81. How Greek Science Passed To The Arabs In Five Parts- Part Two De Lacy O'Leary D. hypsicles (circ. 180 BC), of alexandria, may have been the author of what isknown as the fourteenth book of Euclid, containing seven propositions on http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary02.htm

Welcome to One of the Largest and Most Visited Sources of Philosophical Texts on the Internet. Evans Experientialism Evans Experientialism SEARCH THE WHOLE SITE? SEARCH CLICK THE SEARCH BUTTON To The Academy Library To The Athenaeum Library To The Nominalist Library Athenaeum Reading Room How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs In Five Parts- Part Two De Lacy O'Leary D. D. (2) PHILOSOPHY How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs Aristotle the philosopher had been Alexander's tutor, but his life was more connected with Athens than with Alexandria. Yet his influence permeated Greek thought, and was mainly responsible for directing it towards natural science and mathematics, though this scientific tendency had a precedent in earlier philosophy. The Neo-Pythagorean philosopher Numenius of Apamea (circ. 160-180 B. C.), whose teaching is known by citations in Busebius (Praep. Evang., xi, 10; xviii, 22; xv, I 7), and a few other references (e. g. Porphyry in Stob., Eccl. i, 836) must be regarded as a precursor of neo-Platonism. He was the first Greek philosopher to show any sympathy with Hebrew religion, describing Plato as Moses speaking in Attic (Clement Alex., Strom. i, 342; Eusebius, Praep. Evang. xi, 10). He shows very plainly a tendency to religious syncretism such as is strongly marked in the neo-Platonists, but is not confined to them, indeed it seems to have been widely prevalent in the second century and after. Later neo-Platonists often associated themselves with the revival of paganism then in progress, as did his pupil Amelius, but Plotinus himself stood aloof. The Enneads have come down to us rearranged and revised by his pupil Porphyry who, however, outlines another arrangement disposing the books in chronological order, and by that arrangement the development of Plotinus' thought is made clearer.

82. Greek For Euclid: Contents 320) of alexandria, but ceased in the disorders and intellectual collapse apparently the work of hypsicles, and generally numbered as books 14 and 15), http://www.du.edu/~etuttle/classics/nugreek/contents.htm

Reading Euclid This course combines Greek and Geometry to show how to read Euclid's Elements in the original language "I would make them all learn English; and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat" Sir Winston Churchill Go immediately to Contents Introduction Eu)klei/dou Stoixei~a , Euclid's Elements, the classical textbook in geometry, is easy to read in the original ancient Greek, but its grammar and vocabulary are not those familiar from the usual course in elementary Greek, with peculiarities that make it difficult for the beginner. The text of the Elements that we have is written in the literary koinh/ typical of the 1st century AD. This course concentrates on exactly what is necessary to read Euclid, both in vocabulary and grammar. Its sole aim is to teach how to read this work, and similar texts in Greek mathematics, and not to compose Greek sentences, nor to read the Iliad or Plato. All necessary information is included in the course. A great amount of scholarship has been devoted to Euclid, mainly in Latin or German, and this course may expose some of it to a larger audience, to whom it has been largely inaccessible. For authoritative details, reference must be made to these sources, since the present one claims no expertise. There are many websites with information on Euclid and geometry. For example, look at the link to Euclid in the Seven Wonders website that is referenced in the Classics Index page, under the heading Pharos of Alexandria. As is typical of education on the Internet, many sites are poor, repetitive or childish, however.

