41. HOPPER, GRACE hopper, grace. mathematician (1906 1992). She was the driver for modern US computer technology. Modern computer history began when Lt (JG) hopper was http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/HOPPER.html

HOPPER, GRACE mathematician (1906 - 1992) She was the driver for modern US computer technology. Modern computer history began when Lt (JG) Hopper was assigned to work for Howard Aiken at Harvard in the late 1940s. She spent her career working for the US Navy. At her retirement she was the oldest person on active duty with the US Navy. She coined the term 'computer bug' during her work with with first electronic computers when she found the moth that had shorted out two tubes. She invented the modern subroutine. She built the first A-O compiler which went live on November 4, 1952 on the UNIVAC I to predict the Eisenhower win after 7% vote returns. The Navy and the computer industry felt her work and contributions so valuable that they kept returning her to active duty after retirement. She invented the language APT. She verified the language COBOL. Return to Homepage

42. Past Notable Women Of Computing The Amazing grace hopper a Navy Homepage for both the lady and her ship From the grace hopper Celebration of Women in Computing 1994 Conference. http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women-cs.html

Past Notable Women of Computing Computing Community: Please help us expand this section. Send TAP your information on historical women in CS by clicking on the "submit" icon below. Submit information Feedback Pioneering Women of Computing Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852) Edith Clarke (1883-1959) Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992) Alexandra Illmer Forsythe (1918-1980) ... Other Resources Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli During the early 1940's, Kay McNulty, a recent math graduate from Chestnut Hill College, was employed along with about 75 other young female mathematicians as a "computer" by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Engineering. These "computers" were responsible for making calculations for tables of firing and bombing trajectories, as part of the war effort. The need to perform the calculations more quickly prompted the development of the ENIAC, the world's first electronic digital computer, in 1946. Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli recalls computing in 1946: "We did have desk calculators at that time, mechanical and driven with electric motors, that could do simple arithmetic. You'd do a multiplication and when the answer appeared, you had to write it down to reenter it into the machine to do the next calculation. We were preparing a firing table for each gun, with maybe 1,800 simple trajectories. To hand-compute just one of these trajectories took 30 or 40 hours of sitting at a desk with paper and a calculator. As you can imagine, they were soon running out of young women to do the calculations. Actually, my title working for the ballistics project was `computer.' The idea was that I not only did arithmetic but also made the decision on what to do next. ENIAC made me, one of the first `computers,' obsolete.

43. Amazing Grace Article by Denise G¼rer on hopper's technical contributions to computer science and her role as a touchstone for women in the industry today. http://objectz.com/columnists/denise/07102000.asp

44. Hopper, Grace Brewster Murray hopper, grace Brewster Murray. (19061992), mathematician, computer scientist, and military officer. grace Murray was born in New York, New York, http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Hopper_Grace_Brewster_Murray.html

Hopper, Grace Brewster Murray (1906-1992), mathematician, computer scientist, and military officer Grace Murray was born in New York, New York, on December 9, 1906. She attended Vassar College (B.A., 1928) and Yale University (M.A., 1930; Ph.D., 1934) in mathematics. In 1930 she married Vincent Foster Hopper; the couple divorced in 1945. Hopper taught mathematics at Vassar before joining the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) in 1943. She became a lieutenant and was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance's Computation Project at Harvard University (1944), where she worked on Mark I, the first large-scale automatic calculator and a precursor of electronic computers. She remained at Harvard as a civilian research fellow while maintaining her naval career as a reservist. After a moth infiltrated and interrupted the circuits of Mark I, she coined the term "bug" to refer to unexplained computer failures. In 1949 Hopper joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp., where she worked on Univac I, the first commercial electronic computer, and designed an improved compiler, which translated a programmer's instructions into computer codes. She remained with the firm when it was taken over by Remington Rand (1951) and by Sperry Rand Corp. (1955). In 1957 her division developed Flow-Matic, the first English-language data-processing compiler. She retired from the navy with the rank of commander in 1966, but she was recalled to active duty the following year to help standardize the navy's computer languages. She was instrumental in the development of COBOL (

45. Grace Hopper (Business Wire). The myPay Project Wins Coveted grace hopper Awarda (Wireless News). Dr. grace hopper dare and do . (Highlights for Children) http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0881909.html

var zflag_nid="350"; var zflag_cid="44/43"; var zflag_sid="11"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 2, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Back to School Hurricanes Daylight Saving Time Energy Consumption ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips Biography Grace Hopper rear admiral; computer scientist Born: Birthplace: New York City Died: Arlington, Va., 1/1/1992 Page Tools: Cite Print Email Related content from HighBeam Research on: Grace Hopper Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference 2004 Registration Now Open; Hopper Conference Marks the 10th Anniversary as Beacon for Women in Technology. (Business Wire) Hopper, Grace Brewster Murray (biography) (Her Heritage: A Biographical Encyclopedia of Famous American Women) Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference 2002.

