21. A Disgraceful Injustice That Must Be Corrected Following the spirit of the times, the descendants of famed Greek philosopherhipparchus of rhodes (also known as Hipparchus of Nicaea) today took out full http://www.crhc.uiuc.edu/~steve/humor/disgrace.html

A Disgraceful Injustice that Must be Corrected 17 October 2003 Disassociated Press Following the spirit of the times, the descendants of famed Greek philosopher Hipparchus of Rhodes (also known as Hipparchus of Nicaea) today took out full page ads in the New York Noise decrying the disservice done their ancestor by the 1921 Nobel Committee, which deliberately overlooked Hipparchus' contribution in awarding the prize for general relativity. A straightforward Google search on Hipparchus reveals countless pages crediting him with the discovery of the orbital precession of the planets. Comparing his own ecliptic data with those of competing Babylonian scientists, Hipparchus was able to conclude that the Sun moved from year to year relative to the stars. This key contribution allowed later scientists such as Copernicus and Newton to develop their basic theories about the laws of the Universe, which dominated scientific thought for centuries, but was also a critical element in the eventual divergence from Newton's traditionalist viewpoint to the more accurate model proposed by Einstein. In fact, the major success of this model, known today as Einstein's theory of general relativity, was its ability to predict the observation made by Hipparchus over 2,000 years earlier. The Committee craftily worded the award to discount the importance of general relativity: "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." Time has shown, however, that while the fields of photonics and electronics have gone their separate ways, relativity has remained general, with no strings attached.

22. A History Of Science Volume I - Chapter X While hipparchus of rhodes was in his prime, Corinth, the last stronghold of themainland of Greece, had fallen before the prowess of the Roman, http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolume

A History of Science Volume I by Henry Smith Williams Terms Contents BOOK I Chapter I ... Chapter XI Chapter X Science of the Roman Period All in all, then, this epoch of Roman domination is one that need detain the historian of science but a brief moment. With the culmination of Greek effort in the so-called Hellenistic period we have seen ancient science at its climax. The Roman period is but a time of transition, marking, as it were, a plateau on the slope between those earlier heights and the deep, dark valleys of the Middle Ages. Yet we cannot quite disregard the efforts of such workers as those we have just named. Let us take a more specific glance at their accomplishments. Please read the terms under which this book is provided to you

23. Hipparchus --  Encyclopædia Britannica hipparchus of rhodes Annotated biography of this ancient Greek astronomer whodiscovered the precession of the equinoxes. hipparchus of rhodes http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040534

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Lover of truth Solar and lunar theory Other scientific work Additional Reading ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Hipparchus  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 5 born , Nicaea, Bithynia [now Iznik, Turkey] died after 127 BC , Rhodes? Bronze coin from Roman Bithynia ( c. AD 230), bearing an image of Hipparchus of Nicaea. also spelled Hipparchos Hipparchus... (75 of 1954 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Hipparchus."

24. How Jesus Got A Life -- The Probing Mind In 128 BCE the Greek astronomer hipparchus of rhodes discovered the precession Around 128 BCE, hipparchus of rhodes discovered that the position of the http://www.atheists.org/christianity/jesuslife.html

FLASH LINE HOME VISITORS WHAT'S NEW ... WELCOME HOW JESUS GOT A LIFE The Probing Mind by Frank R. Zindler March 1992, Revised October, 1999 NAPOLEON: Monsieur Laplace! I have read with great interest your Traité de mécanique céleste - all five volumes - but nowhere have I found any mention of the Good Lord. LAPLACE: Sire, I have had no need of that hypothesis. Our world is an unstable place. Nations rise, and governments topple. Unbalanced people the world around torture and kill each other for the sake of religion or other groundless causes. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and wars periodically scourge our globe. Continents drift about and collide with each other, and oceans form and disappear. Even planet Earth itself has the wobblies. As it spins on its axis, the earth is not stable. Like the center peg of a toy top, the axis of the spinning earth slowly wobbles in a circle, tracing out the surface of a double cone in space [ see Figure 1 Figure 1. As the earth's axis slowly shifts its orientation in space, it traces out the surface of a double cone in space. Because of the axial wandering, the points where the celestial equator (the projection of the earth's equator onto the celestial sphere) intersects the ecliptic (the apparent path made by the sun against the background of "fixed stars") move also, shifting clockwise around the ecliptic as seen by the northern hemisphere. It takes 25,800 years for the points of the intersection to move all the way around the ecliptic. This motion of the earth's axis is called

25. Astro-Fact hipparchus of rhodes was a Greek astronomer and geographer, born in 170 BC. hipparchus of rhodes He then studied the equinoxes and discovered they grew http://ottawa.rasc.ca/astronomy/astro_facts/hipparcus.html

Astro-Fact: Hipparcus of Rhodes by Carmen Rush The First Star Catalogue Hipparchus of Rhodes was a Greek astronomer and geographer, born in 170 BC. Inspired by the observation of a new star in 134 BC, Hipparchus constructed a catalogue of about 850 stars and was the first to assign a scale of magnitude to indicate their apparent brightness. His scale, numbered from 1 to 6,from brightest to faintest, is still used today although it has since been refined. He then studied the equinoxes and discovered they grew progressively earlier in relation to the sideral year. He determined the length of the sideral and tropical years accurate to within 6 minutes. Then came improved methods for determining latitude and longitude on the Earth's surface and the beginning of trigonometry with a construction of a table of chords the precursor of the sine ratio. All of Hipparchus writing have been lost. Thankfully, his work was recorded by Ptolemy and passed down through the ages. This page last modified: May 3, 2001

