81. Arabic Studies In Physics And Astronomy During 800 - 1400 AD AlSabi thabit ibn qurra al-Harrani (826-901) revised many of the translatedGreek works and was one of the first reformers of Ptolemy s system. http://www.phys.jyu.fi/homepages/agar/arabs.html

Essay Two: Arabic Studies in Physics and Astronomy During 800 - 1400 AD After the fading of the ancient Greeks, the next steps in science were taken in a different society. Muslim armies, which had been unified by Mohammed's doctrine, began their conquest in 636. The Muslims seized Syria, Iraq, Mesopotamia and Egypt. Their influence extended through Turkey, North Africa, Spain and as far east as the borders of China. The Arabs absorbed ideas from mathematics, astronomy and other sciences from the cultures and regions they conquered. By the year 750 the wars had subsided and a time of relative peace existed. Scholars from different regions gathered in Baghdad and caliph Al Mamun established a House of Wisdom in the city. At this time many Greeks texts were translated into Arabic for the first time. Most of the Arabs' work was in the field of mathematics and astronomy but there was also significant advances made in physics. This paper will limit itself in discussing advances in the two latter fields. Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani (826-901) revised many of the translated Greek works and was one of the first reformers of Ptolemy's system. He wrote Kitab

82. Biografia De Thabit Ibn Qurra Translate this page thabit ibn qurra. (Harran, 836-Bagdad, 901) Sabio árabe. Dedicado en especial alas matemáticas y la astronomía, reformó el sistema de Tolomeo y tradujo y http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/t/thabit.htm

Inicio Buscador Las figuras clave de la historia Reportajes Los protagonistas de la actualidad Thabit ibn Qurra (Harran, 836-Bagdad, 901) Sabio árabe. Dedicado en especial a las matemáticas y la astronomía, reformó el sistema de Tolomeo y tradujo y comentó algunos tratados de Arquímedes, Euclides y Apolonio de Pérgamo. En su obra El libro de los datos estudió cuestiones de geometría elemental y trató de resolver la ecuación de segundo grado por métodos geométricos. Extendió el concepto de número a los reales positivos y elaboró un sistema de formación de los «números amigos». En astronomía, se ocupó en especial del fenómeno de los equinoccios. Médico de gran fama, escribió diversos tratados médicos, entre ellos la antología Tesoro de la medicina Inicio Buscador Recomendar sitio

83. Science News Online - Ivars Peterson's MathLand - 1/18/97 In the ninth century, thabit ibn qurra (826901) discovered a remarkable formulafor finding amicable numbers if p, q, and r are prime numbers, http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc97/1_18_97/mathland.htm

Fragments of the Past The early history of mathematics is like a jigsaw puzzle missing many of its pieces. Historians and mathematicians have been painstakingly filling in the blanks, gradually constructing a richer, more complete story of how and where mathematical thought originated and spread. One period of considerable interest is that between the decline of Greek mathematics, which coincided with the collapse of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century, and the rise of European mathematics in the 15th century. Mathematics professor Morris Kline of New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences expressed a common view of that period in his 1972 book Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times . "The Arabs made no significant advance in mathematics," he wrote. "What they did was absorb Greek and Hindu mathematics, preserve it, and ultimately, … transmit it to Europe." In other words, Islamic scholars did little more than put Greek mathematics into cold storage until Europe was ready to accept it. Historian George G. Joseph challenged that view in his provocative book

84. Publications: The Book of Assumptions by thabit ibn qurra (836—901) . History of MathematicsStates of the Art. J. Dauben, M. Folkerts, E. Knobloch, H. Wussing, Eds., http://www1.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/~Yvonne.Dold-Samplonius/YDoldPublications.html

"Die Konstruktion des regelmäßigen Siebenecks nach Abu Sahl al-Quhi Waijam ibn Rustam". Janus "Die Handschriften der Amsterdamer mathematischen Gesellschaft". Janus "Archimedes. Einander berührende Kreise". Sudhoffs Archiv "Archimedes. Über einander berührende Kreise ". Archimedes Opera Omnia, Band IV. In collaboration with Heinrich Hermelink and Matthias Schramm. (Stuttgart, Teubner, 1975). Book of Assumptions by Aqatun (PhD Thesis Amsterdam, 1977). "Some Remarks on the Book of Assumptions by Aqatun". Journal History of Arabic Science "On al-Khwarizmi’s algebraical equation case IV, ". (Russian) Commemoration Volume for the 1200th Anniversary of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi "The Solution of Quadratic Equations according to al-Samaw’al". "Developments in the Solution to the Equation from al-Khwarizmi to Fibonacci". From Deferent to Equant: A Volume of Studies in the History of Science in the Ancient and Medieval Near East in Honor of E.S. Kennedy "The Evolution in the Solution to the Quadratic Equation as Seen in the Work of al-Samaw’al".

