21. MuslimHeritage.com - Muslim Scholars He worked together with alKhwarizmi, hunayn ibn ishaq and the Banu Musabrothers (Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir, Ahmed ibn Musa ibn Shakir and http://www.muslimheritage.com/day_life/default.cfm?ArticleID=370&Oldpage=1

22. Oriental Fathers: Arabic Literature hunayn ibn ishaq (808837)was a famous physician, philosopher, and translator ofGreek works under several caliphs. He is the author of a Letter to Yahya http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/oriental/arabic.htm

Arabic Literature I have no information about this, apart from this short bibliography from Quasten, and material from George Khoury's articles, which I have excerpted below. G. GRAF, Exegetische Schriften zum Neuen Testament in arabischer Sprache : BZ (1933) 22-40, 161-169. G. GRAF, Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur. Rome 1944 and 1947. 2 vols. Philip HITTI, History of Syria. Link: http://www.ewtn.com/library/chistory/eveislam.htm - EASTERN CHRISTIANITY ON THE EVE OF ISLAM. Dr George Khoury. Link: http://www.al-bushra.org/arbhrtg/arbxtn01.htm - Arabic Christian Literature. Dr George Khoury. Link: http://www.al-bushra.org/mag08/earbxt.htm - Arab Christian Literature of the 8th-9th centuries, Dr George Khoury. Catholicos Timothy I (728-823) [Nestorians] Because of their number and importance in Mesopotamia, the Nestorians contributed more than any other Christian community to the Christian Arab literary heritage. Their activity comprises all the literary genres. In the first place stands out the Catholicos Timothy I (728-823). He was the protagonist and author of an interesting Muhawarah (debate) with the caliph al-Mahdi (775-785).

23. Personalities Noble Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan alBattani al-Harrani was born around858 AD in Likewise he wrote a commentary on hunayn ibn ishaq s book. http://www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml

Personalities Noble Glimpses of Renowned Scientists and Thinkers of Muslim Era BOARD OF EDITORS Dr. M.A. KAZI, Adviser to the President on Science and Technology HAKIM MOHAMMED SAID, President, Hamdard Foundation Pakistan DR. Z.A. HASHMI, Senior Scientist, National Science Council of Pakistan DR. RAZIUDDIN SIDDIQUI, Secretary General, Pakistan Academy of Sciences DR. S.M.A SHAH, National Sciences Council of Pakistan HAKIM NAIMUDDIN ZUBAIRI, Director of Research (Academic), Hamdard Foundation Pakistan Muslim Era Series-1 Personalities Noble Glimpses of Renowned Scientist and Thinkers of Muslim Era Edited by: Hakim Mohammed Said Re Edited for Internet Publication National Sciences Council of Pakistan Hamdard Foundation Pakistan FOREWORD Every Muslim who has even a brief acquaintance with Islamic History is aware that the Islamic Ideology and world-view provided, during the first few centuries Hijra, a most powerful source of inspiration, especially for the Muslim people's quest for knowledge. The Islamic spirit produced a radical transformation in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as among the countries where Islam took firm root in the immediately succeeding centuries. The rich contributions which Islam has made in the various branches of Science served as the basis for the development of modern science. Although many earlier western historians tended to ignore this fact, recent investigations have led to a wider recognition of the importance of the Muslim contributions, especially to the development of scientific thought and the scientific method.

24. HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ (ibn Sulaiman Ibn Aiyub Al-Ibadi) hunayn ibn ishaq The Book of the Ten Treatises on the Eye entre Ibn al Munaggim, hunayn ibn ishaq et Qusta ibn Luqa, ed. http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/hunain_i_i.shtml

Verlag Traugott Bautz www.bautz.de/bbkl Zur Hauptseite Bestellmöglichkeiten Abkürzungsverzeichnis ... NEU: Unser E-News Service Wir informieren Sie vierzehntägig über Neuigkeiten und Änderungen per E-Mail. Helfen Sie uns, das BBKL aktuell zu halten! Band XXII (2003) Spalten 589-593 Autor: Wilhelm Baum Werke: Hunain ibn Ishaq: Isagoge sive introductio Johannitii in artem parvam Galeni de medicina speculativa, Argentorati 1534; ; Hunayn ibn Ishaq: The Book of the Ten Treatises on the Eye Ascribed to Hunain ibn Ishaq (809-977 A.D.). The Earliest existing Systematic Textbook on Ophthalmology, trans. and ed. by Max Meyerhof, Cairo 1928Une correspondence islamo-chrétienne entre Ibn al Munaggim, Hunayn ibn Ishaq et Qusta ibn Luqa, ed. Khalil Samir, (= Patrologia Orientalis 40/4), Tournhout 1981. Lit.: Strohmaier G., in: EI 3, 1967, 578-581; - Encyclopaedia Brittanica 6, 15 th Wilhelm Baum Letzte Änderung: 20.09.2003