26. The Antikythera Mechanism Rhodes was a center for astronomical thought, where Poseidonius and firstscientifically catalogued the stars positions was hipparchus of rhodes; http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rrice/apagadgt.html

Gears, Galleys, and Geography: The Antikythera Mechanism's Implications Text of the 1993 APA Abstract Rob S. Rice

27. Rob S. Rice USNA Eleventh Naval History Symposium Paper For scientifically catalogued the stars positions was hipparchus of rhodes; Modern scholars of scientific history have yet to pay Hipparchus his due http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rrice/usna_pap.html

Rob S. Rice USNA Eleventh Naval History Symposium Paper for Collected Volume The Antikythera Mechanism: Physical and Intellectual Salvage from the 1st Century B.C. At some time around 80 B.C. a heavily laden merchant ship sank to the bottom of the sea off the Southern coast of Greece. After two millennia, materials from that vessels cargo have combined with the work of several scholars to allow wider speculation on the subject of seafaring in Greek and Roman antiquity. The objective of this treatment of the chain of events involved is to provide a useful survey of early and modern underwater archaeology and the mechanics of artifact preservation and interpretation as well as to offer conclusions drawn from the data presented here concerning ancient celestial navigation and the island of Rhodes. The united efforts of a wealthy Roman, a frightened Greek sponge diver, an English physicist, and an American naval historian have combined to allow some further inquiry into civilian and military seafaring in the first century before Christ. Sailing further south past the island of Antikythera off the southernmost coast of Greece offers an alternative to, as a very ancient proverb says, "rounding Malea and forgetting home." Whether he sought to avoid the pirates or the storms clustered around the infamous cape, the skipper of what apparently was a good-sized Roman merchant vessel of around 300 tons made a wrong decision. His ship crashed into and sank off the island's coastal cliffs, and what was probably a wealthy Roman buyer eventually learned that his treasure ship's cargo had gone down in nearly two hundred feet of very cold, current-swept water.

28. Alexandria that provided us with our best knowledge of hipparchus of rhodes. And theancient world was also provided with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Lighthouse http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/topics/alexandria.html

The City of Alexandria Topic Tree Home Great Alexandria 700 Years Of Excellence Before the arrival of the Greeks there was agriculture, tremendous yields because of favorable climate, rich silty soils, and abundant fresh water. Wherever there is an agricultural surplus, trade is essential. With trade an area gains renown. Stronger (or hungrier) nations want the area as their own. With the establishment of the city by Alexander, fertile ideas became the greatest crop of the Nile delta. A storehouse for surplus knowledge was soon needed. Many things may have contributed to the success of Alexander's plan. Centrality? Athens was a great seaport with access to the Mediterranean. By contrast, Alexandria had land bridges to three continents and access to the Mediterranean as well as access to the Indian Ocean. Hence, a diverse nature was grounded in more than just theory. The geography allowed for the arrival of many new peoples and ideas while at the same time promoting export of goods and services. Central to the city itself was the compilation of the world's knowledge - a kind of internet for the ancient world. Even if learning was not a person's primary interest, there was trade and favorable climate. Alexandria must have been an exciting place just to visit with all of the things that were being brought in from around the world. Collegiality? Sequels and examples of one-upmanship either did not survive the centuries or did not greatly exist. For example, Eratosthenes provided the world with a calculation for the earth's circumference. Hipparchus criticized Eratosthenes' geography and refined it. Yet he and Claudius Ptolemy were able to use the earth circumference calculations along with Pythagorean and Euclidian principles to determine the earth's diameter, distance to the moon and the moon's diameter. Possibly Rhodes would be seen as an area in competition to the knowledge that was taking place in Alexandria. Yet it was Claudius Ptolemy (believed to be Egyptian) that provided us with our best knowledge of Hipparchus of Rhodes. And the ancient world was also provided with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Lighthouse of Pharos rather than Colossus I and Colossus II.

29. Date Jul 12 2001 184642 EDT Subject Martian Chronicles, July Sometimes referenced as Hipparchus of Nicaea or hipparchus of rhodes, his namewas also Hipparchus made his observations from Bithynia, at Rhodes, http://www.roamingastronomer.com/marsastro/mu000069.txt

