1. Grace Murray Hopper Grace Brewster Murray Hopper was born in New York City on December 9, 1906, These obstacles did not stop Grace Hopper. She obtained a waiver for the http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/hopper.htm

Grace Murray Hopper December 9, 1906 - January 1, 1992 Written by Rebecca Norman, Class of 2000 (Agnes Scott College) Grace Brewster Murray Hopper was born in New York City on December 9, 1906, to Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Horne Murray. The oldest of three children, she was intensely curious at an early age. Even at age seven, she showed a particular love for gadgets, disassembling seven alarm clocks in the attempt to determine how they worked. Hopper's parents provided a strong foundation for her inquisitiveness. She shared her love of math with her mother, who studied geometry by special arrangement when serious study of math was still thought improper for a woman. Her father, a successful insurance broker despite the double amputation of his legs, encouraged all his children, through his speech and example, that they could do anything if they put their minds to it. He inspired Hopper to pursue higher education and to avoid being limited to typical feminine roles. With the outbreak of World War II, Hopper made a life-altering decision to serve her country by joining the Navy. The process was not an easy one. At age 34, weighing 105 pounds, she was considered overage and underweight for military enlistment. In addition, her position as a mathematics professor was declared crucial to the war effort. Navy officials asked her to remain a civilian. These obstacles did not stop Grace Hopper. She obtained a waiver for the weight requirement, special government permission, and a leave of absence from Vassar College. In December 1943, she was sworn into the U.S. Naval Reserve. She went on to train at Midshipman's School for Women, graduating first in her class.

2. Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper the Mother of COBOL and one of the most important women in the history of computers. http://www.jamesshuggins.com/h/tek1/grace_hopper.htm

Cost of the War in Iraq (JavaScript Error) Click here to learn more. Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper is not only the Mother of COBOL, not only one of the most important women in the history of computers, she is one of the most important people in the history of computers. This is her page. Portraits of Grace Murray Hopper Portraits collected from around the net. Quotes by Grace Murray Hopper Quotations on my general quotations page by Grace Murray Hopper. Quotes_General.htm#hopper First Computer Bug On 09.Sep.1945 they removed a moth from Relay #70, Panel F, of the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator. That story became a favorite of Grace Murray Hopper. This page describes that "bug", and includes a photo of it. COBOL My COBOL page. Links to information about COBOL on the net. cobol Admiral Hopper Awarded the National Medal of Technology A Digital Equipment Corporation press release from 16.Sep.1991. www.cs.yale.edu/~tap/Files/hopper-medal.html Admiral Hopper Dies Excerpts from a Digital Equipment Corporation Press Release, 02.jan.1992. www.cs.yale.edu/~tap/Files/hopper-obit.html

3. WIC Biography - Grace Hopper Grace Hopper http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. Grace Murray Hopper Pioneer Computer Scientist That was in some ways true for Grace Murray Hopper, and it is all the more true for women today because of Hopper's work. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Grace Hopper 2000 Conference - Celebration Of Women In Computing women in computer science celebrating the life of grace murray hopper's contribution to technology during her lifetime. the conference speakers http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. Grace Murray Hopper McKenzie, Marianne. "The Amazing Grace Hopper " Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing, 1994 conference proceedings. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Grace Hopper Celebration Of Women In Computing The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing 2004 is the fifth in a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Institute For Women And Technology Home The Institute carries out this mission through four specific programs The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference, The http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. US PeopleHopper, Grace Murray. This page features formal and informal photographic portraits of Grace Murray Hopper and a picture related to her early computer work. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Inventor Grace Murray Hopper Fascinating facts about Grace Hopper inventor of the first computer compiler in 1952. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

12. The Wit And Wisdom Of Grace Hopper Grace Hopper is known worldwide for her work with the first largescale digital As a Lieutenant (JG) Grace Hopper began her work computing with Howard http://www.cs.yale.edu/~tap/Files/hopper-wit.html