85. How Greek Science Passed To The Arabs Hunayn ibn Ishaq 3. Other Translators 4. thabit ibn qurra. XIII The Arab Philosophers.Commentary on the book. O Leary writes a fascinating history of a http://www.aina.org/aol/peter/greek.htm

Book review: How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs ( online book Peter BetBasoo Title How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs Author De Lacy O'Leary, D.D. Date 1949 (according to the inside title page: "owing to production delays this book was published in 1980") Pages 196 Index Yes Table of Contents I Introduction II Helenism in Asia 1. Hellenization of Syria 2. The Frontier Provinces 3. Foundation of Jundi-Shapur 4. Diocletian and Constantine III The Legacy of Greece 1. Alexandrian Science 2. Philosophy 3. Greek Mathematicians 4. Greek Medicine IV Christianity as a Hellenizing Force 1. Hellenistic Atmosphere of Christianity 2. Expansion of Christianity 3. Ecclesiastical Organization V The Nestorians 1. First School of Nisibis 2. School of Edessa 3. Nestorian Schism 4. Dark Period of the Nestorian Church 5. The Nestorian Reformation VI The Monophysites 1. Beginning of Monophysitism 2. The Monophysite Schism 3. Persecution of the Monophysites 4. Organization of the Monophysite Church 5. Persian Monophysites VII Indian Influence, I: The Sea Route 1. The Sea Route to India

86. Lehrstuhl Für Geschichte Der Naturwissenschaften- Personen - Dr. Lorch thabit ibn qurra, On the SectorFigure and Related Texts. Edited with Translationand Commentary. Frankfurt am Main 2001 (Institute for the History of http://www.geschichte.uni-muenchen.de/wug/gnw/personen_lorch1.shtml

CampusLMU Historisches Seminar Historisches Seminar Abteilung für Wissenschafts- geschichte Lehrstuhl für Geschichte der Naturwissen- schaften ... Prof. Folkerts Privatdozenten Prof. Hoppe Prof. Kunitzsch Prof. Teichmann Prof. Priesner ... PD Dr. Kühne PD Dr. Seising Assistent Dr. Kokott Dr. Lorch Dr. Schirrmacher Dr. Wolff ... Dr. Hashagen Dr. Heribert Nobis Dr. Paolo Bussotti (Ehemaliger) Dr. David Juste Suche Aktuelles ... Links Dr. Richard Lorch Tel. 2180-3252 e-mail: R.Lorch@lrz.uni-muenchen.de Lebenslauf weiter >> Publikationen Lexikon-Artikel Jabir ibn Aflah and his Influence in the West ; Manchester PhD thesis, 1971 with Wm. C. Brice and C. Imber: The Daire-yi Muaddel of Seydi Ali Reis ; Manchester 1976 (Seminar on Early Islamic Science, Monograph no. 1) with Wm. C. Brice and C. Imber: The Aegean Sea-Chart of Mehmed Reis ibn Menemenli, AD 1590/1" ; Manchester 1977 (Seminar on Early Islamic Science, Monograph no. 2) Aids to Research in the History of Science Contribution (Islamic Mathematics) to The History of Mathematics from Antiquity to the Present. A Selective Bibliography