Date: Jul 12 2001 18:46:42 EDT Subject: Martian Chronicles, July 2001, Part 2 of 2 ================================================== MARTIAN CHRONICLES - PART 2 OF 2 Newsletter of the Museum Astronomical Resource Society Volume 17, Number 7 - July 2001 ================================================== CONTENTS ================================================== - Biography: Hipparchus - Constellation of the Month: Hercules - Celestial Almanac - Meteor Showers - This Month in History - Publication Information - Newsletter Edition Details - Club Information ================================================== BIOGRAPHY by James M. Thomas ================================================== Hipparchus Born about 190 BC in Nicaea, Bithynia, died after 127 BC, possibly in Rhodes. (Pronounced "hi - PAR - kus") Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes, determined the lengths of the four seasons, calculated the length of the year to within 6.5 minutes, compiled the first known star catalog, and made an early formulation of trigonometry. He was probably the greatest observational astronomer of ancient times. Sometimes referenced as Hipparchus of Nicaea or Hipparchus of Rhodes, his name was also spelled Hipparchos. Little is known of Hipparchus's life and the only book of his to survive is a commentary he made on the work of Greek poet Aratus (about 310 BC - about 240 BC). Most contemporary knowledge of Hipparchus is contained in the writings of the Greek geographer and historian Strabo of Amaseia (64/63 BC - about AD 23) and in the great astronomical compendium 'Almagest' by Greek astronomer Ptolemy (about AD100 - about 170). Ptolemy often quotes Hipparchus, and it is obvious that he thought highly of him; in fact, because of the slow progress of early science, Ptolemy speaks of Hipparchus with the respect due a distinguished contemporary, although almost three centuries separated the the two. It is often difficult to know which of them is due proper credit for their bodies of work. Hipparchus made his observations from Bithynia, at Rhodes, where he spent much of his later life, and also, it seems, at Alexandria. The year 127 BC is usually cited as the last date known for his actual work. French astronomer Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delembre (1749-1822) clearly demonstrated that some observations of Hipparchus on the star Eta Canis Majoris ("Aludra") could well have been carried out in that year. (He used the star, then at 90° of right ascension, for convenience in astronomical reckoning.) In all his work Hipparchus showed a clear mind and a dislike for unnecessarily complex hypotheses. He rejected not only all astrological teaching but also the heliocentric (Sun-centered) views of the universe that seem to have been proposed, according to Archimedes (about 287-212 BC), by Aristarchus of Samos (flourished about 270 BC) and that were revived by Seleucus the Babylonian, a contemporary of Hipparchus. With respect, it is important to note that strong arguments had been advanced against the idea that the Earth moved, and the general climate of opinion had never been favorable to persue the earlier theories of Aristarchus. Beyond that, much work had been done to explain most of the irregularities observed in the motions of the Sun, Moon and planets when considered within a geocentric (Earth-centered) universe. The work involved the use of a system of movable eccentrics and a system of epicycles and deferents. It was based on the erroneous belief that all celestial movement is regular and circular, or at least that it is best described in terms of a system of regular motion in circles. In the system of movable eccentrics, the centers of the supposed orbits of bodies around the Earth were themselves revolving around the Earth. In the other system, epicycles were small circles theoretically imposed on the great circular orbital paths, called deferents. The epicycle-deferent mechanism was used along with the movable eccentric mechanism in Ptolemy's late version of the geocentric system. It was this Ptolemaic geocentric system that was handed down to western European science, but it must be remembered that the views of Hipparchus had a profound influence on Ptolemy, as he himself acknowledged. It was not until the 15th century that regular observations over very long periods showed the geocentric hypothesis to be too complex to be acceptable and Copernicus proposed that the Sun is the center of the universe. We know few details about the instruments that Hipparchus used. It seems likely that he observed with the devices common in his day, although Ptolemy credits him with the invention of an improved type of theodolite with which to measure angles. Hipparchus is best known for his discovery of the precessional movement of the equinoxes; i.e., the changing of the measured positions of the stars resulting from the movement of the points of intersection of the ecliptic (the plane of the Earth's orbit) and of the celestial equator (the great circle formed in the sky by the projection outward of the Earth's equator). It appears that Hipparchus wrote a work with the phrase "precession of the equinoxes" in the title. The term is still in current use, although the phenomenon is more usually referred to merely as "precession." This notable discovery was the result of painstaking observations worked upon by an acute mind. Hipparchus observed the positions of the stars and then compared his results with those of Timocharis of Alexandria about 150 years earlier and with even earlier observations made in Babylonia. He discovered that the celestial longitudes were different and that this difference was of a magnitude exceeding that attributable to errors of observation. He therefore proposed precession to account for the size of the difference and he gave a value of 45 or 46 seconds of arc for the annual changes. This is very close to the figure of 50.26 accepted today and is a value far superior to the 36 that Ptolemy obtained. The discovery of precession enabled Hipparchus to obtain more nearly correct values for the tropical year (the period of the Sun's apparent revolution from an equinox to the same equinox again), and also for the sidereal year (the period of the Sun's apparent revolution from a fixed star to the same fixed star). Again he was extremely accurate, so that his value for the tropical year was too large by only 6 1/2 minutes. Observations of star positions measured in terms of celestial latitude and longitude, as was customary in ancient times, were carried out by Hipparchus and entered in a catalogthe first star catalog ever to be completed. Hipparchus measured the stellar positions with greater accuracy than any observer before him, and his observations were of use to Ptolemy and even later to Edmond Halley. To catalog the stars was thought by some of Hipparchus' contemporaries to be an impiety, but he persevered. Hipparchus had been stimulated in 134 BC by observing a "new star." Concluding that such a phenomenon indicated a lack of permanency in the number of "fixed" stars, he determined to catalog them, and no criticism was able to deflect him from his original purpose. Hipparchus' catalog, completed in 129 BC, listed about 850 stars (not 1,080 as is often stated), the apparent brightnesses of the stars were specified by a system of six magnitudes similar to that used today. For its time, the catalog was a monumental achievement. Hipparchus also attacked the problem of the relative size of the Sun and Moon and their distance from the Earth. It had long been appreciated that the apparent diameter of each was the same, and various astronomers had