25. Salaam Knowledge Name , hunayn ibn ishaq. Period , 808 873. Biographical detail , Known inthe west as Johan-nistus. Hunayn translated the works of Plato, Aristotle, http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=755

26. Arzobispo Raimundo De Toledo Escuela De Traductores [1130-1187] hunayn ibn ishaq s versions of four of Galen s treatises De tactu pulsus, hunayn ibn ishaq s Isagoge ad Tegni Galieni, a series of Moslem religious http://faculty.washington.edu/petersen/alfonso/esctra12.htm

Arzobispo Raimundo de Toledo Escuela de Traductores [1130-1187] The three greatest translators whose activities are supported by Raimundo: Iohannes Avendehut Hispanus . Hispanic Jew, translator and compiler-author ( also called Iohannes Hyspalensis, Johannes Hispanicus, Johannes Toletanus, Avendeuth, Juan Hispano . With Juan Hispano and their patron, the Archbishop, he is one of the founders of the Toledan School. His activity extends from 1130 to 1180. Unlike his friend, he limits he focusses exclusively on philosophy, translating Greek and Arabic works and the commentaries of the earlier Moslem thinkers in the peninsula. Less faithful to the original texts, he frequently eliminated passages and added his own commentary. Gundisalvo depended on Juan Hispano for the translations from Arabic until late in his career when he controlled Arabic sufficiently to translate for himself (ex. Avicenas Metaphysics Al-sifa ). As an author he, but not his Jewish co-worker, avoided neoplatonism and even attacked it. Gherardus Cremonensis According to his disciples, he came to Toledo en 1167 in search of Ptolemy's

27. MOHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learnt medicine, mathematics,astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of hunayn ibn ishaq, http://members.tripod.com/~wzzz/RAZI.html

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Dukes of Hazzard Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next MOHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI (864-930 A.D.) Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) was born at Ray, Iran. Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learnt medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, Persian and Indian systems of medicine and other subjects. He also studied under Ali Ibn Rabban. The practical experience gained at the well-known Muqtadari Hospital helped him in his chosen profession of medicine. At an early age he gained eminence as an expert in medicine and alchemy, so that patients and students flocked to him from distant parts of Asia. He was first placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital for along time. He moved from time to time to various cities, specially between Ray and Baghdad, but finally returned to Ray, where he died around 930 A.D. His name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran. Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher. In medicine, his contribution was so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. Some of his works in medicine e.g.

28. Philosophers : Ibn Al-Nafis Likewise he wrote a commentary on hunayn ibn ishaq s book. Another famous bookembodying his original contribution was on the effects of diet on health. http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/nafis.html

Ibn Al-Nafis Palestinian Muslim Philosopher Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al- Damashqi al-Misri was born in 607 A.H. in Damascus. He was educated at the Medical College-cum-Hospital founded by Nur al- Din Zangi. In medicine his teacher was Muhaththab al-Din Abd al- Rahim. Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learnt jurisprudence, literature and theology. He thus became a renowned expert on Shafi'i School of Jurisprudence as well as a reputed physician. After acquiring his expertise in medicine and jurisprudence, he moved to Cairo where he was appointed as the Principal at the famous Nasri Hospital. Here he imparted training to a large number of medical specialists, including Ibn al-Quff al-Masihi, the famous surgeon. He also served at the Mansuriya School at Cairo. When he died in 678 A.H. he donated his house, library and clinic to the Mansuriya Hospital. His major contribution lies in medicine. His approach comprised writing detailed commentaries on early works, critically evaluating them and adding his own original contribution. Hlis major original contribution of great significance was his discovery of the blood's circulatory system, which was re-discovered by modern science after a lapse of three centuries. He was the first to correctly describe the constitution of the lungs and gave a description of the bronchi and the interaction between the human body's vessels for air and blood. Also, he elaborated the function of the coronary arteries as feeding the cardiac muscle.