87. AMUCHMA NEWSLETTER #8 (9/7/1992) Hadfi, H. The book of data (alMafrudhat) of thabit ibn qurra (in Arabic; Frenchsummary p.197) * Hamzaoui, R. The unification and normalisation of Arabic http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_08.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-8 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #8 Note of the Chairman Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings Current Research Interests Notes and queries ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE NOTE OF THE CHAIRMAN The Secretary of the A.M.U. Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA), Prof. Ahmed Djebbar , has been appointed on 19.7.1992 Minister of National Education of the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria. On behalf of AMUCHMA, I would like to congratulate Prof. Djebbar and wish him success in his new and very responsible position. Paulus Gerdes Chairman AMUCHMA 2. MEETINGS 2.1 Third Pan-African Congress of Mathematicians The 3rd Pan-African Congress of Mathematicians was held at the Kenyatta Conference Centre, Nairobi (Kenya), August 20-28, 1991. The following were contributed papers concerning the history of mathematics in Africa: * Gerdes, P.: On the History of Mathematics in Subsaharan Africa, an overview of recent research; * Ismael, A.: On the origin of the concepts of 'even' and 'odd' in Macua culture (Northern Mozambique);

88. Encyclopedia: Thabit Ibn Qurra ummah.com Print_a Science FeatureMuslim Scientists thabit ibn qurra (836 CE). thabit ibn qurra ibn Marwan alSabial-Harrani was born in the year 836 CE at Harran (present Turkey). http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Thabit-ibn-Qurra

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Thabit ibn Qurra" also viewed: Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud List of Muslims Ibn Saud Ulugh Beg ... Anzu Mazaki What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Matoran Marsha Mason Mark Leonard March ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Thabit ibn Qurra Updated 200 days 16 hours 46 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Thabit ibn Qurra Thabit ibn Qurra abu' l'Hasan ibn Marwan al-Sabi al'Harrani February 18 ) was an Arab astronomer and mathematician . In Latin he was known as Thebit Thabit was born in Harran (antique Carrhae), Mesopotamia (now Turkey ). At the invitation of Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir , one of the Banu Musa brothers, Thabit went to study in Baghdad at the House of Wisdom . He belonged to the sect of the Harranian Sabians , often confused with the Mandaeans . As star-worshippers, Sabians showed a great interest in astronomy and mathematics . This sect lived in the vicinity of the main center of the Caliphate until , when the Mongols destroyed their last shrine. During

89. Institute For The Secularisation Of Islamic Society thabit ibn qurra was a pagan. Hunain ibn Ishaq was a Christian. AlFarabi taughtsecret doctrines and was also persecuted. ibn Sina was Persian and didn t http://www.secularislam.org/visitors/28.htm

Message from the Executive Director February, 2005 Temporary Shutdown of ISIS site Home Mission Statement Statement of Principles ... Testimonies: Why I Left Islam Viewpoints Feedback Links Site Map French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Visitor Feedback, Page 28 Date: 21 Jun 2003 Time: Comments Date: 22 Jun 2003 Time: Comments Shias, Qadiyanis exposed in the previous page. UNABATED CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN THE USA, a report too in the previous page, which is page 27. Date: 22 Jun 2003 Time: Comments "the "West" is a far better place to live in", THIS STATEMENT OF YOURS IS WRONG. Home sweet home, indeed I agree, but major part of your home is Latrine, bathroom, Kitchen, dining room, and the circling compound, where we don't live. Similarly You have seen only focussed picture of the west, the bed room of your home. Date: 22 Jun 2003 Time: Comments You know how science went to Europe. You are just a kid in these matters, You know who are Illuminati, you know who free masons are. These are facts, perception and comprehension of which only begins from the horizon of what you have understood so far in life.

90. NEWSLETTER DoldSamplonius, Y. 1996 The Book of Assumptions by thabit ibn qurra (836-901).In History of Mathematics The States of the Art. Eds. J. Dauben, http://www.ou.edu/islamsci/Newsletter4.html