46. Grace Hopper hopper, grace Brewster Murray (biography) (Her Heritage A Biographical Encyclopedia of grace hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference 2004 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0909721.html

var zflag_nid="162"; var zflag_cid="57/1"; var zflag_sid="53"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 2, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Back to School Hurricanes Daylight Saving Time Energy Consumption ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia Hopper, Grace

47. Hopper, Grace Murray --  Encyclopædia Britannica hopper, grace Murray American mathematician and rear admiral in the US Navy who was a pioneer in developing computer technology, helping to devise UNIVAC I, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9000888

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Grace Murray Hopper Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Hopper, Grace Murray  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1 Grace Murray Hopper born December 9, 1906, New York, New York, U.S. died January 1, 1992, Arlington, Virginia Grace Murray Hopper at the UNIVAC keyboard, c. 1960. Smithsonian Institution Photo No. 83-14878 Grace Brewster Murray American mathematician and rear admiral in the U.S. Navy who was a pioneer in developing computer technology, helping to devise

48. Hopper, Grace Murray --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia hopper, grace Murray (1906–92), US mathematician, computer scientist, and former rear admiral in the United States Navy. grace hopper was the first person http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9326636

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Hopper, Grace Murray Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Hopper, Grace Murray  Student Encyclopedia Article Page 1 of 1 Computer var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Hopper, Grace Murray." Britannica Student Encyclopedia http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9326636 APA style: Hopper, Grace Murray. ( Britannica Student Encyclopedia . Retrieved http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9326636

49. Dictionary Of Computers - Hopper, Grace hopper, grace. US computer pioneer who created the first compiler and helped invent the computer language COBOL. She also coined the term debug . http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/computers/data/m0046077.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ DICTIONARIES Animals Computers Difficult Words ... Plants Frames not supported Frames not supported Index A B C D ... Z Hopper, Grace US computer pioneer who created the first compiler and helped invent the computer language COBOL . She also coined the term 'debug'. Hopper was educated at Vassar and Yale. She volunteered for duty in World War II with the Naval Ordinance Computation Project. This was the beginning of a long association with the Navy (she was appointed rear admiral 1983). After the war, Hopper joined a firm that eventually would become the Univac division of Sperry-Rand, to manufacture a commercial computer. In 1945 she was ordered to Harvard University to assist Howard Aiken in building a computer. One day a breakdown of the machine was found to be due to a moth that had flown into the computer. Aiken came into the laboratory as Hopper was dealing with the insect. 'Why aren't you making numbers, Hopper?' he asked. Hopper replied: 'I am debugging the machine!' Hopper's main contribution was to create the first computer language, together with the compiler needed to translate the instructions into a form that the computer could work with. In 1959, she was invited to join a Pentagon team attempting to create and standardize a single computer language for commercial use. This led to the development of COBOL, still one of the most widely used languages.

50. Historia - Hopper, Grace grace hopper Research Scientist, Computer Science (19061992) Dr. grace hopper developed the first English programming language, called COBOL . http://www.liquidleaf.com/historia/hopper.html

Grace Hopper Research Scientist, Computer Science (1906-1992) Grace learned a lot from her parents. From her mother, she learned to love math, and from her father, she learned how to overcome difficulties (his legs had been amputated due to illness). Grace attended Vassar College, and later she taught math there. Grace also went to Yale University and received her doctorate there. When World War II started, Grace joined the U.S. Navy, and while serving worked at Harvard University to develop the first computer. Grace was one of the first people to program this computer. Early computer languages were very complex, but Grace wanted people other than scientists or mathematicians to be able to use computers. Dr. Grace Hopper developed the first English programming language, called "COBOL". COBOL is still used today, and because of her achievements, Dr. Hopper was the first woman to be appointed admiral in the U.S. Navy. Please feel free to email the webmaster with any suggestions, links or comments!

