81. Gerard_of_Cremona Although we do not have detailed information of the date when gherard went to Some of the works credited to Gerard of cremona are probably the work of a http://copernicus.subdomain.de/Gerard_of_Cremona

Suche: Main Page '''Gerard of Cremona''' (''Gherardo'') ( Cremona , Lombardy, c. Toledo ), famous Italian translator of scientific works. Most famous as the translator of Ptolemy �s ''Astronomy'' (mistakenly credited as translator of Avicenna 's '' Canon of Medicine ;'' see below) from Arabic texts found in Toledo , he was one of a small group of scholar s who invigorated medieval Europe in the 12th Century by transmitting Greek and Arabic traditions in astronomy medicine and other science s, in the form of translations into Latin , which made them available to every literate person in the West. Dissatisfied with the meager philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gherardo followed his true passions and went to Toledo , sometime before . There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy 's '' Almagest '', which retained its traditional high reputation among scholars, even though no Latin translation existed. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain , it was no later than 1144. Toledo, which had been provincial capital in the caliphate of

82. Geometry And Discourse It would seem (if gherard of cremona’s translation is right) that the Arabiccommentator anNairizi died ca. 922 saw that one purpose of the Postulate http://beaugrande.bizland.com/Geometry.htm

Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 6, 1991, 771-827; and Journal of the International Institute for Terminology Research Knowledge and discourse in geometry: Intuition, experience, logic Robert de Beaugrande Mathematics is more an activity than a doctrine. — Luitzen Egbert Brouwer Geometry is at the same time a science and an art, mathematics and philosophy. James Edgar Thompson Mathematics is often a lonely, impersonal experience of manipulating symbols in accordance with rules learned by rote. — Pamela McCorduck 1. The trees and the forest 1.1 The familiar aphorism about the trees obscuring the forest seems nowhere more apt than in the domain of public education. Both theory and practice are intensely preoccupied with the specific content and materials of the respective instructional domains. Educators readily take it for granted that schooling should dwell on the time-honoured offerings, such as native language, foreign language, history, chemistry, biology, algebra, and geometry; the main question is how these ‘subjects’ can be ‘taught’ and ‘learned’ most efficiently, not whether or why. If these subjects are the ‘trees’, then the ‘forest’ is the higher-level cognitive development of the child, the overall complex of processes and consequences of knowledge acquisition during education. 1.2 Fragmentation of perspective also pervades the standard approaches to these individual ‘subjects’. Each one is not only isolated from the rest, but is broken down into incidental ‘lessons’, ‘facts’, and ‘quizzes’. The ensuing mosaic of specific question/answer or problem/solution episodes creates a rather specious format of organisation. A more genuine format would reflect a comprehensive assessment of the contribution of any given episode to the learner’s development. Such an assessment could establish reliable, integrative criteria for designing a curriculum, and for deciding what should be taught in which grade and how.

83. Gerard Of Cremona Gerard Manley Hopkins Gerard Hengeveld Gerard of cremona (gherardo) (cremona, Lombardy, ca 1114 — Toledo, 1187), thetranslator of do not have detailed information of the date when gherard went to http://www.masterliness.com/a/Gerard.of.Cremona.htm

var GLB_RIS='http://www.masterliness.com';var GLB_RIR='/cincshared/external';var GLB_MMS='http://www.masterliness.com';var GLB_MIR='/site/image';GLB_MML='/'; document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Science People Non User Locations ... Timeline A2('N'); Index: A B C D ... Z A3('s','.','htm','','N'); Home Gerard of Cremona Gherardo Cremona , Lombardy, c. Toledo ), the translator of Ptolemy ’s Astronomy (and mistakenly credited as translator of Avicenna 's Canon of Medicine see below) from Arabic texts found in Toledo , was one of a small group of scholar s who invigorated medieval Europe in the 12th Century by transmitting Greek and Arabic traditions in astronomy medicine and other science s, in the form of translations into Latin , which made them available to every literate person in the West. Dissatisfied with the meager philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gherardo went to Toledo before Events Louis VII capitulates to Pope Celestine II and so earns the pope's absolution Pope Celestine II is succeeded by Pope Lucius II December 24 Edessa falls to Zengi Montauban, France, is founded First recorded example of an anti-Semitic blood libel in . There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read

84. ISLAM.NO Han oversatte også greske bøker til arabisk. mange av hans egne bøker ble oversatttil latin av gherard av cremona. Blant bøkene som ble oversatt til latin http://www.islam.no/newsite/content/default.asp?Action=Article&nTopPage=2&nPage=

85. Articles - Gerard Of Cremona Gerard of cremona (gherardo) (cremona, Lombardy, c. 1114 — Toledo, 1187), famousItalian we do not have detailed information of the date when gherard went to http://www.nanriver.com/articles/Gerard_of_Cremona