NEWSLETTER International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science Commission on History of Science and Technology in Islamic Civilization No. 4 (1996/97) Editor: Dr. Sonja Brentjes 1993-1997 Officers President: S. M. R. Ansari, Physics Dept., Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India Vice President: E. Ihsanoglu, Turkish Society for History of Science (TBTK), P. K. 234, Besiktas, 80692, Istanbul, Turkey Secretary: S. Brentjes, Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science, Wilhelmstr. 44, D-10117 Berlin, Germany email: brentjes@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de Past President: E. S. Kennedy, 37 Wiggins Street, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA Contents Activity report of the Commission for the period 1993-1997 New Organizations/Networks/Groups New Journals/Series/Newsletters Conferences/Symposia/Meetings in 1996/97 ... Awards/Elections/Etc. 1. Activity report of the Commission for the period 1993-1997 The president’s report The main activity of the Commission in 1996-97 has been to concentrate on organizing a symposium at ICHS-97. The first draft of the Symposium on Science and Technology in Islamic Civilization was circulated, already in the autumn of 1995, among several members of the Commission. At that point of time, the aim and objective of the Symposium was to critically review the researches carried out during the present century and to concentrate in the original contributions on Islamic Science and Technology beyond the classical period in Islamic Middle Ages. However, a number of other symposia were also proposed, for instance, on sciences in Iran, Turkey, etc. The president of this Commission suggested then to rope in "formally" all other proposed symposia under the auspices of the Commission by allotting one full day to each theme. Unfortunately this suggestion was not agreed upon. Further, the ad-hoc programme committee of ICHS suggested to have one sectional meeting of the Congress devoted exclusively to the "

91. Las Matemáticas En El Islam Medieval Translate this page Una nueva prueba del teorema de thabit ibn qurra fue suministrada a finales delsiglo thabit ibn qurra (a quien con justicia mencionaremos una vez más, http://www.transoxiana.org/0105/chaparro_math_islam.html

Transoxiana 5 - Diciembre 2002 Las matemáticas en el Islam medieval Enrique A. Chaparro Comentario preliminar Este artículo es parte de una serie, cuyo propósito es divulgar los aspectos más destacados del desarrollo de las matemáticas en el Islam medieval. Este documento en particular proporciona una introducción general al asunto, y presenta con mayor extensión al más notable de los matemáticos del siglo IX, al-Khwarizmi; otros documentos de esta serie analizarán las contribuciones de los científicos del Islam en este campo, particularmente entre los siglos IX y XII. Introducción y motivación Valoración de la ciencia islámica Durante mucho tiempo, y aún entre los historiadores de la ciencia, se ha sostenido que, luego de un brillante período en que los griegos establecieron las fundaciones de las matemáticas, hubo un lapso de estancamiento antes de que los europeos, a comienzos del siglo XVI, reiniciaran el camino en el punto en que los griegos lo dejaran. La percepción común del período de alrededor de mil años entre los antiguos griegos y el Renacimiento europeo es que pocas novedades surgieron en el campo matemático, excepto por algunas traducciones árabes de obras griegas que preservaron las enseñanzas helénicas para que estuvieran disponibles para los europeos al comenzar el siglo XVI. No debería sorprendernos la generalidad de esta percepción. Muchos importantes historiadores de la ciencia han contribuido a sostener esta visión, ya sea omitiendo cualquier mención a las matemáticas del Islam en el desarrollo histórico, o con declaraciones como la de Duhem en [

92. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians 860, dc 880) *SB; thabit ibn qurra (836901) *MT; al-Fadl al-Nayrizi (c. 900-905) *SB; Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn thabit ibn qurra (909-946) *SB; Manjula (c. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

93. Biblioteca Translate this page thabit ibn qurra. 891 LIBRO SOBRE EL INSTRUMENTO QUE INDICA LAS HORAS thabit ibnqurra. 1239? TRACTATUS DE QUADRANTE Sacrobosco http://www.bernisol.com/biblioteca.htm

Relojes de sol El mundo de los Relojes de Sol en una página Juan Serra Busquets Relojes de sol, Rellotges de sol, Relógios de sol, Orologio solari, Sundials, Cadrans solaires, Sonnenuhren, Gnomónica BIBLIOTECA GNOMÓNICA NOVEDAD EDITORIAL Es una satisfacción poder anunciar aquí la publicación de la 2ª edición del excepcional libro “Relojes de piedra en Galicia” editado por la Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza y cuyo autor es el Dr. José Luis Basanta Campos. Quiero felicitar a la Fundación por esta acertada iniciativa y por ponerlo de nuevo al alcance de todos los gnomonistas y aficionados que no pudieron acceder a la primera edición por agotarse de inmediato. Relojes de piedra en Galicia no es un libro más sobre “Relojes de...”. Es el libro que ha servido de estímulo a los que después le han seguido tomándolo como guía y referencia. Pero no sólo es un catálogo sobre los relojes de Galicia sino que se extiende más alla de sus fronteras dedicando 106 pàginas a los relojes de sol de Baleares, Castilla y León, Andalucía, Pais Vasco, Navarra, La Rioja, Cataluña, Valencia, Murcia, Asturias, Santander, Aragón y Canarias. Además, presenta una muestra de relojes de Portugal, Francia, Gran Bretaña, Bélgica, Alemania, Austria, Italia, Suiza, Rusia, Dinamarca y América.