attempted to measure the ratio of size and distance of the two bodies. Eudoxus obtained a value of 9:1, Phidias (father of Archimedes) 12:1, Archimedes himself 30:1; while Aristarchus believed 20:1 to be correct. The present-day value is, approximately, 393:1. Hipparchus followed the method used by Aristarchus, a procedure that depends upon measuring the breadth of the Earth's shadow at the distance of the Moon (the measurement being made by timing the transit of the shadow across the Moon's disk during a lunar eclipse). This method really gives the parallax (the apparent change in the position of a celestial body when observed from two different directions), and thus the distance, of the Moon, the parallax for the Sun being too small to give a significant result; moreover the accuracy obtainable for the distance even of the Moon is poor. Dissatisfied with his results, Hipparchus attempted to find the limits within which the solar parallax must lie for observations and calculations of a solar eclipse to agree; he hoped that differences between solar and lunar parallax might thus also be revealed. He obtained no satisfactory result from his efforts, however, and concluded that the solar parallax was probably negligible. At least he appreciated that the distance of the Sun was very great. ================================================== CONSTELLATION OF THE MONTH by Craig MacDougal ================================================== Hercules If the afternoon thunderstorms have cleared out by 9:30 at night, then go out to get a look at our constellation for July. Face toward the east, and look most of the way up to zenith. There you will find a square made up of 2nd and 3rd magnitude stars. This square covers an area of the sky a bit smaller than your fist at arms length, and it's noticeably "squashed" on the right end. This "squashed square" (also known as the "keystone") is the key part of that legendary strong man of old: HERCULES (HER-q-lees). The keystone is generally considered to be his torso, or thereabouts. His head is generally considered to be off to the right of the keystone, and he's usually shown facing east. So you can imagine our strong man running full tilt back toward the horizon with the pelt of Leo on his back. (Remember Leo?) The story of Hercules is a long one that has been told in a variety of forms for thousands of years. His mother was Alcmene, the most beautiful and wise of the mortal women. His father was Zeus. (It's beginning to seem like half of the characters portrayed in the sky were fathered by Zeus.) Zeus visited Alcmene disguised as her husband. (Visiting beautiful women while in disguise was apparently a hobby of Zeus.) Anyway, Zeus also arranged for the infant to drink some of his wife's (Hera) milk. Having drunk the milk of a goddess, Hercules was now immortal. Hera was quite annoyed over the entire situation. She could not kill Hercules, but she vowed to make his life very miserable. Hera made Hercules temporarily insane at one point, and this caused him to kill his family. When he came to himself, he was of course remorseful and asked the Oracle at Delphi how he might atone for this. The Oracle's instructions were to serve the king of Mycenae for twelve years. The king gave him a set of tasks that are known as the Labors of Heracles. (Heracles is the original form of the name. The version we know is Greek.) The first task was to kill a certain invincible lion. (Sound familiar yet?) He also killed a multi-headed monster, which became the constellation Hydra. While he was battling Hydra, a crab came out of the rocks and started going after Hercules' ankles. This didn't last long, since Hercules simply stepped on it between swings of his sword. For this short scene, the crab gets billing in the sky as the constellation Cancer. (I guess he had connections with Zeus, or something.) Anyway, Hercules completes the original ten Labors. The king however, points out that Hercules had help on one of them, and got greedy on another. So he gives him two more, expecting to do him in for sure this time. Hercules cheerfully dispatches a dragon (Draco), and rather than kill the three-headed watchdog of the underworld, dragged him back to the king. The king was surprised to see Hercules, and more surprised to be staring at this none-too-happy watchdog that Hercules had (for now) a firm grip on. The king wisely proclaimed that Hercules was a free man, and graciously suggested that he take his "puppy" outside before he let go of it. (Whew!) Let's turn back to the keystone, for about a third of the way from the upper left corner, to the upper right corner, is one of the glories of the heavens. Check this spot with binoculars, and you will find a fuzzy spot. This is M13, the great Hercules globular cluster. Now you have seen with your own eyeballs this grand collection of many thousands of stars that adorns the pages of every book on astronomy that I know. ================================================== CELESTIAL ALMANAC by James M. Thomas ================================================== MOON PHASES: Full Moon - July 5, 11:04AM EDT Last Qtr. - July 13, 2:45PM EDT New Moon - July 20, 3:44PM EDT First Qtr. - July 27, 6:08AM EDT MOON APOGEE AND PERIGEE: Apogee - July 9, 7:23AM EDT, 252,007 mi (405,566 km) from Earth Perigee - July 21, 4:46PM EDT, 223,089 mi (359,027 km) from Earth PLANETS: MERCURY - (mag. 1.7 to -0.2), dist. 63.4 - 90.0 mill. mi (120.0 - 14.5 mill. km); bright in the morning sky; moving through constellations Orion and Gemini toward Cancer VENUS - (mag. -4.1), dist. 92.1 mill. mi (148.2 mill. km); rising just before dawn; in constellation Taurus MARS - (mag. -2.2 to -1.5), dist. 42.4 - 50.7 mill. mi (68.2 - 81.6 mill. km); in constellation Scorpius near the star Antares JUPITER - (mag. -1.9), dist. 560.8 mill. mi (902.5 mill. km); in constellation Orion SATURN - (mag. +0.2), dist. 911.5 mill. mi (1,466.9 mill. km); in constellation Taurus URANUS - (mag. +5.7), dist. 1,774.4 mill. mi (2,855.6 mill. km); in constellation Capricornus NEPTUNE - (mag. +7.8), dist. 2,705.2 mill. mi (4,353.6 mill. km); in constellation Capricornus PLUTO - (mag. +13.8), dist. 2,752.2 mill. mi (4,429.2 mill. km); in constellation Ophiuchus EVENTS: July 1 - Comet P/Kowal-Mrkos (2000 ET90) Perihelion (2.454 AU) July 3 - Moon is 6° north of Mars, 6AM EDT July 4 - Earth is at aphelion (94.5 million miles from the Sun), 10AM EDT; Comet P/1999 DN3 (Korlevic-Juric) closest approach to Earth (3.788 AU) July 5 - Partial lunar eclipse July 6 - Comet Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 closest approach to Earth (4.919 AU) July 7 - Moon is 3° south of Neptune, 10AM EDT; Minor planet (asteroid) Ceres at opposition (mag. 7.3 in constellation Sagittarius), 3PM EDT July 8 - Moon is 3° south of Uranus, 6PM EDT July 9 - Mercury at greatest western elongation (21°), 1PM EDT July 12 - Mercury is 1.9° south of Jupiter (conjunction), 6PM EDT July 13 - Saturn is 4° north of the star Aldebaran, 4AM EDT July 14 - Venus is 3° north of the star Aldebaran, 9PM EDT July 15 - Venus is 0.7° south of Saturn (conjunction), 1AM EDT July 16 - Asteroid 2000 ET70 Near-Earth Flyby (0.330 AU) July 17 - Moon is 0.6° south of Saturn, 9AM EDT; Moon is 0.3° north of Venus, 2PM EDT July 18 - Moon is 0.2° south of Jupiter, 8PM EDT July 19 - Moon is 1.0° north of Mercury, 9AM EDT; Mars is stationary, 7PM EDT; Comet Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak closest approach to Earth (1.520 AU); Comet Brooks 2 perihelion (1.835 AU) July 20 - Asteroid 2000 WN63 Near-Earth Flyby (0.324 AU) July 22 - Asteroid 17511 (1992 QN) Near-Earth Flyby (0.296 AU) July 23 - Asteroid 1995 OO Near-Earth