83. CHN | News alexandria was a tiny fishing village on the northwestern delta of the Nile that hypsicles first divided the circle of the zodiac into 360 degrees, http://heritage.chn.ir/en/news/?id=1406

84. The Beginnings Of Trigonometry Pappus of alexandria, who was a teacher of mathema tics in the fourth century, Hipparchus is credited as generalizing hypsicles idea of dividing the http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/hunt.html

The Beginnings of Trigonometry Joseph Hunt History of Mathematics Rutgers, Spring 2000 The ancient Greeks transformed trigonometry into an ordered science. Astronomy was the driving force behind advancements in trigonometry. Most of the early advancements in trigonometry were in spherical trigonometry mostly because of its application to astronomy. The three main figures that we know of in the development of Greek trigonometry are Hipparchus, Menelaus, and Ptolomy. There were likely other contributors but over time their works have been loss and their names have been forgotten. "Even if he did not invent it, Hipparchus is the first person of whose systematic use of trigonometry we have documentary evidence." (Heath 257) Some historians go as far as to say that he invented trigonometry. Not much is known about the life of Hipp archus. It is believed that he was born at Nicaea in Bithynia. (Sarton 285) The town of Nicaea is now called Iznik and is situated in northwestern Turkey. Founded in the 4th century BC, Nicaea lies on the eastern shore of Lake Iznik. He is one of the g reatest astronomers of all time. We know from Ptolemy's references that he made astronomical observations from 161 to 127 BC. (Sarton 285) Unfortunately, nearly all of his works are lost, and all that remains is his commentary on the Phainomena of Eudoxos of Cnidos, and a commentary on an astronomical poem by Aratos of Soloi. (Sarton 285) Most of what we know about Hipparchus comes from Ptolemy's

85. This Week The University of alexandria was where Euclid developed geometry and Its scholars also included hypsicles, who split the circle into 360 degrees, http://www.calacademy.org/thisweek/archive/2004/20040512.html

NATURAL SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS May 12, 2004 SUBSCRIBE ARCHIVE Concise coverage of natural science news with an emphasis on stories about California and the West. Items are compiled by the staff of California Wild and the Academy's Biodiversity Resource Center. This Week Quick Guide: Alexander's University Euro Hummers Milky Way Arm Bamboo Bust ... Frog Poison To contact This Week in California Wild, e-mail calwild@calacademy.org or write to Kathleen Wong, This Week in California Wild, California Academy of Sciences, 875 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 Famed University of Alexandria Found Los Angeles Times Hummingbirds May Have Originated In Europe A pair of hummingbird-like fossils have been found in what is now Europe. Found in southern Germany, the fossils demonstrate that these New World birds may have evolved in Europe. Zoologist Gerald Mayr of the Senkenberg Natural History Museum in Frankfurt, Germany, reports in the journal Science that the long, slender beaks and delicate wings of the fossils are startlingly similar to those of the modern hummingbird genus Trochilus. These 30-million-years old fossils are not only the first record of these birds found outside the Americas, but are also the oldest known examples of modern hummingbirds yet found. The announcement has also excited botanists, who believe the presence of hummingbirds in Europe may explain the shape of some Old World flowers today.

86. Chronology For 500BC To 1AD About 150BC hypsicles writes On the Ascension of Stars. (See this History Topic.).About 60 Heron of alexandria writes Metrica (Measurements). http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Chronology/500BC_1AD.html

Chronology for 500BC to 1AD Previous page Chronology index Full chronology Next page About 500BC The Babylonian sexagesimal number system is used to record and predict the positions of the Sun, Moon and planets. (See this History Topic About 500BC Panini 's work on Sanskrit grammar is the forerunner of the modern formal language theory. About 465BC Hippasus writes of a "sphere of 12 pentagons", which must refer to a dodecahedron About 450BC Greeks begin to use written numerals. (See this History Topic About 450BC Zeno of Elea presents his paradoxes. About 440BC Hippocrates of Chios writes the Elements which is the first compilation of the elements of geometry. About 430BC Hippias of Elis invents the quadratrix which may have been used by him for trisecting an angle and squaring the circle About 425BC Theodorus of Cyrene shows that certain square roots are irrational . This had been shown earlier but it is not known by whom. About 400BC Babylonians use a symbol to indicate an empty place in their numbers recorded in cuneiform writing. There is no indication that this was in any way thought of as a number. (See this History Topic Plato founds his Academy in Athens About 375BC Archytas of Tarentum develops mechanics. He studies the "classical problem" of