51. Grace Hopper hopper, grace, 1906–92, American computer scientist, b. New York City as grace Brewster Murray. She was educated at Vassar College and Yale (Ph.D., 1934). http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0909721.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites 2006 TFK Almanac Quiz: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory SpongeBob Lemony Snicket ... Fantasy Books Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Encyclopedia Hopper, Grace Hopper, Grace, programming language , COBOL. Hopper returned to active duty with the Navy in 1967, charged with leading the effort to combine various versions of COBOL into USA Standard COBOL. She retired in 1986 with the rank of rear admiral. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Page Tools: Cite Print See more Encyclopedia articles on: Computers and Computing, Biographies AD AD AD ADS Business Cards Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search ... Privacy Brought to you by: Information Please

52. MSN Encarta - Grace Hopper hopper, grace Murray (190692), American navy officer, mathematician, and pioneer in data processing, grace hopper National Women s Hall of Fame http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555194/Grace_Hopper.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Subscription Article MSN Encarta Premium: Get this article, plus 60,000 other articles, an interactive atlas, dictionaries, thesaurus, articles from 100 leading magazines, homework tools, daily math help and more for $4.95/month or $29.95/year (plus applicable taxes.) Learn more. This article is exclusively available for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers. Already a subscriber? Sign in above. Hopper, Grace Murray Hopper, Grace Murray (1906-92), American navy officer, mathematician, and pioneer in data processing, born in New York City and educated at Vassar... Related Items Aiken, Howard H. COBOL 14 items Multimedia Selected Web Links Grace Hopper [National Women's Hall of Fame] 1 item Quotations Budgets: At any given moment, there is always a line… 4 items Want more Encarta? Become a subscriber today and gain access to: Daily Math Help Literature Guides Researcher Tools Paper-Writing Guides 60,000 + articles

53. MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Grace Hopper A pioneer in data processing, grace hopper received credit for creating the first compiler in 1952. hopper helped to develop two computer languages and to http://encarta.msn.com/media_461568028_761563087_-1_1/Grace_Hopper.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Multimedia from Encarta Go to article View all multimedia Appears in Grace Hopper A pioneer in data processing, Grace Hopper received credit for creating the first compiler in 1952. Hopper helped to develop two computer languages and to make computers attractive to businesses. One of the most prominent women in the computer industry, Hopper died in 1992. UPI/THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE Appears in these articles: Hopper, Grace Murray Computer Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers. Join Now © 2005 Microsoft MSN Privacy Legal Advertise Feedback ... Help

54. Hopper, Grace. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 hopper, grace. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ho/HopperGr.html

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55. Alexa - Sites In: Hopper, Grace Murray Alexa web search a new kind of search engine. With traffic rankings, user reviews and other information about sites, Alexa is a web site discovery tool. http://www.alexa.com/browse/general/?&CategoryID=491721&mode=general&Start=1&Sor

56. Gigablast Search Results grace Murray hopper Pioneer Computer Scientist Brief biography and two photographs. Remembering grace Murray hopper A Legend in Her Own Time http://dir.gigablast.com/Computers/History/Pioneers/Hopper,_Grace_Murray/

Family filter: On Off Entire Directory Entire Category Pages in Base Category Sites in Base Category Top Computers History Pioneers ... Hopper,_Grace_Murray Related Categories: Computers: Programming: Languages: Cobol Computers: Programming: Compilers Society: People: Women: Science and Technology: Computers and Internet Grace Murray Hopper Photograph, biography, and references. www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/hopper.htm [archived copy] [stripped] [older copies] - indexed: Apr 26 2005 - modified: Feb 06 2002 Grace Murray Hopper Includes portraits, quotes, links, details and a photograph of the first computer bug, and COBOL information. www.jamesshuggins.com/h/tek1/grace_hopper.htm [archived copy] [stripped] [older copies] - indexed: Apr 26 2005 - modified: Apr 17 2005 Grace Murray Hopper: Pioneer Computer Scientist Brief biography and two photographs. Category: Kids and Teens: School Time: Science: Technology: Computer Science: Scientists www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/hopper.html [archived copy] [stripped] [older copies] - indexed: Apr 26 2005 - modified: Mar 23 1998 Inventor Grace Murray Hopper Profile, photograph, links, and facts.

