June 2001

25. Rashid Al-Din Sinan that Abu alHasan sinan ibn Sulayman ibn Muhammad was born at a place near Basra, See Hasan ibrahim Hasan, Tarikh al Dawla al Fatimiya (Cairo, 1958) p. http://www.alamut.com/subj/ideologies/alamut/mirza-Sinan.html

Present Past Subjects Projects ... Misc RASHID AL-DIN SINAN NOTE: For a synopsis of this document and more information about the history of Alamut please refer to my Index to the History of Alamut RASHID AL-DIN SINAN by Dr. Naseeh Ahmed Mirza Melbourne (Australia) The Isma'ili movement was the most dynamic and vigorous of the Shi'i movements in the medieval Muslim World, and is still active and very well organized under the leadership of its present Imam, H. H. The Aga Khan Shah Karim al-Husayni. Through the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa and Egypt (C.E. 909-1171), and through the Nizari Imamate at Alamut in Persia (C.E. 1094-1256), Isma'ilism presented an unexampled spiritual and political challenge to the dominance of Sunni orthodoxy and to the authority of contemporary Sunni rulers and dynasties, such as the Saljuq Sultans and Abbasid Caliphs. From previous standpoints, historians or scholars in both the East and West have given considerable attention to the medieval Isma'ilis, and especially to the so-called "Assassins" of Alamut and Misyaf. Western writers have also shown interest in the Isma'ilis of Syria led by the 'Old Man of the Mountains' (Shaikh al-Jabal), or accounts of the contacts of the Crusaders with them. The present article deals with the life and career of one of the greatest and most valiant of the Syrian Isma'ili da'is of the thirteenth century C.E. namely Rashid al-Din Sinan, (d. 1193 or 1194).

26. YAYASAN MENDAKI Www.mendaki.org.sg Thabit ibn Qurra, alBattani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, ibrahim ibn sinan,al-Masudi, al-Tabari, al-Kashi, ibn al-Haitham, Ali ibn Isa al-Ghazzali, http://www.mendaki.org.sg/category.jsp?cont_cat_id=6

27. Arab Discoveries alFargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi,ibrahim ibn sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, Ali ibn Abbas, http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/arabsoc/inventions.htm

28. Islamic History And Culture - The History Of Islam And Personalities In Islamic Abu Abdullah alBattani, Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn sinan al-Battani ‘Umar Khayyam, Abu’l-Fath ‘Umar ibn ibrahim al-Khayyami was a great http://www.islamic-paths.org/Home/English/History/Personalities/Personalities.ht

Islamic Paths Serving the Islamic World Home / Portal Sign Our Guest Book Personalities in Islam People That Have Influenced Islamic Belief Common Name Full Name (if different) and Description Last Posting 24 September 2000 We are looking for more biographies and material to add to this section. If you have material to share please forward it to us so we may post it for everyone to read and enjoy, insha Allah. Thank You.. Previous Posting ‘Abdu’l-Qadir al-Jilani Great 'ulama and charismatic leader of Islam. Abu Abdullah al-Battani Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was a famous astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi was a great jurist, mohaddith, sociologist and an expert in Political Science. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi was a great surgeon. Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was one of the most eminent physicists, whose contributions to optics and the scientific methods are outstanding. Abu'l-Hasan al-Ash'ari Famous 'ulama Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu'di Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Husain Ibn Ali Al-Masu'di expert an geographer, a physicist and historian.