Flyby (0.339 AU) July 26 - Asteroid 2000 PH5 Near-Earth Flyby (0.012 AU) July 27 - Mercury is 6° south of the star Pollux, 11AM EDT July 28 - Peak of Southern Delta Aquarid meteor shower July 29 - Comet C/2000 CT54 (LINEAR) closest approach to Earth (2.606 AU); Asteroid 1997 AQ18 Near-Earth Flyby (0.381 AU) July 30 - Neptune is at opposition, 8AM EDT; Moon is 6° north of Mars, 10AM EDT; July 30 - Asteroid 1999 YA Near-Mars Flyby (0.067 AU) ================================================== METEOR SHOWERS by James M. Thomas ================================================== Delta Aquarid Meteor Shower This minor shower peaks on July 27/28 and has a maximum of 30-40 meteors per hour. The orbit of the meteor material is small, highly eccentric, with its perihelion very close to the Sun. The radiant of the shower is near the star delta Aquarii (Scheat) in the constellation Aquarius. There are also two showers that peak in August with activity beginning in late July: Alpha-Capricornid Meteor Shower This shower is caused by Periodic Comet Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova. Meteors from this shower may be visible from July 15 through Aug. 25 with the peak on Aug. 2/3. The meteor hourly rate may be about 8. The meteors will appear to originate from a point in the constellation of Capricornus (RA 20 hrs 36 min, Dec -10°). Perseid Meteor Shower This shower is caused by Periodic Comet Swift-Tuttle, discovered on July 16, 1862 by Lewis Swift and then independently discovered three days later by Horace Tuttle. Meteors from this shower may be visible from July 25 through Aug. 21 with the peak on Aug.11/12. The meteor hourly rate may be about 75. The meteors will appear to originate from a point in the constellation of Perseus (RA 03 hrs 04 min, Dec +58°). Observing Meteors Meteors are best viewed from a dark-sky location. Observers in for the duration of the evening, or at least for several hours, should bring along a few things: a sleeping bag or blankets for warmth, a recliner or lawn chair, a hot beverage to help cut the chill, and binoculars to view the smoke trails of just-past meteors. ================================================== THIS MONTH IN HISTORY by James M. Thomas ================================================== July 24, 1950 - A U.S. Army team from the Ordnance Proving Grounds at White Sands, New Mexico, conducted the first rocket launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The rocket was called Bumper 8, a modified German V-2 missile with a WAC (Without Any Control) Corporal missile for a second stage. It achieved an altitude of 16 kilometers (10 miles). For the launch, Army technicians employed a painter's scaffold as a gantry to service the rocket before launch, and the control center was a converted tarpaper bathhouse surrounded by sandbags. July 21, 1961 - A Redstone rocket launched U.S. astronaut Virgil I. "Guss" Grissom in the Mercury 4 spacecraft, Libert Bell 7. This was the second U.S. sub-orbital space flight, and very similar to the flight of Alan B. Shepard Jr. a month earlier. It lasted 15 minutes, with a trajectory that took Grissom over the Atlantic Ocean where the spacecraft parachuted into the water. Grissom was recovered by helicopter from the ocean after leaving the spacecraft. Unfortunately, his spacecraft, Liberty Bell 7, sank and was lost until its recovery by a Discovery Channel-sponsored expedition early in 1999. (40th Anniversary) July 28, 1964 - The U.S. spacecraft Ranger 7 was launched. Ranger 7 became the first U.S. spacecraft to impact on the Moon. It returned a series of photos and other data. July 14, 1965 - The U.S. spacecraft Mariner 4 (launched November 28, 1964) reached the planet Mars and flew by on the far side of the planet. Mariner 4 transmitted back 22 televsion pictures of the cratered Martian surface from distance as close as 9,846 kilometers (6,118 miles). July 18, 1966 - John Young and Michael Collins were launched into Earth orbit aboard Gemini 10. They performed the first U.S. docking maneuver, using an Agena target vehicle. They returned safely to Earth on July 21. (35th Anniversary) July 16, 1969 - Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins were launched in Apollo 11. Armstrong and Aldrin, aboard the Lunar Module Eagle, landed on the lunar surface on July 20. Armstrong, and then Aldrin, became the first men to walk on the moon. They spent a total of 21 hours, 36 minutes and 21 seconds on the lunar surface, and collected 48.5 pounds of soil and rock samples. They returned to the lunar orbit, docked with Collins in the Command-Service module, and returned safely to Earth on July 24. July 15, 1975 - Aleksei A. Leonov and Valery N. Kubasov were launched in Soyuz 19. That same day Vance Brand, Thomas P. Stafford and Donald K. "Deke" Slayton were launched in an Apollo spacecraft . Both launches were part of a U.S.-U.S.S.R. joint flight. The spacecraft docked on July 17. The crews conducted experiments, shared meals, and held a joint news conference. Soyuz 19 returned to Earth on July 21 and the Apollo crew returned on July 24. July 20, 1976 - The Viking 1 spacecraft landed on Mars. Originally scheduled for a July 4th landing, in time for the U.S. bicentennial, the craft performed scientific experiments and transmitted images back to Earth for 6-1/2 years. (25th Anniversary) July 4, 1996 - The Mars Pathfinder spacecraft, launched Dec. 4, 1996, landed on the Martian surface at 1:08pm EST. The following day the Lander was renamed Carl Sagan Memorial Station. On July 6th the Sojourner rover was released to begin its exploration of the Martian surface. The mission performed measurements of the Martian climate, soil composition, and send back thousands of surface images. ================================================== PUBLICATION INFORMATION ================================================== Martian Chronicles is published monthly by the Museum Astronomical Resource Society (also known as the MARS Astronomy Club) to provide club news and other items of interest to its members. MARS is sponsored by the Museum of Science and Industry (MOSI), Tampa, Florida. Annual club membership dues are $12.00, which may be paid to any officer at club-sponsored events or mailed to the "Membership Renewal Address" listed below. Make checks payable to Frances Ferguson, our club treasurer. Newsletters are available to nonmembers by requesting a complimentary trial issue. Please send all inquiries, comments and newsletter contributions to the address below. The deadline for submitted contributions is the 15th of the month prior to the next issue. Contributions may be delayed in publication due to available space. NEWSLETTER EDITION DETAILS Martian Chronicles, July 2001, Vol. 17, No. 7 Editor: Jimmy Thomas Contributors: Craig MacDougal Circulation for this issue: Total: 98+ Membership - mail: 39, on-line: 8 Courtesy - 10, on-line: E-mail: 63 Membership Renewal Address: M.A.R.S. c/o Frances Ferguson 1522 W. River Lane Tampa, FL 33603 ================================================== CLUB INFORMATION ================================================== MUSEUM ASTRONOMICAL RESOURCE SOCIETY President - Jimmy Thomas, 813-888-7187, MARSAstro@aol.com Treasurer - Frances Ferguson, 813-238-8299, faf2@juno.com Secretary - Mark Dillenbeck, 813-685-3458, MDStarman@aol.com MOSI Contact - Craig MacDougal, 813-933-9617, MACDOUC@prodigy.net Current Membership: 52 Mailing address: 8712 Cobbler Place, Tampa, FL 33615 Web site: http://members.aol.com/MARSAstro E-mail: MARSAstro@aol.com ================================================== END MARTIAN CHRONICLES, PART 2 OF 2 ==================================================