57. Portraits Of Grace Murray Hopper A selection of portraits of grace Murray hopper, the Mother of COBOL. http://www.jamesshuggins.com/h/tek1/grace_hopper_portraits.htm

Cost of the War in Iraq (JavaScript Error) Click here to learn more. Portraits of Grace Murray Hopper This page shows some of the photos of Grace Murray Hopper that I have located across the web. In each case I have shown the location from which I have obtained the individual graphic. Graphics marked "reduced" link to a larger "full size" version of the graphic. The linked page shows both the small reduced size graphic and the larger full size graphic. First Computer Bug On 09.Sep.1945 they removed a moth from Relay #70, Panel F, of the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator. That story became a favorite of Grace Murray Hopper. This page describes that "bug", and includes a photo of it. COBOL This page includes information about Grace Hopper across the net. cobol Grace Murray Hopper With an Early Computer Image Source: www.sdsc.edu/Publications/ScienceWomen/images/young-hopper.JPG Info: www.sdsc.edu/Publications/ScienceWomen/hopper.html Image Page on My Site: Click here or on photo Grace Murray Hopper Image Source: www.sdsc.edu/Hopper/IMAGES-old/ghopper.gif

58. GHC2002 The grace hopper Celebration of Women in Computing 2002 is the fourth in a Past grace hopper Celebrations have resulted in collaborative proposals, http://www.gracehopper.org/gmh2002/

It was a great pleasure meeting you in Vancouver for the 2002 Grace Hopper Celebration of Women and Computing. Please take a few moments to fill out the survey linked here , so that we can make an effort to ensure the GHC conference remains dynamic, relevant, and enjoyable for all attendees. Thank you, in advance, for your time. Young Investigator Award Winners have been announced The Award for Best Technical Paper went to: Z. Morley Mao from University of California at Berkeley A Framework for Universal Service Access Using Device Ensemble The Award for Best Technical Poster went to: Kathleen McCandless from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Taming KULL the Conquerer: Innovative CS Development in a 3D, Parallel Multi-Physics Application The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing 2002 is the fourth in a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront. Presenters are leaders in their respective fields, representing industrial, academic and government communities. Leading researchers present their current work, while special sessions focus on the role of women in today's technology fields. Past Grace Hopper Celebrations have resulted in collaborative proposals, networking and mentoring for junior women, and increased visibility for the contributions of women in computing. This year's theme, "Ubiquity," focuses on the ubiquity of the impact of computers on our daily lives and the ubiquity of the impact women are making on this technical force.

59. Hopper, Grace Murray Find It Computers History Pioneers hopper, grace Murray Inventor grace Murray hopper Profile, photograph, links, and facts. http://www.ebroadcast.com.au/dir/Computers/History/Pioneers/Hopper,_Grace_Murray

SEARCH GUIDE NEWS AUSTRALIAN TV GUIDE DVD RENTALS ... Pioneers : Hopper, Grace Murray COMPUTERS Amazing Grace Article by Denise G¼rer on Hopper's technical contributions to computer science and her role as a touchstone for women in the industry today. Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing The fourth in a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront. Includes schedule and hotel information. Grace Murray Hopper Photograph, biography, and references. Grace Murray Hopper Biography. Grace Murray Hopper Includes portraits, quotes, links, details and a photograph of the first computer bug, and COBOL information. Grace Murray Hopper: Pioneer Computer Scientist Brief biography and two photographs. Hopper, Grace Murray Short biography. Inventor Grace Murray Hopper Profile, photograph, links, and facts. Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Biography and photograph. Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time Biography by Elizabeth Dickason. Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web.

60. Grace Murray Hopper Award - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Although many awards have added grace hopper s name to them since her death in 1992, the original grace The ACM homepage for the grace hopper Awards http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$160,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Grace Murray Hopper Award From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Although many awards have added Grace Hopper 's name to them since her death in , the original "Grace Murray Hopper Awards" have been awarded by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) since edit Recipients Donald E. Knuth Paul E. Dirksen Paul H. Cress Lawrence Breed ... Jennifer Rexford No awards were handed out in 1977, 83, 92, 94, 95, 97, or 98. edit External Links The ACM homepage for the Grace Hopper Awards Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Create account / log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages ... Permanent link In other languages Polski This page was last modified 06:17, 8 July 2005. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details).

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