29. Necklaces Of Gems-2 *Shaikh Muhammad ibn Qa id alAwani. *Shaikh Abdu llah ibn sinan ar-Rudaini . *Shaikh ibrahim ibn Abd al-Wahid al-Maqdisi al-Hanbali. http://www.islam.co.za/abdalqadirjilani/necklaces_2.htm

Necklaces of Gems Part 2 Abu Sa'id al-Mukharrimi and his schoolhouse [madrasa]. As for al-Mukharrimi, this is the proper spelling of his name, which indicates his connection with the quarter of Baghdad called al-Mukharrim. Some of the sons of Yazid ibn al-Mukharrim settled there, and that is how that quarter of the city acquired its name. It was al-Qadi [the Judge] Abu Sa'id al-Mukharrimi, referred to above, who said: "'Abd al-Qadir al-Jili wore a patched cloak [khirqa] that he received from me, and I wore a patched cloak that I received from him, so each of us obtained blessing by means of the other." As related by that highly erudite scholar, Ibrahim ad-Dairi ash-Shafi'i, author of the compendium entitled "The Beautiful Garden" [ar-Rawd az-Zahir], Shaikh 'Abd al-Qadir received his introduction to spiritual culture [tasawwuf] from Shaikh Abu Ya'qub Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Yusuf ibn al-Husain ibn Wahra al-Hamadani az-Zahid [the Ascetic], of whom we shall have more to say in due course. This was when he (may Allah be well pleased with him) first arrived in Baghdad, and met a number of the eminent ascetics of the time. Abu Sa'id al-Mukharrimi had a well-kept little schoolhouse by the Portico Gate [Bab al-Azaj]. This building was placed at the disposal of our master, Shaikh 'Abd al-Qadir, and in it he gave talks to the people, whom he addressed in the language of religious exhortation [wa'z] and spiritual reminding [tadhkir]. It soon became apparent that he was endowed with charismatic talents [karamat], his reputation grew, and he met with wide acceptance. The schoolhouse [madrasa] soon became too cramped, with so many people thronging to attend his regular discourse-session [majlis]. To cope with the overcrowding and the lack of space, he used to address the people while sitting by the wall, leaning on the door of the guesthouse, which opened onto the street.

30. Saudi Aramco World : Science:The Islamic Legacy: Science In The Golden Age His son, ibrahim ibn sinan ibn Thabit, was also a prominent scientist, perhapsbetter known as, an instrument maker. When ibrahim was 17 years old, http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198203/science.the.islamic.legacy-science.

May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 Science:The Islamic Legacy Science in the Golden Age Written by Paul Lunde Illustrated by Michael Grimsdale Additional illustrations courtesy of Bodleian Library Towards the end of the 10th century, Ibn al-Nadim, son of a Baghdad , bookseller and boon companion of Abbasid caliphs, compiled an annotated bibliography of books that had passed through his hands during the course of his long and active life. The sheer number of books that he lists, to say nothing of the range of their subject matter, is astonishing: Aristotle appears beside Sindbad the Sailor, Euclid beside the stories of Goha, Plato beside the poems of'Antar ibn Shad-dad. The most striking feature of Ibn al-Nadim's catalog, however, is the number of books dealing with science. In a chapter entitled The Reason Why Books on Philosophy and Other Ancient Sciences Became Plentiful in This Country, Ibn al-Nadim relates a strange story of how Aristotle appeared in a dream to the Caliph al-Ma'mun and assured him that there was no conflict between reason and revelation. Thus reassured, al-Ma'mun set about obtaining the works of the Greek philosophers, the first step toward founding the famous House of Wisdom, a center for the translation of Greek scientific works into Arabic. Ibn al-Nadim told the story this way: This dream was one of the most definite reasons for the output of books. Between al-Ma'mun and the Byzantine emperor there was correspondence ... so al-Ma'mun wrote to the Byzantine emperor asking his permission to obtain a selection of old scientific manuscripts, stored and treasured in the country of the Byzantines. After first refusing, he finally complied, and al-Ma'mun sent forth a number of scholars, among them al-Hajjaj ibn Matar, Ibn al-Batrik, Salman, the director of the House of Wisdom and many others. They selected books from those they found and brought them back to al-Ma'mun, who ordered them to prepare translations of them.