29. Philosophers : Razi Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learned medicine, mathematics,astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of hunayn ibn ishaq, http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/razi.html

al-Razi Iranian Muslim Philosopher Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) was born at Ray, Iran. Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learned medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, Persian and Indian systems of medicine and other subjects. He also studied under Ali Ibn Rabban. The practical experience gained at the well-known Muqtadari Hospital helped him in his chosen profession of medicine. At an early age he gained eminence as an expert in medicine and alchemy, so that patients and students flocked to him from distant parts of Asia. He was first placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital for along time. He moved from time to time to various cities, specially between Ray and Baghdad, but finally returned to Ray, where he died around 930 A.D. His name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran. Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher. In medicine, his contribution was so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. Some of his works in medicine e.g.

30. The Transmission Of Knowledge The leading personality of the new wave was hunayn ibn ishaq (810877), His tradition was continued after his death by his son Ishaq ibn Hunayn and http://explorers.whyte.com/trans.htm

Introduction This is one of four essays that I wrote for my M Phil degree in History and Philosophy of Science at Clare College, Cambridge, in 1990-91 (the others, on medieval time-keeping Richard of Wallingford and Sir Robert Ball , are also on this site as is my dissertation and a 1992 lecture based on some of the same material). It is by some way the least impressive of the four essays, but since there is very little information available about this topic on-line anyway I have decided to add it to this site. I hope it is useful to passing researchers. If you do find it useful, please tell me. Nicholas Whyte, Sint-Genesius-Rode/Rhode-St-Génèse, 10 September 2000, last modified 15 September 2002. Note added 3 May 2001: A correspondent using only the name sirknight67@earthlink.net sent me an email saying: "My main criticism is in regards to you refering to men such as Ibn Sina, Khwarazmi, Farabi, Biruni and many others as "Arab" when Arabs scarceley if ever contributed to the Islamic civilization. In fact, thsoe men you refered to as Arab were really Iranian in ethnicity and there is a world of difference. At that time, Iranians were a conquered people who had to use Arabic as the language of science and government in order to write and express themselves. Unfortunately, through the efforts of the Arabs themselves as well as the misconceptions of the westerners, these people are now generally, falsely refered to as Arab when they were in fact Iranian." It's a fair point, and while I tried to avoid making that mistake int he essay below I was not completely successful.

31. PHILTAR - Islamic Philosophy hunayn ibn ishaq (809873). An introduction to his life and work. Ibn al Nadim (dc997). An introduction to his life and work. Ibn al Haitham (Alhazen) http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/islamic_philosophy/individualphilosophers.html

Individual Philosophers Back Links: Abd’al Latif al Baghdadi (1162-1231) A brief introduction to his life and work Abu’l Hudail al Allaf (c750-c850) An introduction to his life and work Al Afghani, Jamal al Din (1838-1897) An introduction to his life and work An account of his life An introduction to his life and work Al Ashari (c874-935) A brief account of his work An introduction to his thought Al Biruni, Abu Raihan (973-1048) An introduction to his life and work Al Dawani, Jalal al Din (1426-1502) An introduction to his thought Al Farabi, Abu Al-Nasr (870-950) An introduction to his life and work Al Farghani (b c860) An account of his life and work Al Ghazali, Abu Hamid (1058-1128) An introduction to his life and thought Al Hazm (994-1064) An introduction to his life and work Al Jubbai (d 916) An introduction to his life and work Al Khayyam (c1039-c1133) An introduction to his life and work Al Khawarizmi, Mohammad bin Musa (d 840) A brief account of his work Al Kindi, Yaqub Ibn Ishaq (800-873) A short introduction to his life and work Al Masudi, Ibn Ali (d 957) A brief account of his life and work Al Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan (972-1058)

32. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia hunayn ibn ishaq Ibn alHaytham, or Alhazen Ibn al-Nafis Ibn Sina Maimonides hunayn ibn ishaq Husayn ibn Ali Ibn al- Adim Ibn Arabi Ibn Asakir http://www.routledge-ny.com/middleages/islamic/thematic.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication.) Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Hunting Arts and Architecture Commerce and Economy Daily Life ... Women, Gender, and Families Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Hunting Agriculture Animal Husbandry Aqueducts Camels Horticulture Hunting Nomadism and Pastoralism Sedentarism back to top Arts and Architecture Agra Red Fort Alhambra Aqsa Mosque Architecture: SecularMilitary Architecture: SecularPalaces Aya Sophia Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Baths and Bathing Beauty and Aesthetics Books Carpets Ceramics Dome of the Rock Furniture and Furnishings Gardens and Gardening Glassware Houses Jewelry Madrasa Metalwork Mosaics Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo

33. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia Humayun Humor hunayn ibn ishaq Hunting Husayn ibn Ali. back to top. I IbadisIbn al Adim Ibn Arabi Ibn Asakir Ibn al-Athir Ibn Babawayh Ibn Battuta http://www.routledge-ny.com/middleages/islamic/azentries.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication.) A B C D ... Z A Abbasids Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 'Abd al-Rahman III Abu 'l-'Ala' al-Ma'arri Abu 'l-Fadl 'Allami Abu 'l-Fadl al-Bayhaqi Abu Bakr Abu Hanifa Abu Nuwas Abu Shama Abu Tammam Abyssinia Adab Aden 'Adud al-Dawla Adultery Afterlife Aghlabids Agra Red Fort Agriculture 'A'isha bint Abi Bakr Akbar Alchemy Alcohol Aleppo Alexander Alexandria Algebra Alhambra 'Ali al-Rida 'Ali ibn Abi Talib Almohads Almoravids Alp Arslan Alphabets Amir Khusraw Amuli, Al-

34. Thabit Ibn Qurra: Information From Answers.com Thabit had revised translation of Euclid Elements of hunayn ibn ishaq. He hadalso rewritten Hunayn s translation of Ptolemy s Almagest and translated http://www.answers.com/topic/thabit-ibn-qurra

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Thabit ibn Qurra Wikipedia @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/common.css); @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/gnwp.css); Thabit ibn Qurra Thabit ibn Qurra abu' l'Hasan ibn Marwan al-Sabi al'Harrani February 18 ) was an Arab astronomer and mathematician . In Latin he was known as Thebit Thabit was born in Harran (antique Carrhae), Mesopotamia (now Turkey ). At the invitation of Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir , one of the Banu Musa brothers, Thabit went to study in Baghdad at the House of Wisdom . He belonged to the sect of the Harranian Sabians , often confused with the Mandaeans . As star-worshippers, Sabians showed a great interest in astronomy and mathematics . This sect lived in the vicinity of the main center of the Caliphate until , when the Mongols destroyed their last shrine. During Muslim rule, they were a protected minority, and around the time of al-Mutawakkil 's reign their town became a center for philosophical and medical learning. They were joined by the descendants of pagan Greek scholars who, having been persecuted in Europe, settled in lands that became part of the

35. IBN AL-NAFIS,IBN AL NAFIS, AL NAFIS,great Muslims,great Moslems,famous Muslims,f Likewise he wrote a commentary on hunayn ibn ishaq s book. Another famous bookembodying his original contribution was on the effects of diet on health http://www.famousmuslims.com/IBN AL-NAFIS.htm

Home Page Scientists Discoverer of Pulmonary Circulation : IBN AL-NAFIS Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (known as Ibn Al-Nafis) was born in 1213 A.D. in Damascus. He was educated at the Medical College Hospital (Bimaristan Al-Noori) founded by Noor al-Din Al-Zanki. Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learned jurisprudence, literature and theology. He thus became a renowned expert on the Shafi'i School of Jurisprudence as well as a reputed physician. In 1236 Ibn Nafis moved to Egypt and worked in Al-Nassri Hospital then in Al-Mansouri Hospital where he became chief of physicians and the Sultan’s personal physician. When he died in 1288 A.D. he donated his house, library and clinic to the Mansuriya Hospital . The most voluminous of his books is Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb, which was designed to be an encyclopedia comprising 300 volumes, but was not completed as a result of his death. The manuscript is available in Damascus. His book on ophthalmology is largely an original contribution and is also extant. His book that became most famous, however, was Mujaz al-Qanun (The Summary of Law) and a number of commentaries that were written on this same topic. His commentaries include one on Hippocrates' book, and several volumes on Ibn Sina's Qanun, which are still extant. Likewise he wrote a commentary on Hunayn Ibn Ishaq's book. Another famous book embodying his original contribution was on the effects of diet on health entitled Kitab al-Mukhtar fi al-Aghdhiya.