87. Underverk På Vent - Teknisk Ukeblad Biblioteket i alexandria ble grunnlagt for 2400 år siden av Ptolemy Soter, en pumpe som fortsatt er i bruk, og hypsicles delte sirkelen i 360 grader. http://www.tu.no/nyheter/bygg/article13487.ece

Hovedside Søk i nyhetsarkiv Avansert søk Nyheter Orkanen NY! Arbeidsliv - Utdanning Bygg - Anlegg Energi - Elektro Forsvar ... Mattenøtter Tema Eliaden 2004 150 år Statsbudsjettet 2004 Elkraft Energi ... Orkanen NY! Arbeidsliv Bygg Energi Industri ... Annonsere? Stillingskode Guider Levert av BizKit Anbudsguiden Annonseinfo Bedriftshjelperen Jobbsøkerguiden ... Våre Veger Ut i verden Søk i Google Søk i Fast TEKNA NITO PF Papirutgaven Les siste utgave Arkiv (PDF) Mediaplan TU 2005 Annonseinfo Du er her: tu.no Nyheter Bygg - Anlegg Snarveier Anbudsguide Jobb Møtekalender Annonseinfo ... Stresstest Underverk på vent Dordi Digre Atle Abelsen Publisert: 14.04.2002 21:34 - Egypts president Hosni Mubarak har tatt en modig og korrekt avgjørelse når han utsetter den offisielle åpningen av biblioteket i Alexandria, sier prosjektdirektør Kjetil Thorsen i arkitektkontoret Snøhetta. Arkivfoto Tjenester: Utskriftsvennlig versjon Den offisielle åpningen av araberverdenens store prestisjeprosjekt skulle egentlig gått av stabelen 23. april, med betydelige innslag fra norske aktører. Det er som kjent det norske arkitektkontoret Snøhetta som har tegnet biblioteket. - Vi føler lettelse over avgjørelsen. Det hadde ikke vært enkelt å foreta en åpning med stor festivitas mens det foregår blodige kamphandlinger i nabolandet, sier Thorsen til tekblad.no. Han var selv en av arkitektene bak det prestisjefulle vinnerutkastet så langt tilbake som i 1989.

88. Apollonius When he was a young man Apollonius went to alexandria where he studied under hypsicles refers to a work by Apollonius comparing a dodecahedron and an http://homepages.compuserve.de/thweidenfeller/mathematiker/Apollonius.htm

Apollonius of Perga Born: about 262 BC in Perga, Pamphylia, Greek Ionia (now Murtina, Antalya, Turkey) Died: about 190 BC in Alexandria, Egypt Apollonius of Perga was known as 'The Great Geometer'. Little is known of his life but his works have had a very great influence on the development of mathematics, in particular his famous book Conics introduced terms which are familiar to us today such as parabola , ellipse and hyperbola Apollonius of Perga should not be confused with other Greek scholars called Apollonius, for it was a common name. In [1] details of others with the name of Apollonius are given: Apollonius of Rhodes, born about 295 BC, a Greek poet and grammarian, a pupil of Callimachus who was a teacher of Eratosthenes ; Apollonius of Tralles, 2nd century BC, a Greek sculptor; Apollonius the Athenian, 1st century BC, a sculptor; Apollonius of Tyana, 1st century AD, a member of the society founded by Pythagoras; Apollonius Dyscolus, 2nd century AD, a Greek grammarian who was reputedly the founder of the systematic study of grammar; and Apollonius of Tyre who is a literary character. The mathematician Apollonius was born in Perga, Pamphylia which today is known as Murtina, or Murtana and is now in Antalya, Turkey. Perga was a centre of culture at this time and it was the place of worship of Queen Artemis, a nature goddess. When he was a young man Apollonius went to Alexandria where he studied under the followers of Euclid