31. Matematica Translate this page Alcuni geometri, tra cui ibrahim ibn sinan, continuarono le ricerche di Archimedesulle aree e sui volumi, e Kamal al-Din e altri applicarono la teoria http://www.geocities.com/codadilupo_2000/matematica.htm

Matematica con essi rappresentabili, le figure geometriche, nonché le relazioni che intercorrono tra tali quantità e le operazioni logiche con esse eseguibili. In passato la matematica era suddivisa in tre branche ben definite, la geometria, o scienza delle quantità e delle dimensioni geometriche, la aritmetica, o scienza dei numeri e del contare, e l'algebra, cioè la generalizzazione astratta di questi due campi. Verso la metà del XIX secolo questa definizione divenne sempre meno appropriata, essendo ormai la matematica divenuta la scienza delle relazioni , comprendente i nuovi campi della logica matematica e simbolica. Si assistette così all'introduzione di nuovi "segni matematici", per esprimere in forma rigorosa i processi di deduzione e di induzione, e alla formulazione e organizzazione di definizioni, assiomi, postulati e regole per elaborare relazioni e teoremi complessi a partire da concetti elementari e primitivi. Dal punto di vista storico, la matematica è nata con l'uomo, per soddisfare le primitive esigenze del contare e dell'individuare gli oggetti: le prime testimonianze di alcune nozioni di geometria e dell'interesse per le forme geometriche sono state infatti individuate nei disegni del vasellame e dei tessuti, e nelle pitture rupestri d'epoca preistorica. I sistemi di conteggio primitivi, sviluppati in seguito a esigenze pratiche, erano quasi certamente basati sull'uso delle dita di una o di entrambe le mani, come suggerito dalla predominanza del numero 5 e del numero 10 come basi degli attuali sistemi di numerazione.

32. Al-Amali Mahboob, from ibn sinan, from Abu Hamzah alThumali, that ibrahim, whoreported from Abul Hasan Ali b. al-Hasan, who reported from al-Husain b. Nasr b. http://www.al-islam.org/amali/12.htm

Subject Index Search Announcements Feedback Chapter 10 Tenth Assembly Met on Wednesday, after the lapse of two nights of Rajab in the year 407. Al-Sheikh al-Mufid Abu Abdillah Muhammad b. Muhammad b. al-No'man - may Allah perpetuate His support to him - narrated to us in his mosque at Darb Ribah. 1. Allah reveals to Musa He said: Abul Qasim Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Qawlawayh - may Allah bless him with mercy, reported to me from his father, from Sa'd b. Abdillah, from Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Isa and Muhammad b. al-Husain b. Abul Khattab together, from al-Hasan b. Mahboob, from Ibn Sinan, from Abu Hamzah al-Thumali, that: Abu Ja'far Muhammad b. Ali al-Baqir, peace be upon him, said: Musa son of Imran, may Allah bless our Prophet (and his progeny) and him, said: "O Allah! Who are the sincere, pure servants of Yours among Your creation?" He said: "One with the generous palms and the bountiful feet. He speaks truthfully, and walks modestly. They are such that the mountains may move, but they would not." He said: "O Allah! Who are the ones who will land in the sacred abode at yours?" He (Allah) said: "They are the ones whose eyes do not look (at all) at the world and they do not let out their secrets in faith and they accept no bribe to attain the authority. Certitude is in their hearts and truth is on their tongues. They are under My shield in this world and in the sacred abode hereafter, they will be with Me."

33. Imam Reza They swore allegiance to ibrahim al Mehdi, Mamoun’s uncle as their new caliph . Mohammed ibn sinan reports that during the caliphat of Haroun, http://www.al-islam.org/kaaba14/11.htm