30. THE EPICYCLOID The Greek mathematician Hipparchus (c. 140 BC) was the first to recognize the hipparchus of rhodes. From MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. http://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/instruct/darnold/CalcProj/sp05/astley/Epicycloid

THE EPICYCLOID BY The epicycloid is the special plane curve defined as the path traced by a point P on a circle that rolls around a fixed circle without slipping. The point P lies on a circle of radius b , which rolls about the convex side of a circle of radius a The Greek mathematician Hipparchus ( c. 140 B.C.) was the first to recognize the epicycloid in his astronomical theory of epicycles, in which he developed a model for the motion of the moon. Later, Ptolemy ( c. 130 A.D.), a Greek astronomer and geographer, used combinations of epicycles to predict the positions of the sun, moon and planets. This idea was not superceded until Copernicus (1514) theorized that the sun, rather than the earth, was the center of the universe. Hipparchus Ptolemy The construction of the epicycloid was first described in 1525 by Albrecht D¸rer, a German artist. D¸rer published this and many other curves in the first German mathematics text. GÈrard Desargues (1640), a French engineer, was the first to put the epicycloid to use in a system used for raising water near Paris. The next known practical use envisioned for epicycloids was in the working of mechanical gears, although there is some debate about who first thought of this. Danish astronomer Olaus Roemer is said to have investigated the use of cycloidal curves in the manufacture of gear teeth in 1674. However, it is worth noting that French mathematician Philippe de La Hire, whose father was a student of Desargues, is credited with inventing the epicycloidal profile for gear teeth in 1694, twenty years later.

