61. UNM Physics And Astronomy Department Web Site hartree, douglas R. (douglas Rayner), The Calculation of Atomic Structures, In,SM 1811. Briggs, Geoffrey, The Cambridge Photographic Atlas of the Planets http://panda.unm.edu/library/index.php?sort_by=title&letter=t

62. Biography-center - Letter H wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathema ticians/Hartley.html; hartree,douglas www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~ history/Mathematicians/hartree.html http://www.biography-center.com/h.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish H 740 biographies H ardy, G H www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hardy.html H arris, Major General Marcelite J. www.wic.org/bio/mharris.htm H umphries, Barry www.abc.net.au/btn/australians/humphrie.htm www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hi story/Mathematicians/Herigone.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/De_L'Hopital.h tml www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematici ans/Holder.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hormander.html Ha hn, Hans www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hahn.html Ha milton, Linda celebrity.com.ne.kr/linda/html/bio.htm Haab, Otto www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1825.html Haanp¤¤, Pentti www.kirjasto.sci.fi/haanp aa.htm www -history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Haar.html

63. New Scientist Back Page - Toy Story My grandfather douglas hartree used Meccano to build several large calculusmachines for In 1934, douglas hartree, then at the University of Manchester, http://www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=lw648

64. List Of Scientists By Field Translate this page hartree, douglas Rayner. hartree, douglas Rayner. Hartsoeker, Nicolaas. Hartsoeker,Nicolaas. Hartwig, Ernst. Harvey, Edmund Newton. Harvey, William http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/h.html

Haak, Theodore Haas, Arthur Erich Haas, Arthur Erich Haas, Wander Johannes de Haast, Johann Franz Julius von Haber, Fritz Haberlandt, Gottlieb Hachette, Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette, Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette, Jean Nicolas Pierre Hadamard, Jacques Hadfield, Robert Abbott Hadfield, Robert Abbott Hadley, John Hadley, John Hadorn, Ernst Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haffkine, Waldemar Mordecai Wolfe Hague, Arnold Hahn, Otto Hahn, Otto Hahnemann, Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann, Christian Friedrich Samuel Haidinger, Wilhelm Karl Hakluyt, Richard Hakluyt, Richard Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, John Scott Haldane, Richard Burdon Hale, George Ellery Hale, William Hales, Stephen Hales, Stephen Hall, Asaph Hall, Charles Martin Hall, Edwin Herbert Hall, Granville Stanley Hall, Granville Stanley Hall, James Hall, James Hall, Marshall Hall, Marshall Hall, Sir James Hall, Sir James Haller, Albrecht von Haller, Albrecht von Haller, Albrecht von Halley, Edmond Halley, Edmond Halley, Edmond Halliburton, William Dobinson Halliburton, William Dobinson

65. Computer Laws (douglas hartree). Heisenbug Uncertainty Principle Most production software bugsare soft they go away when you look at them. (Jim Gray) http://www.sysprog.net/quotlaws.html

SITE SERVICES Contact Us Search Site Map MORE QUOTES Main page What they said Computer laws Asia ... Quotations Computer laws DON'T PANIC! The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (cover) Amdahl's Law: The speed-up achievable on a parallel computer can be significantly limited by the existence of a small fraction of inherently sequential code which cannot be parallelised. (Gene Amdahl) Augustine's Second Law of Socioscience: For every scientific (or engineering) action, there is an equal and opposite social reaction. (Norman Augustine) Benford's Law: Passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real information available. (Gregory Benford) Brooks' Law: Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later. (Frederick P Brooks Jr) Church-Turing Thesis: Every function which would naturally be regarded as computable can be computed by the universal Turing machine. Clarke's First Law: When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong. (Arthur C Clarke) Clarke's Second Law: The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible. (Arthur C Clarke)

66. Quotes From The Past (douglas hartree). 1945 The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devicesof great reliability and something is bound to come of it. (Vannevar Bush) http://www.sysprog.net/quothist.html