The eighth Imam Ali Ibn Musa, Al-Reza(AS) Imam's Conduct Establishment of Majalis to commemorate the events of Kerbala Born in Madina 11th Zeeqaad 148 Hijri (1.1.766 AD). Died in the city of Tus Iran on 17th Safar 203 Hijri (26.5.819 AH) Period of Imamat 20 years. His grandfather Imam Ja’afar Al-sadiq (AS) died one month before the birth of Imam Reza(AS) The family must have been consoled by his birth which took place after such a great loss. He was brought up and instructed by his affectionate father under whose supervision he passed his boyhood and youth. He availed himself of the instructions of his learned father for thirty one years till the later was taken to Baghdad to suffer the hardship of imprisonment for four years till his death. Imam Musa Ibn Ja’afar(AS) could foresee that the hostile Abbasid ruler would not allow him to live peacefully and circumstances would take such a turn that his followers would not be able to see him or enquire about his successor prior to his death. So while free and undisturbed in Madinah he felt the need to introduce his successor to his followers. He, therefore, assembled seventeen prominent dignitaries from the descendants of Imam Ali (AS) and proclaimed that his son Ali Ibn Musa(AS) would succeed him. He also wrote his will on which 60 respected elders of Madinah signed as witnesses. Such elaborated arrangements were never made by any other Imam and they proved to be most appropriate due to the controversy about the Imamat which ensued after the death of Imam Musa Ibn Ja’afar (AS).

34. Khilafah.com - alFargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi,ibrahim ibn sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, Ali ibn Abbas, http://www.khilafah.com/home/category.php?DocumentID=11536&TagID=7

35. Biography-center - Letter I ibrahim, ibn sinan wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/ibrahim.html;ibrahim, Murad Jussuf Bey www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1518.html http://www.biography-center.com/i.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish I 55 biographies I llien, Mario www.grandprix.com/gpe/cref-illmar.html ibn al-Banna, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Al-Bann a.html ibn Sina, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Avicenna.ht ml ibn Tahir, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Al-Baghdad i.html ibn Tibbon, Jacob www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tibb on.html ibn Ishaq Hunayn, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hunayn.ht ml Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din geocities.com/pwhce/taymiyyah ibn Yusuf Ahmed, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ahmed.html Ibrahim, ibn Sinan www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ibrahim.html Ibrahim, Murad Jussuf Bey

36. Deadly Attacks Against The Assyrian Christians Of Iraq His two grand sons Thabit (893) and ibrahim (946) and one great grandson, He was also called ibnJabir ibn sinan. Among other luminaries of the Harran http://www.christiansofiraq.com/harranian.html

Christians of Iraq Contact Assyrian Contributions to the Arab Civilization The Haranian School Harran during the Assyrian period was an important center of astronomy and mathematics which was used to calculate the movement of planets the prediction of eclipses and other astronomical events. It should not surprise us that such knowledge had survived a thousand years later in that city perhaps because Harranians refused to convert to Christianity and the planetary worship was still part of their religion which made such knowledge necessary. During the early Islamic period they were called Sabians a name mentioned in Koran which they adopted to join the ranks of the tolerated people. At times they have been confused with the Sabians living in southern Mesopotamia. One of the first translators of the Harranian school of mathematic and astronomy is known by his Arabized name as al-Hajjaj ibn-yusuf ibn-Matar (786-833). He is credited with having made the first translation of Euclid' Elements and one of the first of ptolemy's astronomical work in Arabic "Almagest" in 827-28 from a former Syriac version. (Philip Hitti, "History of the Arabs", Princeton University Press, 10th edition, Macmillan st. Martine Press p.314) It was revised by Hunayn ibn-Ishaq and later by Thabit . Thabit bin Qurra (826-901) is considered to be the greatest geometer of the Arab period. "Thabit translated into Arabic seven of the eight books on conic sections of Apolonius and wrote earliest known work on the sundial."

37. Kairouan.org Le Portail De Référence, Vous Allez Découvrir Un ibn sinan AL TIMI se lia d amitié avec le Gouverneur Yazidibn Hatem Al Ahmed ibn ibrahim ibn Abi Assem AL LOULOUI- Homme de http://www.kairouan.org/fr/decouverte/celebrites/poetes.htm