89. How Greek Science Passed To The Arabs The complete curriculum of the medical school of alexandria was thus made available a Syrian Christian, who translated hypsicles, Theodosius Sphaerica, http://www.aina.org/aol/peter/greek.htm

Book review: How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs ( online book Peter BetBasoo Title How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs Author De Lacy O'Leary, D.D. Date 1949 (according to the inside title page: "owing to production delays this book was published in 1980") Pages 196 Index Yes Table of Contents I Introduction II Helenism in Asia 1. Hellenization of Syria 2. The Frontier Provinces 3. Foundation of Jundi-Shapur 4. Diocletian and Constantine III The Legacy of Greece 1. Alexandrian Science 2. Philosophy 3. Greek Mathematicians 4. Greek Medicine IV Christianity as a Hellenizing Force 1. Hellenistic Atmosphere of Christianity 2. Expansion of Christianity 3. Ecclesiastical Organization V The Nestorians 1. First School of Nisibis 2. School of Edessa 3. Nestorian Schism 4. Dark Period of the Nestorian Church 5. The Nestorian Reformation VI The Monophysites 1. Beginning of Monophysitism 2. The Monophysite Schism 3. Persecution of the Monophysites 4. Organization of the Monophysite Church 5. Persian Monophysites VII Indian Influence, I: The Sea Route 1. The Sea Route to India

90. Syriac Christians Passed Greek Science To The Arabs The complete curriculum of the medical school of alexandria was thus made available a Syriac Christian, who translated hypsicles, Theodosius Sphaerica, http://phoenicia.org/xtiantranslateforarabs.html

A Bequest Unearthed Phoenicia Encyclopedia Phoeniciana Syriac Christians Passed Greek Science to the Arabs by De Lacy O'Leary, D.D. Visit other 1,000 pages on the Phoenicians Search Phoenicia Get a Search Eine For Your Site TRANSLATE this page Translation of Greek knowledge to Arabic by Syriac (Phoenician) Christians was the corner stone in civilizing the Arabs and jump-starting their contribution to Western thought. Table of Contents I Introduction II Helenism in Asia 1. Hellenization of Syria 2. The Frontier Provinces 3. Foundation of Jundi-Shapur 4. Diocletian and Constantine III The Legacy of Greece 1. Alexandrian Science 2. Philosophy 3. Greek Mathematicians 4. Greek Medicine IV Christianity as a Hellenizing Force 1. Hellenistic Atmosphere of Christianity 2. Expansion of Christianity

91. Apollonius Naucrates the geometer, at the time when he came to alexandria and stayed Hypsiclesrefers to a work by Apollonius comparing a dodecahedron and an icosahedron http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Apollonius.html

Apollonius of Perga Born: about 262 BC in Perga, Pamphylia, Greek Ionia (now Murtina, Antalya, Turkey) Died: about 190 BC in Alexandria, Egypt Click the picture above to see a larger version Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Apollonius of Perga was known as 'The Great Geometer'. Little is known of his life but his works have had a very great influence on the development of mathematics, in particular his famous book Conics introduced terms which are familiar to us today such as parabola ellipse and hyperbola Apollonius of Perga should not be confused with other Greek scholars called Apollonius, for it was a common name. In [1] details of others with the name of Apollonius are given: Apollonius of Rhodes, born about 295 BC, a Greek poet and grammarian, a pupil of Callimachus who was a teacher of Eratosthenes ; Apollonius of Tralles, 2 nd century BC, a Greek sculptor; Apollonius the Athenian, 1 st century BC, a sculptor; Apollonius of Tyana, 1 st century AD, a member of the society founded by Pythagoras; Apollonius Dyscolus, 2

92. New Page 2 Diophantus lived in alexandria, Egypt in about 250 AD. I think the place;alexandria, that Diophantus lived greatly affected his ability to explore the http://derrel.net/math/diophantus/timelived.htm