SITE SERVICES Contact Us Search Site Map MORE QUOTES Main page What they said 21st century Computer laws ... Quotations Quotes from the past For the period Dec 20, 1999 to Jan 10, 2000 we got fewer new viruses than in an average five-day period of 1999. (Vesselin Bontchev) It's possible that we could see 200,000 viruses around Y2K. (Carey Nachenberg) We're going to suffer a year of technological disruptions, followed by a decade of depression. (Ed Yourdon) Folks, the Mac platform is through - totally. (John Dvorak) Employers will attempt to fill 1.6 million new IT jobs in 2000. (ITAA) I predict that one fallout of year 2000 problems will be public insistence on regulating software developers. (Steve McConnell) There isn't an Internet company in the world that's going to fail because of mistakes Internet companies make thousands of mistakes every week. (Candice Carpenter of iVillage) Microsoft has stretched itself so thin, within a couple of years it will experience serious reversals. We'll make the millennium my deadline. (Bob Lewis in InfoWorld) The last thing IBM needs right now is a vision. (Lou Gerstner)

67. The Science Bookstore - Chronology hartree, douglas Born 5/27/1897, 1897 AD. JoliotCurie, Irene Born 9/12/1897Died 3/17/1956, 1897 AD. Hinshelwood, Cyril Born 6/19/1897 http://www.thesciencebookstore.com/chron.asp?pg=26

68. Units: H The unit is named for the British physicist and mathematician douglas R.hartree (18971958). hat size in the metric world, the size of a hat is simply the http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictH.html

How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Table of Contents About the Dictionary Using the Dictionary H h Planck's constant, equal to approximately 0.662 606 876 x 10 joule second, a fundamental constant of physics also used as a unit of "action" or of angular momentum in particle physics. The unit was defined by the German physicist Max Planck (1858-1947), who showed in 1900 that at atomic and subatomic scales energy occurs in discrete packets called quanta. Each quantum has energy , where f is the frequency of the radiation in hertz (see below). hacienda a large traditional unit of land area in Mexico and the southwestern U.S. The word also refers to a large estate, ranch, or plantation. As a unit, it equals 5 square leguas or 125 million square varas . Using the Texas definition of the vara, this would be about 8960 hectares or 22 140 acres (34.59 square miles). Using the shorter Mexican vara, it would be about 8778 hectares or 21 690 acres. hair's breadth halakim (hl) plural of helek (see below). The word is also transliterated as

69. Computing Before Computers 108 Harmonic analyzer, 158, 172176, 180 Harmonic synthesizer, 172, 177 hartree,douglas R., 184 Harvard calculating machines, ix, 213-219. http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC.html

Go to On Line Documents , Go to Go to Antique Computer home page This is a presentation of Computing Before Computers Edited by William Aspray with contributions by W. Aspray A. G. Bromley M. Campbell-Kelly P.E. Ceruzzi M. R. Williams ISBN 0-8138-0047-1 1. Calculators-History. 2. Computers-History. I. Aspray, William. Statement of permission to web publish Scanned, and processed into Adobe .PDF format by Ed Thelen September 2000 from a first edition copy lent by Michael R. Williams - one of the contributors. To make the contents of this 266 page book more accessable for Internet viewers: the various chapters and sections are presented as separate files of 6 megabytes max each the Table of Contents (linked to the sections) is presented below the Index is presented below. (searchable by your browser) each .PDF section is searchable by the Adobe Acrobat viewer - "Image on Text". Table of Contents Introduction .................................... vii William Aspray Chapter One: Early Calculation Michael R. Williams Chapter Two: Difference and Analytical Engines Allan G. Bromley

70. 5 THE ACE, THE BRITISH NATIONAL COMPUTER Front row Mrs douglas hartree, Freddie Williams, Max Newman, David Wheeler,Konrad Zuse (Germany). As a result of Darwin s approach to THE a party led by http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/EarlyBritish-05-12.html

Return to On Line Documents Return to "Early English Computers" table of contents Early British Computers, 5 - THE ACE, THE 'BRITISH NATIONAL COMPUTER', starting page 023 THE ACE, THE 'BRITISH NATIONAL COMPUTER' At the close of the second world war there was some feeling amongst scientists at the Ministry of Supply that a National Mathematical Laboratory should be established to coordinate facilities and techniques relating to machine-aided computation. The practical outcome of this feeling was the establishment in the summer of 1945, of a Mathematics Division in the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) at Teddington, Middlesex. Amongst the father-figures associated with this event were Professor D. R. Hartree of Manchester University and (from October 1946) Cambridge University, and Dr L. J. Comrie, founder of the Scientific Computing Service in London. Hartree was the chief link between British and American computing efforts in the immediate post-war years; both he and Comrie had accumulated a great deal of experience on mechanical and electro-mechanical calculators. As far as building a stored-program computer, the initial enthusiasm came largely from a group of people who had been involved with the COLOSSUS deciphering activity at Bletchley Park. In particular, amongst the Bletchley team which disbanded in the autumn of 1945 were the mathematicians Professor Max Newman and Dr Alan Turing, and the Post Office engineers T. H. Flowers and Dr A. W. M. Coombs. In October 1945 Newman moved to Manchester University, where he wished to set up a 'calculating machine laboratory'.

71. DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER For articles on related subjects see ANALOG COMPUTER; BUSH, VANNEVAR; DIGITALCOMPUTERS HISTORY EARLY; and hartree, douglas. http://scoter2.union.edu/~hemmendd/Encyc/Articles/Difanal/difanal.html

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER For articles on related subjects see ANALOG COMPUTER; BUSH, VANNEVAR; DIGITAL COMPUTERS: HISTORY: EARLY; and HARTREE, DOUGLAS. In a paper published in the Journal of the Franklin Institute in 1931, Vannevar Bush described a machine (Fig. 1) that had been constructed under his direction at M.I.T. for the purpose of solving ordinary differential equations. He christened the machine a differential analyzer . This was what would now be called an "analog" computer, and was based on the use of mechanical integrators that could be interconnected in any desired manner. The integrator was in essence a variable-speed gear, and took the form of a rotating horizontal disk on which a small knife-edged wheel rested. The wheel was driven by friction, and the gear ratio was altered by varying the distance of the wheel from the axis of rotation of the disk. The principle is illustrated in Fig. 2. The use of mechanical integrators for solving differential equations had been suggested by Kelvin, and various special-purpose integrating devices were constructed at various times. Bush's differential analyzer was, however, the first device of sufficiently general application to meet a genuine need, and in the period immediately before and during World War II quite a number of these devices were constructed. The one shown in Fig. 4 was installed at the Mathematical Laboratory in Cambridge, England. The integrators and torque amplifiers can be clearly seen in Fig. 4, together with the system of shafting used for effecting the connections. Changing the problem was a job for someone who did not mind hands covered in oil. The output table on which the results were plotted directly in graphical form can be seen in Fig. 4, which also shows a number of similar tables that were used for input, an operator being employed to turn a handle so that a cursor followed a curve. It is a comment on the primitive state of automatic control in the period in question that automatic curve-following devices were not provided until later. The accuracy attainable in a single integrator was about one part in three thousand, but of course a lower accuracy was to be expected in the solution.

72. Eponyms hartree, douglas Rayner hartree (18971958), English mathematician and physicist.havelock, Sir Henry Havelock (1795-1857), British general http://users.tinyonline.co.uk/gswithenbank/eponyms.htm

Eponyms An eponym is a word derived from the name of a real, fictional, mythical or spurious character or person. Most eponyms originate from a person's surname: boycott , for instance, from the Irish landlord Captain Charles Cunningham Boycott; dahlia , from the Swedish botanist Anders Dahl; the sousaphone , from the American bandmaster John Philip Sousa; and volt , from the Italian physicist Count Alessandro Volta. Many eponymous words come from literary, biblical or mythological sources: malapropism , from Mrs Malaprop in Sheridan's The Rivals Dickensian , from the English writer Charles Dickens; as old as Methuselah , from the age of the Old Testament patriarch; and aphrodisiac , from the Greek goddess of love and beauty Aphrodite. There are thousands of eponyms in everyday use in English today and study of them yields a fascinating insight into the rich heritage of the world's most popular language and its development. Here are some more examples of names that have been immortalised in such a way. A B C D ... W X Y Z A Aaron's beard/rod Aaron, brother of Moses

73. Charlotte Froese Fischer There she worked with douglas R. hartree, programming the first Electronic DigitalStored program Automatic Computer (EDSAC) for atomic structure http://www.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/~cff/cff.html