English version Accueil Liens utiles Plan du site :: Bienvenue sur kairouan.org : le premier portail de la ville de Kairouan :: Rechercher : Histoire de Tunisie Histoire de Kairouan Galerie d'art Album photos ... Vip Vie culturelle Architecture Culture Festivals Cuisine ... Ntic Newsletter s'abonner Amis de Kairouan I Arabes-scientifiques I I I Enseignants Femmes I Gouverneurs I Historiens I I Journalistes I Les fous de Kairouan I Marabouts I I Musiciens I Peintres I I Politiques I Religieux I Sportifs Période Omayade Khaled Ibn Rabia AL AFRIKI (Période Abderrahman Ibn Habib Al Fehri Libérateur de Kairouan Conquérant de la Sicile et de la Sardaigne) Période Abbaside Yazid Ibn Hatem AL MEHALLIBI Ex-Gouverneur d'Egypte amena avec lui d'orient lors de sa nomination à Kairouan (772-787 Ap.JC/155-170 H) par le Caliphe ...de nombreux savants, poètes, religieux, linguistes notamment d'Al Koufa et Al Basra (Irak) pour enseigner aux populations locales les sciences et la littérature arabe parmi lesquels on peut citer :

38. Khayyam ‘Umar ibn ibrahim Khayyami Nayshapuri (439/1048-526/1131) known in the West He lived in the middle of this period of eclipse of ibn sinan philosophy, http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/k/khayyam.htm

The Poet Scientist Khayyam as Philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr Umar ibn Ibrahim Khayyam-i Nayshapuri (439/1048-526/1131) known in the West simply as Omar Khayyam is the most famous Asian poet in the West and since the 19th century efforts by historians of science such as Amelie Sedillot and Franz Woepke followed by many 20th century scholars, he has also become established as one of the major mathematicians and astronomers of the medieval period, the author of the most important treatise on algebra before modern times, as well as a significant work on the criticism of the Euclidean parallel lines postulate. His reputation is therefore well established as both a poet and a scientist. What is much less known about him, however, is his significance as a philosopher and his few remaining philosophical works have not received anywhere the same attention in the Occident as have his scientific or poetic writings to the extent that he hardly figures in general histories of Islamic philosophy written in Europe It has become usually forgotten that in traditional Islamic sources he was known essentially as a philosopher-scientist. Zamakhshari referred to him as “the philosopher of the world” and his son-in-law, Muhammad Baghdadi, is said to have stated that

39. PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE: A Polymath In The 10th Century -- Rashed 297 (5582): 773 - Scholars such as Banu Musa, Thabit ibn Qurra, ibrahim ibn sinan, alQuhi (1),and ibn Sahl measured curved surfaces and solids, invented new geometrical http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5582/773

Previous Article Table of Contents Next ... Article Science , Vol 297, Issue 5582, 773 , 2 August 2002 Summary of this Article PDF Version of this Article E-Letters: Submit a response to this article Download to Citation Manager Alert me when: new articles cite this article Search for similar articles in: Science Online ISI Web of Science PubMed Search Medline for articles by: Rashed, R. Request permission to use this article This article appears in the following Subject Collections: Essays Physics, Applied ADVERTISEMENT What's This... [DOI: 10.1126/science.1074591] Essays on Science and Society Also see the archival list of the Essays on Science and Society. PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE: A Polymath in the 10th Century Roshdi Rashed Ibn al-Haytham (10 to 11th century A.D.) T he turn of the first millennium was a time of intense research in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. One scientist active and productive in all of these fields was Ibn al-Haytham, called by his successors of the 12th century "Ptolemy the Second." Ibn al-Haytham, also known as Alhazen (the Latin transliteration of his first name al-Hasan), was born in Iraq, most likely in Bassorah, in the second half of the 10th century. He arrived in Cairo under the reign of Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim, a patron of the sciences who was particularly interested in astronomy. Ibn al-Haytham proposed to the Caliph a hydraulic project to control the flow of the Nilean early Aswan dam. The Caliph refused, but al-Haytham continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous University of al-Azhar, until his death after 1040.

40. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics Abu AbdAllah Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn sinan Al-Battani was born in 858 CE. Abu Ishaq ibrahim ibn Al-Zarqali, born in 1028 CE, was a Spanish Arab. http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=18&TaxonomySubTy

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