The Time Diophantus Lived How did the time and place which he lived affect his ability to explore the world of mathematics? Diophantus lived in Alexandria, Egypt in about 250 AD. I think the place; Alexandria, that Diophantus lived greatly affected his ability to explore the world of mathematics. The place has an interesting history that paved the way for many Greek intellects to explore different areas, including mathematics. Alexandria is mentioned in a poem all the way back to Homer's Odyssey. The poem reads: "Now off Egypt About as far as a ship can sail in a day With a good stiff breeze behind her There is an island called Pharos It has a good harbor From which vessels can get out into open sea When they have taken in water." Where and when did Diophantus live? What were the main studies in Diophantus's time? If Diophantus lived in a more recent time, many changes that have taken place since he lived would affect his invention. If he lived in about 1994 it might be easier to invent what he invented because there are more appliances to help him. For example, he could use a calculator to solve his problems faster. He could check himself on sub-totals to catch small mistakes. Another reason that his invention might have changed was that and negative numbers were invented long after he died. When he did his work, scholars thought negative numbers didn’t make sense. They asked: how could one have a negative number of books? Negative numbers would have changed his work because he believed that x, the mystery number, had only one correct answer. In fact, negative numbers often provide a second correct answer to a problem. He would probably go to college where he could take courses on algebra. When do you think Diophantus should have lived?

93. BIOASTRO Mailing List: SETI Bioastro: Archaeologists Have Found The Ruins Of The SETI bioastro Archaeologists have found the ruins of the University of alexandria. http://seti.sentry.net/archive/bioastro/2004/May/0146.html

SETI bioastro: Archaeologists have found the ruins of the University of Alexandria New Message Reply Date view Thread view ... Attachment view From: LARRY KLAES ( ljk4_at_msn.com Date: Thu May 13 2004 - 18:49:00 PDT Next message: LARRY KLAES: "SETI bioastro: Fw: What's New @ national-academies.org" Previous message: http://www.sltrib.com/2004/May/05092004/nation_w/164862.asp Archaeologists discover alma mater of Archimedes By Thomas Maugh II Los Angeles Times ... LARRY KLAES: "SETI bioastro: Fw: What's New @ national-academies.org" Previous message: New Message Reply Date view Thread view ... Attachment view This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.6 : Thu May 13 2004 - 19:04:21 PDT

94. Hypsiloid - Definition Of Hypsiloid By The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus And Hyprieus HYPROOF HYPS hypsarrhythmia Hypseus Hypsicalotes hypsicles ofAlexandria Hypsiglena Hypsiglena torquata Hypsilanti http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Hypsiloid

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='Hypsiloid' join mailing list webmaster tools Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Computing dictionary Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Columbia encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia Hutchinson encyclopedia Hypsiloid 0.01 sec. Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback a. (Anat.) Resembling the Greek letter Mentioned in References in classic literature No references found No references found Dictionary/thesaurus browser Full browser hypozeugma hypozeuxis Hypozoic Hyppish ... Hypsiglena torquata Hypsiloid Hypsiprymnodon Hypsiprymnodon moschatus hypso- hypsography ... Hypsilanti Hypsiloid Hypsilophodon Hypsilurus Hypsipetes crassirostris Hypsipetes leucocephalus ... Hypsypops rubicundus Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition Free Tools: For surfers: Browser extension Word of the Day NEW! Help For webmasters: Free content NEW! Linking Lookup box ... Farlex, Inc. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.

95. Human Indexes Of My Books On Mathematics; Hi(bi, Pi) In Japanese Translate this page The summary for this Japanese page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www.com.mie-u.ac.jp/~kanie/tosm/humanind/jinmeih2.htm