Charlotte Froese Fischer Research Professor of Computer Science Charlotte Froese Fischer obtained both a B.A. degree, with honors in Mathematics and Chemistry, and an M.A. degree in Applied Mathematics from the University of British Columbia in 1952 and 1954, respectively. She then went to Cambridge University where she obtained a Ph. D. in applied mathematics and computing in 1957. There she worked with Douglas R. Hartree, programming the first Electronic Digital Stored program Automatic Computer (EDSAC) for atomic structure calculations. Dr. Fischer served on the Mathematics faculty of the University of British Columbia from 1957 - 68 where she introduced numerical analysis and computer courses into the curriculum and was instrumental in the formation of the Computer Science Department. She served as Professor of Applied Analysis and Computer Science at the University of Waterloo (1968 - 75), Professor of Computer Science at Pennsylvania State University (1974 - 79). She and her husband, Patrick C. Fischer, came to Vanderbilt University in 1980. Dr. Fischer has served as Editor for a number of journals. She served as an Atomic Structure Editor for Computer Physics Communications from 1968 - 1998.

74. Nat' Academies Press, True Genius: The Life And Science Of John Bardeen (2002) hartree, douglas, 63. hartreeFock approximation method, 191. Harvard University,12, 32, 49. Department of Applied Physics, 151. Eliot House, 65, 66 http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309084083/html/454.html

Read more than 3,000 books online FREE! More than 900 PDFs now available for sale HOME ABOUT NAP CONTACT NAP HELP ... ORDERING INFO Items in cart [0] TRY OUR SPECIAL DISCOVERY ENGINE Questions? Call 888-624-8373 True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen (2002) Joseph Henry Press ( JHP Find More Like This Book Research ... Dashboard NEW! BUY This Book CHAPTER SELECTOR: Openbook Linked Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-xii 1 The Question of Genius, pp. 1-7 2 Roots, pp. 8-27 3 To Be an Engineer, pp. 28-44 4 A Graduate Student's Paradise, pp. 45-65 5 Many-Body Beginnings, pp. 66-82 6 Academic Life, pp. 83-98 7 Engineering for National Defense, pp. 99-114 8 The Transistor, pp. 115-141 9 The Break from Bell, pp. 142-164 10 Homecoming, pp. 165-189 11 Cracking the Riddle of Superconductivity, pp. 190-218 12 Two Nobels Are Better Than One Hole in One, pp. 219-240 13 A Hand in Industry, pp. 241-253 14 Citizen of Science, pp. 254-283 15 Pins and Needles and Waves, pp. 284-300 16 Last Journey, pp. 301-313 17 Epilogue: True Genius and How to Cultivate It, pp. 314-330

75. Nat' Academies Press, True Genius: The Life And Science Of John Bardeen (2002) 223 Hart, Harry, 144 Hart, Walter W., 29, 31 Hartke, Jerome Luther, 186 hartree,douglas, 63 hartreeFock approximation method, 191 Harvard University, http://www.nap.edu/books/0309084083/html/445.html

Read more than 3,000 books online FREE! More than 900 PDFs now available for sale HOME ABOUT NAP CONTACT NAP HELP ... ORDERING INFO Items in cart [0] TRY OUR SPECIAL DISCOVERY ENGINE Questions? Call 888-624-8373 True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen (2002) Joseph Henry Press ( JHP Find More Like This Book Research ... Dashboard NEW! BUY This Book CHAPTER SELECTOR: Openbook Linked Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-xii 1 The Question of Genius, pp. 1-7 2 Roots, pp. 8-27 3 To Be an Engineer, pp. 28-44 4 A Graduate Student's Paradise, pp. 45-65 5 Many-Body Beginnings, pp. 66-82 6 Academic Life, pp. 83-98 7 Engineering for National Defense, pp. 99-114 8 The Transistor, pp. 115-141 9 The Break from Bell, pp. 142-164 10 Homecoming, pp. 165-189 11 Cracking the Riddle of Superconductivity, pp. 190-218 12 Two Nobels Are Better Than One Hole in One, pp. 219-240 13 A Hand in Industry, pp. 241-253 14 Citizen of Science, pp. 254-283 15 Pins and Needles and Waves, pp. 284-300 16 Last Journey, pp. 301-313 17 Epilogue: True Genius and How to Cultivate It, pp. 314-330

76. Bibliography Fischer, CF douglas Rayner hartree His Life in Science and Computing, This scientific biography of douglas R. hartree not only describes important http://www.meccano.us/bibliography.html