94. TIMELINE 9th CENTURY Page Of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE 18 Feb 901 Arab mathematician thabit ibn qurra dies in Baghdad, Iraq. 907 or908 Muslim ibn Ahmed alLeiti, Abu Obeida, also called Sahib al-Qible, http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline9.html

TIMELINE 9th CENTURY Return to Timeline Table of Contents Return to Ultimate SF Table of Contents TIMELINE 9th CENTURY May be posted electronically provided that it is transmitted unaltered, in its entirety, and without charge. We examine both works of fiction and important contemporaneous works on non-fiction which set the context for early Science Fiction and Fantasy. There are hotlinks here to authors, magazines, films, or television items elsewhere in the Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide and hotlinks to web sites beyond Magic Dragon Multimedia. Most recently updated: 9 May 2003 [from 76 to 80 kilobytes]. This web page draws heavily on FACTS as listed in " The Timetables of Science Facts were also checked against " The 1979 Hammond Almanac " [ed. Martin A. Bacheller et al., Maplewood, New Jersey, 1978], p.795; and the Wikipedia . It also utilizes facts from Volume I of D. E. Smith's " History of Mathematics " [(c) 1921 by David Eugene Smith; (c) 1951 by May Luse Smith; New York: Dover, 1958]. Executive Summary of the 9th Century Jump Straight to the alphabetical list of Mathematical/Scientific/Philosophical People of the Century Fiction About the 9th Century 9th Century African Geomancy ... Where to Go for More : 51 Useful Reference Books Executive Summary of the 9th Century In this Ninth Century (or maybe the Eighth), the great Old English Fantasy Poem

95. Alcuin - Ihre Datenbank Mit Mittelalterlichen Autoren Und Werken Translate this page Rhazes, Liber introductorius in medicinam parvus , thabit ibn qurra, hiis que indigent expositione antequam legatur Almagesti) , thabit ibn qurra, http://www-cgi.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/Philosophie/Infotek/phil/view/Werki

www.alcuin.de Datenbank im Aufbau Autoren und Ihre Werke beginnend "G":

96. New Dictionary Of Scientific Biography Translate this page Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn thabit ibn qurra Isidorus of Miletus Ivory, James thabit ibn qurra, al-?abi? al- ?arrani Theaetetus Theodorus of Cyrene http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/math.html

Make Suggestions Mathematics Abel, Niels Henrik Abraham Bar ?iyya Ha-Nasi Abu Kamil Shuja? Ibn Aslam Ibn Mu?ammad Ibn Shuja? Abu'l-Wafa? al-Buzjani, Mu?ammad Ibn Mu?ammad Ibn Ya?ya Ibn Isma?il Ibn al- ?Abbas Adams, John Couch Adelard of Bath Adrain, Robert Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodosius Agnesi, Maria Gaetana Aguilon, François d' A?mad Ibn Yusuf Aida Yasuaki Ajima Naonobu Akhiezer, Naum Il'ich Albert, Abraham Adrian Albert of Saxony Alberti, Leone Battista Aleksandrov, Pavel Sergeevich Alembert, Jean Le Rond d' Alzate y Ramírez, José Antonio Ampère, André-Marie Amsler, Jakob Anatolius of Alexandria Anderson, Oskar Johann Viktor Andoyer, Henri Angeli, Stefano Degli Anthemius of Tralles Antiphon Apollonius of Perga Appell, Paul Arbogast, Louis François Antoine Arbuthnot, John Archimedes Archytas of Tarentum Argand, Jean Robert Aristaeus Aristarchus of Samos Arnauld, Antoine Aronhold, Siegfried Heinrich Artin, Emil Atwood, George Autolycus of Pitane Auzout, Adrien

97. Mais Quand Commence Le Ramadan ? - Ciel Et Espace Translate this page La théorie de thabit ibn qurra (824-901), plus sophistiquée, tient compte de Même si les conclusions de thabit ibn qurra n’étaient pas exactes, http://www.cieletespace.fr/cat/mais_quand_commence_le_ramadan.html