From The OCLC Newsletter, March/April, 1987, No. 167 (Editor and article author is Philip Schieber.) The Wit and Wisdom of Grace Hopper "Life was simple before World War II. After that, we had systems." That observation comes from one who was present at the creation of the age of systems Rear Admiral Grace Hopper (US Navy, Retired), who spoke on the campus of the Ohio State University, Columbus, on Feb. 5, 1987, as part of a year-long celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the formation of the Department of Computer and Information Science. Introduced as the "third programmer on the first computer in the United States," Admiral Hopper spoke on the "Future of Computers, Hardware, Software, and People." She regaled her audience of more than 1000 persons with stories and pithy observations about the computer age. 72 Words of Storage Grace Hopper is known worldwide for her work with the first large-scale digital computer, the Mark I. "It was 51 feet long, eight feet high, eight feet deep," she said. "And it had 72 words of storage and could perform three additions a second." Admiral Hopper reported for active duty with the Navy in July 1944. She was a 37-year-old reservist who had a doctorate in mathematics from

13. SJSU Virtual Museum Grace Murray hopper grace Murray Hopper was born in New York City on December During her lifetime, Grace Hopper contributed to the development of COBOL, http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/hop.html

Grace Murray Hopper was born in New York City on December 9, 1906. She was a computer scientist who pioneered the use of compilers in the early 1950s. Some of her work was concerned with the development of compilers, which are computer programs that translate computer languages used by programmers into a form accessible to computers. During her lifetime, Grace Hopper contributed to the development of COBOL, a computer language widely used in business. She received a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University and honed her skills developing computation methods for the U.S. Navy during World War II. After World War II she joined the U.S. Naval Reserves and worked on the development of the UNIVAC computer project for use in the private sector. Grace Murray Hopper retired from the U.S. Navy in 1986 as a rear admiral. She died on January 1, 1993. References Alic, M. (1986). Hypatia's Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century . London: Women's Press Ltd. A Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists . New York: Facts on File. Women of Science: Righting the Record . Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

14. Grace Hopper: Definition And Much More From Answers.com Hopper , Grace Murray 1906–1992. American mathematician and computer programmer. Noted for her development of programming languages, especially. http://www.answers.com/topic/grace-hopper

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Grace Hopper Dictionary Hopper Grace Murray American mathematician and computer programmer. Noted for her development of programming languages, especially COBOL, she is credited with inventing the first compiler. Encyclopedia Hopper, Grace, 1906–92, American computer scientist, b. New York City as Grace Brewster Murray. She was educated at Vassar College and Yale (Ph.D., 1934). After teaching at Vassar (1931–1943), she joined the U.S. Naval Reserve, serving on active duty until 1946. Assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance's computation project at Harvard, she worked on the Mark series of computers. At the conclusion of World War II she began her search for a means of making computer programs easier to write. Her answer was the compiler, a specialized program that translates instructions written in a programming language into the binary coding of machine language. In 1952 she unveiled the A-0 compiler, and Hopper began working on a compiler oriented to business tasks. In 1955 she introduced FLOW-MATIC, which became the prototype for the first commercially successful business-oriented programming language , COBOL. Hopper returned to active duty with the Navy in 1967, charged with leading the effort to combine various versions of COBOL into USA Standard COBOL. She retired in 1986 with the rank of rear admiral.

15. Hopper Grace From FOLDOC Recommended Reading Grace Murray Hopper and Steven L. Mandell, Understanding Computers (Wadsworth, 1990) and Nancy Whitelaw, Grace Hopper Programming http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Hopper Grace

16. Grace Hopper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Throughout much of her later career, Grace Hopper was much in demand as a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$160,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Grace Hopper From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Grace Hopper (January 1984) Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper December 9 January 1 ) was an early computer pioneer. She was the first programmer for the Mark I Calculator and the developer of the first compiler for a computer programming language. Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray . She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics in and pursued her graduate education at Yale University , where she received an MA degree in the same two subjects in and in became the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. Her dissertation was on New Types of Irreducibility Criteria . Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931; by she was an associate professor In she joined the U.S. Naval Reserve and was assigned to work with Howard Aiken on the Mark I Calculator . She was the first person to write a program for it. At the end of the war she was discharged from the Navy, but she continued to work on the development of the Mark II and the Mark III Calculators.