Home Office Furniture Computer Desks Gerard of Cremona Gherardo Cremona , Lombardy, c. Toledo ), famous Italian translator of scientific works. Most famous as the translator of Ptolemy ’s Astronomy (mistakenly credited as translator of Avicenna Canon of Medicine see below) from Arabic texts found in Toledo , he was one of a small group of scholars who invigorated medieval Europe in the 12th Century by transmitting Greek and Arab traditions in astronomy medicine and other sciences , in the form of translations into Latin , which made them available to every literate person in the West. Dissatisfied with the meager philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gherardo followed his true passions and went to Toledo , sometime before . There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy Almagest , which retained its traditional high reputation among scholars, even though no Latin translation existed. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain , it was no later than 1144. Toledo, which had been provincial capital in the caliphate of Cordoba and a seat of learning, was safely available to a

86. Laman Formula Cemerlang Kitab beliau AtTasrif kemudiannya diterjemahkan oleh gherard dari cremona ke dalambahasa Latin sebelum diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Hebrew, Perancis dan http://formulacemerlang.com/print.php?sid=5&POSTNUKESID=47e871225a64ff90276b673b

87. Loq-Man Translations He was born in 1114 in cremona, Italy. He went to Toledo, Spain to learn Arabicso he could translate Gerard s name is sometimes written as gherard. http://www.loqmantranslations.com/ArabicFacts/Europeans.html

EUROPEAN TRANSLATORS Home Sitemap Company About us Services Translation Software Localization ... Consulting Translators Forum Translator's Form Translator's Help Contact Us As early as eleventh century Toledo became a center for the transmission of Arabic (Islamic) culture and science to Europe. A number of translators flourished there. Among the scholars, who flocked to it from all over Europe, were Gerard of Cremona (1117- 1187) and John of Seville. Other famous translators were Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Michael Scot, Stephenson of Saragossa, William of Lunis and Philip of Tripoli. The early translations were primarily into Latin and some into Hebrew. Subsequent translations were done from Latin or Hebrew into vernacular languages of Europe.Many translators at Toledo had neither command over the Arabic language nor sufficient knowledge of the subject matter. They translated word for word and, where they failed to understand, Latinized the Arabic words. Under the supervision of Archdeacon Domenico Gundisalvi, and with the cooperation of the Hebrew Johannes ben David, the school of the Archbishop of Toledo rendered into Latin a large number of Arabic works on science and philosophy. Gerard, who reminded Hunayn ibn Ishaq of Toledo, translated into Latin more than seventy Arabic books on different subjects. He was born in 1114 in Cremona, Italy. He went to Toledo, Spain to learn Arabic so he could translate available Arabic works into Latin. Gerard remained there for the rest of his life and died in 1187 in Toledo, Spain (Andalusia). Gerard's name is sometimes written as Gherard. Among his translations were the

88. W. B. Yeats And "A Vision": Giraldus Gerardus Cremonensis, also Girardus, gherard, Gurrardus and Giraldus (111487), It is called the Astronomical Geomancy of Gerhard of cremona’, http://www.yeatsvision.com/Gyraldus.html

Giraldus ‘The Discoveries of Michael Robartes’, typescript dialogue of Robartes and Aherne, YVP c.f. AV A AV B Geraldus, Giraldus, Gyraldus? Yeats’s spelling was rather weak and somewhat erratic; added to this, many mediaeval and Renaissance names appear in several versions, both vernacular and Latin, and vary hugely. Shakespeare famously spelt his own surname in a number of different ways, to which his contemporaries added further variants. The name of Yeats’s character was given as ‘Geraldus’ on his first appearance in print in the Preface to Michael Robartes and the Dancer in 1921 ( VP 853), but as ‘Giraldus’ in AV A and then AV B , and this is followed by most critics. The other variant Yeats uses here, which appears in Laurie’s prospectus for subscribers and generally in the Script , ‘Gyraldus’, may be linked to a wordplay on ‘gyre’, though it appeared several months before the first use of the term ‘gyre’ in the Automatic Script. Is there an historical Giraldus? As discussed in the background to the fictions , Yeats first appears to have mentioned the mysterious writer, Giraldus, in a letter Augusta Gregory (4 January 1918; L 644), but he had obviously been considering him even earlier, since Dulac had already been asked for a portrait (see below). The name appears in the Automatic Script on 12 January 1918 in one of the answers, ‘Gyraldus primary // Arab anti’, already linked to a contrasting Arab perspective. The draft quoted above was used with minor changes in

89. Ben Wright (II) Translate this page (28.5.1710 - 17.7.1790 1771 - 1859) Germain, Sophie (1776 - 1831) benGerson, Levi (1288 - 1344) gherard von cremona Wren http://ben-wright-ii-00.00f.de/