Mais quand commence le Ramadan ? Thèmes : nouvelle lune, arianespace, conjonction, lune, lunaison, pleine lune, lunaire Ciel et Espace vous propose une sélection de ses meilleurs produits : Livres, posters (les plus belles images du ciel ), CD Audio, CD-ROM, DVD, Cassettes vidéo, cartes du ciel, calendriers, produits pédagogiques nouvelle lune arianespace conjonction lune ... lunaire Mais quand commence le Ramadan ? Leïla Haddad Le 26, 27 ou 28 octobre ? D’après l’astronomie, le mois de Ramadan 2003 débutera le 26 octobre après le coucher du Soleil et les musulmans devront commencer à jeûner dès le lendemain. Mais entre la théorie et la pratique, il y a un très fin croissant de Lune qui peut tout décaler de un, voire de deux jours Chaque année, le même jour et presque à la même heure, tous les musulmans du monde se posent la même question : Ramadan est-il pour demain ou pour après-demain ? Neuvième mois de l’année selon le calendrier islamique, période sainte au cours de laquelle les croyants doivent s’abstenir de boire, de fumer et de manger du lever au coucher du Soleil, Ramadan est un intense moment de ferveur religieuse, de purification et de communion entre les musulmans. Très attendu, il est aussi la belle période des réunions autour de la table du soir, des plats rares, des soirées qui s’éternisent dans des rues aussi animées qu’en plein jour. Il commence après le coucher du Soleil, le soir où le maigre croissant qui suit la

98. Welkom Bij Het FOK!fotoboek naam, thabit ibn qurra. woonplaats, Baghdad. geslacht, Man. geb. datum,000000-00. relatie, nee. kleur ogen. schoenmaat. beroep, Wetenschapper http://fotoboek.fok.nl/user.fok?id=46507

99. Sar-Sc: Positive Atheism's Big List Of Quotations Jabir ibn Haiyan, alKindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, thabit ibnQurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/quote-s1.htm

Positive Atheism's Big List of Quotations Sar-Sc No-Frames Quotes Index Load This File With Frames Index Home to Positive Atheism Lyman Tower Sargent American sociologist; educator, University of Missouri, Saint Louis Lyman Sargent Contemporary World Ideologies (1969), quoted from Laird Wilcox, ed., " The Degeneration of Belief " The history of American education would have been much different without New Harmony and other secular communities that emphasized education. Many of the people who joined these communities wanted to better educate themselves and their children, and they wanted to educate the outside world by their example. At the base of these communitarian ideals was a form of environmental determinism combined with the belief that people would choose to change to improve themselves, their children, and their environment. Members believed that intentional communities could provide a better life than could be achieved through private ownership and competition. Even with the high failure rate and the personal struggles involved, many communitarians continued to believe in cooperative lifestyles. Most of the early secular communities were democratic although not consensual; they aimed at equality and generally practiced it. Economically, most groups were communal, holding all property in common and distributing goods on the basis of need.

100. Islamic Astronomy By Owen Gingerich translator of mathematical and astronomical works was a pagan named thabitibn qurra. thabit was originally a money changer in the marketplace of Harran http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/phys/alshukri/PHYS215/Islamic astronomy.htm

Islamic astronomy by Owen Gingerich Scientific American , April 1986 v254 p74(10) Historians who track the development of astronomy from antiquity to the Renaissance sometimes refer to the time from the eighth through the 14th centuries as the Islamic period. During that interval most astronomical activity took place in the Middle East North Africa and Moorish Spain. While Europe languished in the Dark Ages, the torch of ancient scholarship had passed into Muslim hands. Islamic scholars kept it alight, and from them it passed to Renaissance Europe. Two circumstances fostered the growth of astronomy in Islamic lands. One was geographic proximity to the world of ancient learning, coupled with a tolerance for scholars of other creeds. In the ninth century most of the Greek scientific texts were translated into Arabic, including Ptolemy's Syntaxis , the apex of ancient astronomy. It was through these translations that the Greek works later became known in medieval Europe . (Indeed, the Syntaxis is still known primarily by its Arabic name, Almagest, meaning "the greatest.")

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 5     81-100 of 108    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | Next 20