31. Spice Maps Background His work in astronomy was largely based on the ideas of hipparchus of rhodes (threehundred years earlier) who proposed divicding the length and breadth of http://ias.berkeley.edu/orias/spice/textobjects/moreonmaps.htm

LESSON BOX OVERVIEW ANDCONTENTS ARTIFACTS PRIMARY SOURCES REGIONAL GRID MAP ... LINKS Monsoon Winds to the "Land of Gold" BACKGROUND ON MAPS Additional Information on Historical Maps Map A Map B Map C Map D ... Map H Map A Anaximander of Miletus is credited as being the first person to draw a map of the world. This map by Hecataeus , also of Miletus, is similar to the one described by Herodotus. (Berthon, p. 19) Map B Herodotus had travelled extensively throughout the Mediterranean and collected information about Asia. Beyond India lay unknown and uninhabited deserts..."for the Indians live the furthest towards the east and the sunrise of all the Asians with whom we are acquainted or of whom we know by hearsay. Eastwards the country of the Indians is a sandy desert." (Wheatley, p. 124) "I cannot help but laughing at the absurdity of all the mapmakersthere are plenty of themwho show Ocean running like a river round a perfectly circular earth, with Asia and Europe of the same size." Herodotus said of the three known continents (Europe, Asia, and Africa) "Europe is as long as the other two put together, and for breadth is not, in my opinion, even to be compared with them." (Berthon, p. 19)

32. History Of Inventing - Invention Development Group Ltd. hipparchus of rhodes. Greece. Algebra. 350 AD. Diophantus. Greece. Decimal system.520 AD. Aryabhata and Varamihara. India. Plus and minus signs http://www.thepatentguys.com/pages/history_old.htm

Invention Development Group Ltd. company, news/events, contact patents, ... advertisements Confidentiality Policy; Your name, address, phone number, mail address, invention, and invention name are handled with the strictest of confidentiality. We guarantee no information will be publicly shared. REGISTER ONLINE RECEIVE 5% DISCOUNT! history Prehistoric Times to Middle Ages WHAT WHEN WHO WHERE Sewing needles 1700 B.C. Pleistocene Peoples Europe Woven cloth 5000 B.C Mesopotamia Silk production 2640 B.C Si-Ling-Chi China Cotton 2500 B.C India Draw-loom for figured waves 100 B.C China Silk reeling machinery 100 B.C

33. Issue 8 - SpaceTides hipparchus of rhodes (±190 120 BC) was a gifted Greek astronomer and mathematicianwho discovered the precession of the equinoxes. http://www.assabfn.co.za/spacetides/issues/issue_08.htm

Newsletter # 8 - 17 June 2001 http://www.assabfn.co.za/spacetides Internet Newsletter of ASSA Bloemfontein Centre, South Africa http://www.assabfn.co.za/ IN THIS WEEK'S ISSUE: 1) News from Boyden Observatory: History continued: Setting up in South Africa 2) In Spaceflight this week: Giant Robotic Arm for the Space Station 3) Sky Observation and Astronomy: Supernova! Arcturus in Boötes 4) This week's question: Orbital Junkyard 5) Interesting Space Facts: Most volcanically active! 6) Historical Notes: The story behind Supernova 1987A 7) Persons in the World of Astronomy: Hipparchus 8) Weblinks: Exploding stars, Britannica.com NEWS FROM BOYDEN OBSERVATORY: In the famous Dr. Harlow Shapley , director of Harvard College Observatory at that time, gave the order for the observatory at Arequipa in Peru to move to its new site at Bloemfontein , South Africa - on a koppie 24 km out of the city overlooking Maselspoort. Funds for the transfer came from Harvard and the International Education Board Dismantling the equipment at Arequipa commenced in and in February the instruments were shipped to Bloemfontein.

34. Persons In Astronomy - SpaceTides Aristarchus of Samos, hipparchus of rhodes, Ptolemy, (Claudius Ptolemaeus).Brahe, Tycho, Hubble, Edwin, Slipher, Vesto Melvin http://www.assabfn.co.za/spacetides/persons.htm

SPACETIDES Home Previous Newsletters Links Pictures ... SUBSCRIBE TO SPACETIDES (free) Astronomy in Southern Africa ASSA Bloemfontein Centre Boyden Observatory Friends of Boyden ... City of Bloemfontein PERSONS IN ASTRONOMY Find out more on the many people who helped to shape our knowledge of the cosmos and the world around us. In each second issue, SpaceTides looks at the contributions of a person in the fields of astronomy, science and spaceflight. The timeline is given according to the century they were born in. Select from an alphabetical list, or see the timeline below the table Adams, John Halley Edmond Newton, Isaac ... Joel Hastings 1900 - Present Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr. Byname 'Buzz Aldrin'. Born in in Montclair US, Aldrin was an astronaut who set a record for extravehicular activity (space walks) and was the second man to set foot on the Moon A graduate of the US military , Aldrin became an air force pilot . He flew 66 combat missions in Korea and later served in West Germany . In , he earned his Ph.D

35. Important Astronomers, Their Instruments And Discoveries 1 hipparchus of rhodes (c. 150 125 BC) used the equatorially mounted ArmillarySphere for a variety of measurements. He determined the distance from the http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/hist1.html