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90. Philosophers : Thabit Ibn Qurra In the Middle Ages, some of his books were translated into Latin by gherard ofCremona. In recent centuries, a number of his books have been translated into http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/qurra.html

Thabit Ibn Qurra Iranian Muslim Philosopher Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 A.D. at Harran (present Turkey). As the name indicates he was basically a member of the Sabian sect, but the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realising his potential for a scientific career, selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronised by the Abbasid Caliphs. There, he studied under the famous Banu Musa brothers. It was in this setting that Thabit contributed to several branches of science, notably mathematics, astronomy and mechanics, in addition to translating a large number of works from Greek to Arabic. Later, he was patronised by the Abbasid Caliph al-M'utadid. After a long career of scholarship, Thabit died at Baghdad in 901 A.D. Thabit's major contribution lies in mathematics and astronomy. He was instrumental in extending the concept of traditional geometry to geometrical algebra and proposed several theories that led to the development of non-Euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, integral calculus and real numbers. He criticised a number of theorems of Euclid's elements and proposed important improvements. He applied arithmetical terminology to geometrical quantities, and studied several aspects of conic sections, notably those of parabola and ellipse. A number of his computations aimed at determining the surfaces and volumes of different types of bodies and constitute, in fact, the processes of integral calculus, as developed later.

91. Chapter VII from a manuscript in Dee s possession, of a Latin translation by gherard ofCremona from the Arabic, which attributed the work to Machumetus Bagdedinus. http://www.johndee.org/calder/html/Calder7.html

CHAPTER VII. THE MORTLAKE CIRCLE AND ELIZABETHAN ENDEAVOUR I. Dee settles at Mortlake - his household - connections with Sydney family - with the mathematician Thomas Allen - attacked with Allen, Lopez and Julio in Leicester's Commonwealth - friendship with Dyer - attempts to engage Dyer's influence in his political schemes. de Superficerum Divisiorum with Commandine in Italy - Dee's identification of the work as Euclid's. III. The English Euclid published - Dee, Billingsley and Whitehead - its novelty - thesis of the Preface , the three levels of mathematics - reflections of this in introductions to the separate books - Dee's defence against charges of conjuring - his appeal for wider mathematical instruction and for dissemination of scientific works in the vernacular - parallels with Gilbert's proposal for founding Academy on new educational principals and for scientific research. IV. Concern of the Preface and Dee's annotations with the new artisan and technical classes - the appeal Dee's work had for them - their conscious independence, experimental approach and increasing respect for mathematics. V. Dee's special interest in navigation - his paradoxal compass - the problem of longitude finding (n.91) - his compass of variation and contemporary descriptions.

92. LookSmart - Directory - G. Donald Allen Explore European math from the 12th to the 14th-century. Meet gherard ofCremona, Adelard of Bath, Fibonacci, Jordanus, and Oresme. http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317914/us328800/us518756/us10229406/

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category Home Sciences Mathematics Mathematicians Save a personal copy of any page on the Web and quickly find it again with Furl.net. Get started now. (It's free.) G. Donald Allen - Find the life and work of this researcher in applied math. Includes his developments for teaching mathematics. Directory Listings About Outlines the academic background and teaching of this researcher in applied mathematics. With resources related to areas such as algebra and technology for mathematics. Find a biography of the philosopher interested in mathematical problems such as differentiating the exact and the approximate, and squaring the circle. Read this overview of Greek enumeration, from the Attic system to the Ionian system. Explore their number symbols and their written calculations. Meet the mathematicians of the Hellenistic Period, including Aristarchus of Samos, Apollonius of Perga, Hipparchus, and Cladius Ptolemy. Posted by professor G. D. Allen. Profiles Greek mathematics, the foundation for modern math. Learn about its major schools, including the Ionian, Pythagorean, Platonic, and Aristotelian schools.

93. Republika Online - Http://www.republika.co.id AlTasrif dialihbahasakan ke dalam bahasa Latin pada abad pertengahan oleh Gherardof cremona. Sejumlah editor lain di Eropa mengikutinya, http://www.republika.co.id/suplemen/cetak_detail.asp?mid=5&id=187987&kat_id=105&

94. Ibn Qurra Translate this page Na idade média, alguns de seus livros foram traduzidos para o latim por Gherardde cremona. Em séculos seguintes, um número considerável de seus livros http://www.islam.org.br/ibn_qurra.htm