TOSMŽOd‚̃z[ƒ€ w‰ðÍ‹³’öx w”—‰ðÍ‚̃pƒCƒIƒjƒA‚½‚¿x w”Šw–¼ŠˆÄ“àx ... w“V‘‚̏ؖ¾x @l–¼õˆø@‚Ð l–¼õˆø‘–ÚŽŸ ƒrƒAƒ“ƒL ƒq[ƒEƒbƒh E.ƒsƒJ[ƒ‹ ... ƒgƒbƒv (Kenneth Robert Pearson). @ƒI[ƒXƒgƒ‰ƒŠƒACƒ‰Eƒgƒ[ƒu‘åŠw”Šw‹³ŽöD@ ƒgƒbƒv ƒrƒAƒ“ƒL (Luigi Bianchi, 1856.1.18-1928.6.6). @ƒsƒT‘åŠw‘²‹ÆŒãCƒsƒT‘åŠw‚Å‹³E(1897”N‚æ‚苳Žö)D @”÷•ªŠô‰½Šw‚ɏd—v‚ȍvŒ£DƒxƒbƒeƒB‚Æ ƒfƒBƒj ‚Ì‚à‚ƂŁC‚Ì‚¿‚É F.ƒNƒ‰ƒCƒ“ ‚Ì‚à‚Æ‚ÅŠw‚ԁD E.ƒxƒ‹ƒgƒ‰ƒ~ ‚ÆD.ƒSƒ_ƒbƒcƒB‚̍l‚¦‚ðŒp³‚µC”÷•ª•s•ÏŽ®‚É‚æ‚é”÷•ªŠô‰½‚ð”­“WD˜A‘±ŒQ‚ð‹–‚·‚·‚×‚Ä‚Ì ‚ÌŠô‰½‚ð‹‚ß‚éD ƒAƒCƒ“ƒVƒ ƒ^ƒCƒ“ ‚́Cˆê”Ê‘Š‘ΐ«—˜_‚ɁC”ñ ƒ†[ƒNƒŠƒbƒh Šô‰½‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é”ނ̋Ɛтð—p‚¢‚½D @ƒrƒAƒ“ƒL‚̍P“™Ž®D @ [‰ðl], [ƒgl], [‘ã17] ƒgƒbƒv ƒq[ƒEƒbƒh (Persy John Heawood, 1861.9.8-1955.1.24). ƒPƒ“ƒv ‚Ì4F’藝‚̊ԈႢ‚ðŽw“E(1890)D“Á‚É•½–Ê‚Æ‹ –ʏã‚Ì5F’藝‚̏ؖ¾‚ƈê”ʂ̎퐔‚̃Rƒ“ƒpƒNƒg‹È–ʂ̍ʐF”‚̏ãŠE‚ð—^‚¦‚éD@@ ƒgƒbƒv ƒsƒJ[ƒ‹ AƒGƒ~[ƒ‹ (Charles Emile Picard, 1856.7.24-1941.12.11). @ƒpƒŠ‚ɐ¶‚Ü‚êAƒpƒŠ‚ÉŽ€‚·B C.ƒGƒ‹ƒ~[ƒg ‚Ì–º‚ÆŒ‹¥BƒGƒ‹ƒ~[ƒg‘SW‚̕ҏWB @’€ŽŸ‹ßŽ—‚ðŽg‚Á‚ďí”÷•ª•û’öŽ®‚̉ð‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ðØ–¾D‘㐔•û’öŽ®‚Ì ƒKƒƒA —˜_‚ɑΉž‚µ‚½A”÷•ª•û’öŽ®‚̃sƒJ[ƒ‹E ƒ”ƒFƒVƒI w‰ðÍŠT˜_x( Tr'aites d'Analyse , tome I, Gauthier-Villars Paris, 1891-96), ‘æ2”ŁD w2•Ï”‘㐔ŠÖ”˜_xT heorie des fonctions algebriques de deux variables independantes [‰ðIII.9], [‘ã18]

96. Title http://res.yp.edu.sh.cn/RESOURCE/CZ/CZSX/SXBL/SXTS1005/488_SR.HTM

97. ~7¥@¬ö§Æþ¼Æ¾Ç®a The summary for this Chinese (Traditional) page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www1.emath.pu.edu.tw/mkuo/æ•¸å­¸å®¶çš„å°æ• äº‹/IV/~

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