36. IslamiCity.com - Education Ishaq ibn Hunayn and Thabit ibn Qurrah, for example, prepared a critical edition of One of its most famous scholars was hunayn ibn ishaq, Ishaq s father http://www.islamicity.com/education/ihame/default.asp?Destination=/education/iha

37. Muslims' Contributions To Medieval Medicine & Pharmacology Illustrious scholars like hunayn ibn ishaq, his son Ishaq and his nephew Hubayshproduced highly refined, precise, and scientific translations of numerous http://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhitmedicine.htm

With the advent of Islam in the seventh century, the Arabs established their domain in the former regions which were parts of the Assyrian, Persian, Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires. As heirs to the civilizations, which flourished in these regions for millennia, the Arabs inherited medical and pharmacological knowledge which was eventually produced and formulated by Greek scholars. As they were organizing the administration of their new empire, the Arab rulers realized the importance of medicine for the stability and progress of society. With the coming of the Abbasid dynasty to power in the middle of the eighth century and the building of Baghdad as the new capital of the empire, institutions were established to facilitate, organize and develop the scholarly and scientific knowledge, which was now in the custody of the Arabs. One of these institutions was a royal library by the name of Bayt al-Hikmah (The House of Wisdom), established in the ninth century in Baghdad to house the scientific and medical classics of the time. In the course of the ninth century, a translation movement sponsored by various sectors of society led to the translation into Arabic of most of the Greek scientific works, including a large number of Greek works of medicine and pharmacology. Many of the early translators were Syriac-speaking Christians who were able to deal with Greek manuscripts either directly or through intermediary Syriac translations. Illustrious scholars like Hunayn ibn Ishaq, his son Ishaq and his nephew Hubaysh produced highly refined, precise, and scientific translations of numerous Greek original works of science medicine.

38. Muslims' Contributions To Medieval Medicine & Pharmacology Kitab Jalinus fi amal altashrih / by Galen ; translated from Greek into Arabicby hunayn ibn ishaq al-Ibadi (809?-873) http://www.library.yale.edu/~bturner/neareast/Kitab_Jalinus_fi_amal_al-tashrih.h

Kitab Jalinus fi amal al-tashrih / by Galen ; translated from Greek into Arabic by Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (809?-873) A work on human anatomy by the famous Greek physician Galen (Jalinus in Arabic), translated by the renowned translator of Greek medical texts Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi. 99 leaves, in neat, medium size naskh; 10.5x18.5 cm.; the written sufrace measures 6.5x13 cm., 17 lines per page. Paper is brittle, light brown with some glazing. Date of copying 939 H/1532 or 1533 CE (but more likely 12/18 cent.) Historical Medical Library: Cushing Arabic Ms. 8. This file last modified 06/28/05 Send comments to Simon Samoeil

39. Ibn Al Nafis He wrote treatises on eye diseases and diet and commentaries on medical writingsof Hippocrates, Avicenna, and hunayn ibn ishaq. http://www.damascus-online.com/se/bio/ibn_al.htm

Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288) in full 'AL A ' AD-DIN AB U AL-'AL A ' 'ALI IBN ABI AL- H ARAM AL-QURAYSHI AD-DIMASHQI IBN AN-NAFIS, Arab physician who first described the pulmonary circulation of the blood. In finding that the wall between the right and left ventricles of the heart is solid and without pores, he disputed Galen's view that the blood passes directly from the right to the left side of the heart. Ibn an-Nafis correctly stated that the blood must pass from the right ventricle to the left ventricle by way of the lungs. But the significance of his statement remained unheeded, and, in fact, was probably unknown by physicians in western countries. It was only in the 20th century that his work was brought to light. Ibn an-Nafis studied in Damascus under the physician ad-Dakhwar and went to Egypt to take charge of the Nasiri Hospital in Cairo. He wrote treatises on eye diseases and diet and commentaries on medical writings of Hippocrates, Avicenna, and Hunayn ibn Ishaq.

40. MOHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL he was interested in music but later on he learnt medicine, mathematics,astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of hunayn ibn ishaq, http://www.farhangsara.com/razi.htm

MOHAMMAD ZAKARIYA RAZI Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) was born at Ray, Iran, Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learnt medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, Persian and Indian systems of medicine and other subjects. He also studied under Ali Ibn Rabban. The practical experience gained at the well-known Muqtadari Hospital helped him in his chosen profession of medicine. At an early age he gained eminence as an expert in medicine and alchemy, so that patients and students flocked to him from distant parts of Asia. He was first placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital for a long time. He moved from time to time to various cities, specially between Ray and Baghdad, but finally returned to Ray, where he died around 930 A.D. His name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran. Razi was a Hakim; an alchemist and a philosopher. In medicine, his 'contribution was so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. Some of his works in medicine e.g.

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