17. Grace Hopper - Wikiquote Grace Hopper (19061992), Rear Admiral in the US Navy, and an early computer 1 Sourced; 2 Attributed; 3 Quote about Grace Hopper; 4 External links http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper

Wikimedia needs your help in its US$200,000 fund drive. See our fundraising page for details. Grace Hopper From Wikiquote Grace Hopper (1906–1992), Rear Admiral in the U.S. Navy, and an early computer programmer. Developer of the first compiler for a computer programming language. Contents Sourced Attributed Quote about Grace Hopper External links ... edit Sourced It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission. Cover of the July 1986 issue of the U.S. Navy's Chips Ahoy magazine Life was simple before World War II. After that, we had systems. Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) Newsletter , March/April, 1987, No. 167 (editor/author is Philip Schieber) edit Attributed A ship in port is safe; but that is not what ships are built for. I've always been more interested in the future than in the past. Nobody believed that I had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic. The wonderful thing about standards is that there are so many of them to choose from. Possibly quoted in Computer Networks , 1st. ed (1981), by Andrew Tanenbaum, p. 168, without attribution.

18. A Science Odyssey: People And Discoveries: Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper may have been ahead of her time. She certainly did things that were a little unusual for women of her day. She graduated from Vassar http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/btmurr.html

Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper may have been ahead of her time. She certainly did things that were a little unusual for women of her day. She graduated from Vassar College in 1928 with a degree in math. She went on to get a masters and doctorate in math, too, from Yale. This wasn't just rare for a woman: statistics show only 1,279 math PhDs were awarded between 1862 and 1934, the year Hopper received hers. She joined the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, a part of the U.S. Naval Reserve) in 1943 and a year later was Lieutenant Hopper. She was assigned to the Bureau of Ships Computation team at Harvard, designing a machine to make fast, difficult calculations for tasks such as laying mine fields. Howard Aiken directed the work, which boiled down to creating the first programmable digital computer the Mark I. For Hopper, a mathematician with no background in computing, it was a crash course in the complexities and frustrations of programming, and the beginning of her life's work. The war ended but Hopper wanted to stay in the navy. Her age (40) prevented her transfer from the WAVES to the regular navy, so she remained in the reserves. She also remained at Harvard, working on newer models in the Mark computer series. One day a computer failure had Hopper and her team baffled. Finally they opened the machine a moth had gotten inside! Hopper taped the offending creature into her log book and noted beside it, "first actual bug found." She is credited with the terms "bug" and "debug" for computer errors and how to fix them.

19. Hopper Grace http://matrix.samizdat.net/pratique/jargon_3.2.119/H/Hopper_Grace.html

Hopper Grace np. m. PERS ] (9 déc. 1907 - 1er jan. 1992). Titulaire d'une maîtrise et d'un doctorat de mathématiques à Yale, Grace Brewster Murray Hopper a travaillé dans la Marine des É-U dès la naissance des ordinateurs, en 1943 ; travaillant d'abord en 1951 pour la société Remington Rand, elle a commencé à concevoir le premier compilateur largement connu, nommé A-0 ; lorsque le langage fut publié par la société Rand en 1957, il fut nommé MATH-MATIC. Elle a ensuite dirigé l'équipe de développement et co-inventé en 1957 le premier langage compilé, chez IBM COBOL . Fait exceptionnel aux É-U, elle a été rappelée en 1967 et maintenue en activité de service dans la Marine pendant 20 ans après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, puis, retraitée comme Contre-Amirale en 1986, elle a continué à travailler jusqu'à la fin de sa vie, toujours dans l'informatique, notamment à titre de conseil chez Control Data [D'après f2s]. Certains on pu la surnommer irrespectueusement « la sauterelle », son nom se prononçant comme ce mot en anglais (« Grasshopper »). Article lié à celui-ci : COBOL Articles voisins : homepage Honeywell-Bull HOOD hook ... Courrier

20. Grace Hopper From FOLDOC person US Navy Rear Admiral Grace Brewster Hopper (190612-09 to 1992-01-01), née Grace Brewster Murray. Hopper is believed to have concieved the concept http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Grace Hopper

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