Important Astronomers, their Instruments and Discoveries by Paul M. Rybski Part 1 Pre-telescopic Instruments, their Inventors and Users Merkets and Waterclocks Babylonian observations (1500 BC?) recorded solar and lunar eclipses as well as planetary observations using merkets and waterclocks. Macedonian philosopher Thales of Miletus (575-532 BC?) predicted a solar eclipse using Babylonian observations and mapped out constellations to aid navigation. Alexandrian astronomer Eratosthenes (260-201 BC?) measured the circumference of the Earth using comparative shadow rod measurements in two places and knowledge of the distance between them. The Cross-Staff Alexandrian astronomers Aristillus and Timocharis charted the positions of the brighter stars (284 BC), producing the first star catalog using a Cross-staff. Aristarchus of Samos (250 BC?) calculated the distance of the Sun from the Earth and the Moon and Sun's sizes relative to Earth by observations during solar and lunar eclipses and at first quarter Moon using a Cross-staff. Armillary Spheres Eratosthenes (204 BC) catalogued more than seven hundred stars using one, and possibly two, armillary spheres.

36. The MusEYEum - The Observatory - Eclipses According to Ptolemy s Almagest, hipparchus of rhodes (fl. 2nd c BC) compiled arecord of eclipses of the moon that had been observed in Babylon over the http://www.college-optometrists.org/college/museum/observatory/eclipse.htm

37. ESA Science & Technology: Summary hipparchus of rhodes was a Greek astronomer and geographer who lived circa 150 BC.During his life, Hipparchus constructed a catalogue of around 850 stars. http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=28820

38. The Origin Of The Zodiac It would appear it was the Greek astronomer hipparchus of rhodes (2ndcenturyBCE) who first redefined the the boundaries of the 12 signs so that the vernal http://members.optusnet.com.au/~gtosiris/page9a.html

Essays Relating To The History Of Occidental Constellations and Star Names to the Classical Period The Origin of the Zodiac by Gary D. Thompson Return To Site Contents Page The Origin of the Zodiac The myth of a prehistoric 12-constellation zodiac (of equal divisions) is not yet extinguished. The suggestion that the zodiac was originally established as an intended scheme of 12 constellations and 12 equal divisions some 6000 years ago (or even earlier) is untenable. The fact that these ideas have been effectively disposed of seems to be ignored in publications addressed to the jury and not the bench. There is no evidence that the Greek scheme of 12 zodiacal constellations existed anywhere prior to its evolvement in Greece circa 500 BCE. The Assyriologist Peter Jensen was the first to show, in his book Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (1890), that the Greek zodiac (and zodiacal constellation names) was adapted (with few changes) from the (newly developed) zodiacal scheme of the Babylonians. The tide of claims up to the early 20th-century for the great antiquity of the zodiac (made by many historians, astronomers and Assyriologists) have been definitively discredited by an understanding of relevant Mesopotamian cuneiform sources. (Nineteenth-century arguments made frequent (misplaced) use of mythology and symbolism i.e.

39. History Of Constellation And Star Names Hipparchus Coordinate System. (Archive for the History of Exact Sciences,Volume 56, on the Phainomena of Aratus and Eudoxus by hipparchus of rhodes. http://members.optusnet.com.au/~gtosiris/page6.html

An Annotated Bibliography Of Studies of Occidental Constellations and Star Names to the Classical Period Compiled by Gary D. Thompson Go to: Star Maps References With Extensive Bibliographies Non-Western Constellations And Star Names Return To Site Contents Page Star Maps Books/Pamphlets: Grasshoff, Gerd. (1990). The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue. [Note: Based on the author's doctoral thesis. See the (English-language) book review by James Evans in Journal for History of Exact Sciences, Volume 43, Pages 133-144.] Peters, Christian. and Knobel, Eduard. (1915). Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars. [Note: Still remains an important study. Christian Peters was Director of Hamilton College Observatory and previously Litchfield Professor of Astronomy at Hamilton College. Eduard Knobel was Treasurer and Past President of the Royal Astronomical Society. Life dates for Christian Peters: 1813-1890. Life dates for Eduard Knobel: 1841-?] Stott, Carole. (1991). Celestial Charts: Antique Maps of the Heavens. [Note: Well illustrated but poorly organised. See the (English-language) book review by Elly Dekker in Annals of Science, Volume 49, Number 6, 1992, Pages 598-599.] Warner, Deborah. (1979). The Sky Explored: Celestial Cartography 1500-1800. [Note: Excellent.]

40. Reflections Vol20, No3, Aug 95 the ancient Greek astronomer hipparchus of rhodes, invented a magnitude system Hipparchus proposed six brightness classes, class one containing the http://www.mansw.nsw.edu.au/members/reflections/vol21no1coupland.htm

MANSW The Mathematical Association of New South Wales, Inc. Promoting Quality Mathematics Education for all. Reflections on Senior Mathematics Shakes, quakes, and stars - Investigations with exponential and logarithmic functions Mary Coupland and Jules Harnett, University of Technology, Sydney Indices, logarithms, and exponential functions are widely used in scientific applications of mathematics as they provide models for a variety of physical situations. We think this can provide motivating examples in the teaching of these topics. In the workshop at the conference, we first investigated some activities based on everyday situations that could be used as starting points. We also provided some information that may go beyond the current school syllabus in mathematics, but which provides interesting background knowledge for teachers. Investigations that use indices and exponential functions I. Could you be related to a famous historical figure? n the number of - grandparents you have, and g the number of generations back they are? How many years ago do you think your - grandparents were alive? Find out where they were probably living and the population of that part of the world at that time. You may be related to someone famous! You may even be related to the person sitting next to you!

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