HOME Bibliography Gathered below are a collection of references to both the original Differential Analyzers , and the various Meccano versions, plus a selection of material relating to Babbage's Calculating Engines . This is a work in progress. If you have references not included here, I would be pleased to hear from you. The book icon indicates an original item in my personal collection. Differential Analyzers Adler, M. " Meccano Torque Amplifier Online description of a demonstration torque amplifier using standard Meccano parts. Amble, O. "On a principle of Connexion for Bush Integrators" Journal of Scientific Instruments A survey of regenerative connections of one or two integrators, by which it is possible to obtain functions such as the logarithm, square root, or any rational power. Anon. "Sir William Thomson's Harmonic Analyser" Engineering A description of a seven integrator version of William Thomson's harmonic analyser (see Thomson (1878) ) constructed by R. W. Munro for the Meteorological Office. Contains a detailed engraving. Anon. "With the Editor. Meccano Aids Scientific Research"

77. Simon Finch Author hartree, douglas R. More Details.. Title The Anatomical Exercises De Motu Cordis 1628 De Circulatione Sanguinis 1649 The first English text of http://www.simonfinch.com/pages/alpharesults.php?selLetter=H

78. History They sold 8 of these even though the leading expert, douglas hartree, had assuredthem 3 existing computers would handle all the calculations that would http://www.aaxnet.com/info/hist.html

History It's very easy to lose perspective in the fast moving world of computers, so here's a timeline to help keep things in order. Home News Topics AAx Other Timelines: Ken Polsson (who also has timelines on other stuff). Mark Brader (1623 to 1952). (Unknown) History of Computer Time Line Key Events - Prepared for the IEEE. See also our Origins of Microsoft : The abacus gained widespread acceptance in Europe. : John Napier, discoverer of logarithms, invented a calculating device based on them called Napier's Bones : William Oughtred invented the slide rule, based on Napier's work with logarithms. The slide rule is an "analog" computer and served as the primary computing device for engineers until 1972. Oughtred's was circular, but here's a straight on by Robert Bissaker (1654). : Wilhelm Schickard of Tuebingen, Wuerttemberg (now part of Germany), produced a 6-digit machine called the "Calculating Clock". It can add and subtract and indicates overflow by ringing a bell (allowing 7-digit calculations by counting the overflow). The device was reconstructed in 1960 and found to work. : Blaise Pascal created a 5-digit calculator, the "Pascaline", but it cannot subtract and is more complex than Schickard's machine. Pascal sold somewhere between 10 and 15 of these machines, some capable of 8 digits.

79. Theory Of The Week Other maxims in the same vein include the law attributed to the early Britishcomputer scientist douglas hartree The time from now until the completion of http://jamesthornton.com/theory/

James Thornton Web jamesthornton.com Internet Business Consultant About James Services Writings Documentation ... JamesThornton.com Theory sort by title Theory of the Week March 3, 2002 Gaia Hyptothosis Named after Gaea ( gaa in Greek), the goddess Mother Earth. The theory that the Earth is a living organism with a self-regulating mechanism that is yet undefined. All animals, plants and human activities are believed to contribute to the system, which has checks and balances to ensure the continuance of life. The stability of atmospheric components over many eons is cited as evidence for this controversial theory. J Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Earth (Oxford, 1988) February 19, 2002 Pseudo Forgetting The process whereby we think we know something (such as a telephone number), attempt to recall it and when we fail, conclude we have forgotten it. The fact is we may never have stored the material or it may have been incorrectly stored. Either way the information cannot be considered forgotten. E F Loftus and G R Loftus, 'On the Permanence of Stored Information in the Human Brain'

80. Leaders Of The Information Age  douglas R. hartree, Campaigner for computer development in Great Britain.Frank Heart, ARPANET engineer. Johan Helsingius, Creator of remailing service http://www.hwwilson.com/print/leaders_info.cfm

What's New Free Trials Orders Contacts ... Shopping Cart Leaders of the Information Age Edited by David Weil, Curator and Executive Director of the Computer Museum of America From historical figures who set the foundation of today’s revolution, to modern giants of the computer industry, through geneticists, inventors, physicists, philosophers, futurists, and others, this wide-ranging sourcebook explores the lives and work of 250 pioneers of the information age. The volume provides, for example, profiles of such inventors as: Seymour Cray, designer of the world’s first supercomputer Vannevar Bush, inventor of the first operative mechanical computer John Atanasoff, inventor of the first electronic computer Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World Wide Web and HTML Jack Kilby, co-creator of the microchip Ray Tomlinson, e-mail pioneer

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