Em Nome de Deus, O Clemente, O Misericordioso! Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan Al Sabi Al Harrani IBN QURRA Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan Al Sabi Al Harrani nasceu no ano 836 em Harran (Turquia), ele foi aluno de um grande matemático muçulmano Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, ampliou o seu conhecimento em línguas, o que ajudou a aumentar o seu potencial para a carreira científica, foi selecionado junto com um grupo para estudos científicos em Bagda, convidado pelo Califa Abássida. Lá, estudou com os famosos irmãos Banu Musa, Thabit Ibn Qurra, contribuiu com diversos ramos da ciência, notavelmente com a matemática, astronomia e mecânica, além a traduzir um grande número trabalhos do grego para o árabe. Mais tarde, foi contratado pelo Califa Abássida Al M'utadid, após uma longa carreira, Thabit Ibn Qurra, morreu em Bagda em 901. A principal contribuição de Thabit Ibn Qurra, encontra-se na matemática e na astronomia, estendeu o conceito da geometria tradicional a álgebra geométrica e propôs diversas teorias que conduziu ao desenvolvimento da geometria, o trigonometria esférica, o cálculo integral e números reais. Criticou um número de teoremas de elementos de Euclides e propôs melhorias importantes, aplicou a terminologia aritmética às quantidades geométricas, e estudou diversos aspectos de seções cônicas.

95. Mathematicians Born In Cremona Mathematicians born in cremona. Instead there. The markers at the edge of themap show the position of cremona ( Coordinates are 136, 104 ) http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/~DZ9B03.htm

96. Ahmed Ahmed s work on ratio and proportion was translated into Latin by gherard ofCremona. The book is largely a commentary on, and expansion http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Ahmed.html

Ahmed ibn Yusuf al-Misri Born: 835 in Baghdad (now in Iraq) Died: 912 in Cairo, Egypt Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Ahmed ibn Yusuf 's father Yusuf ibn Ibrahim was also a mathematician. Yusuf ibn Ibrahim lived in Baghdad but moved to Damascus in about 839. After a little while he moved again, taking his son Ahmed with him, and went to live in Cairo. Although we are far from certain about the date of Ahmed's birth it is believed to have been before the family moved to Damascus. Again it is unclear exactly when the family moved again to Cairo but as Ahmed became known as "al-Misri " meaning "the Egyptian" it is likely that he lived in Cairo from a fairly young age. It is worth saying a word or two about Yusuf ibn Ibrahim, Ahmed's father, since scholars have had some difficulty in deciding which texts are due to the father, which to the son, or perhaps to joint work of the two. Yusuf ibn Ibrahim is known to have been a member of a group of scholars and this must have provided a strong intellectual environment for Ahmed. As well as a text on medicine, Yusuf is known to have written a work on astronomy and produced a collection of astronomical tables. Ahmed was to achieve an important role in Egypt and to understand this we must examine how Egypt achieved relative independence from the Abbasid Caliph. The Caliphs had strengthened their armies in the 9

97. Encyclopedia Article On Al-Kindi [EncycloZine] Several of his books were translated in the Middle Age to Latin by Gherardof cremona. Most of his books, unfortunately, were lost. http://encyclozine.com/Al-Kindi

EncycloZine: Artzia diXionary Eluzions ... Television Al-Kindi A - Z Site Map About Us Link to Us ... Recommend Us Abou Yousuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (800?-873), also known as Alkindus to the Western world ( Arabic Arab philosopher scientist and ophthalmologist . He was born in Kufa around . His father was an official of Caliph Harun al-Rashid . Al-Kindi was well known for his beautiful calligraphy - at one point, he was employed as a calligrapher by al-Mutawakkil and was a contemporary of al-Mamun and al-Mu'tasim at Baghdad . He died in C.E. during the reign of al-M'utamid Like Averroes Avicenna , and Alhazen , he was a master of many different areas of thought. He was an expert in music philosophy astronomy medicine ... geography , and mathematics , and spent his many years in Baghdad dedicated to his studies of these fields. As a physician, al-Kindi was the first pharmacologist to determine and apply a correct dosage for most of the drugs available at the time. As an advanced chemist , he was an opponent of alchemy ; he debunked the myth that simple, base metal s could be transformed into precious metals, such as

98. Marijuana.Com Marijuana Cannabis Related Information my children . AlTasrif was later translated into Latin by gherard ofCremona in the 12th century, and illustrated. For perhaps http://www.iptables.com/wiki/Albucasis

99. Motley Krew Forums - Did Muslim Arabs Invent ''Algebra'' And The ''Concept Of 'Z problems. 1150 Arabic numerals are introduced into Europe with Gherardof cremona s translation of Ptolemy s Almagest. The name http://motleykrew.net/forum/printthread.php?s=5e09ffde58e81f481afcf820b5f0834b&t

100. Laman Formula Cemerlang dead foetus and amputation. AlTasrif was first translated by gherard ofCremona into Latin in the Middle Ages. Al-Zahrawi was the http://formulacemerlang.com/print.php?sid=14&POSTNUKESID=47e871225a64ff90276b673

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