61. Adelard Certainly Adelard became an expert in the Arabic language which he might havelearnt in Spain as did gherard of cremona a few years later. http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Adelard.html

Adelard of Bath Born: 1075 in Bath, England Died: Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Few details of Adelard 's life are known with certainty. We do know that he studied in Tours in the Loire Valley in west central France and that he later taught at Laon in the Picardie region of northern France. Laon lies northwest of Reims and northeast of Paris. Adelard may have taught at the theological and exegetical school there which had been founded by Anselm of Laon in about 1100. After leaving Laon, Adelard travelled for about seven years visiting first Salerno southeast of Naples. The medical school at Salerno, considered by many to be the first "modern" European university, was a famous institution at this time, drawing students from all over Europe. From Salerno Adelard travelled to Sicily which at that time was under Norman control but still strongly influenced by Arabic traditions. The Arabs from North Africa had conquered the island in 965 and remained in control for about 100 years but the Normans gained the island in 1060. Adelard next visited Cilicia, an ancient district of southern Anatolia which today is in Turkey. Cilicia was on the north east coast of the Mediterranean Sea and Adelard took the natural coastal route round the east end of the Mediterranean to Syria and then later to Palestine. We know that he returned to Bath and is mentioned in the records of that city for the year 1130. There is no record of Adelard visiting Spain, but many scholars have concluded that he must have visited that country to have had access to the Spanish-Arabic texts which he translated.

62. Twentieth Century Alchemists Subsequently, the Italian scholar gherard of cremona (ca. 11141187) translatedmany Arabic works. By about 1200, European scholars had not only learned http://lt.tripod.com/tr/directory/_h_/members.tripod.com/norf1666/

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Free Games Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Twentieth Century Alchemists Messengers from the Bronze Age Alchemical Studies An Introduction by Phil Norfleet THE LAMENT of Hermes the Egyptian (Excerpt Taken from the Hermetic document entitled: The Perfect Word or Asclepius The Egyptian god Thoth was believed to be the inventor of writing. As the lord of books, he was the scribe of the gods and patron of all scribes. He was credited with inventing astronomy, geometry, and medicine. Thoth was the measurer of the earth, the counter of the stars, and the keeper and recorder of all knowledge. During the Roman Empire, he came to be identified with Hermes Trismegistus and as such was considered to be the originator of both alchemy and hermetic philosophy. Most people who know anything about "alchemy" probably think that this belief system passed away sometime during the 17th Century, being replaced by the modern science of chemistry. Surprisingly, there were several notable alchemists alive and well during the 20th Century. Even at the present time (2005), the ideas of these modern alchemists still have many followers - particularly among those who consider themselves part of the New Age Movement . The purpose of this web site is to: 1) trace the history of alchemical science from Bronze Age Egypt to Renaissance Europe;

63. A44 System Mode. I Have A Main Program, Several Subroutines consumption According to some sources, sinus first appears in Latin in atranslation of the Algebra of alKhowarizmi by gherard of cremona The origin of http://www.grahamkendall.net/HP48-49/A44.txt

64. Earliest Known Uses Of Some Of The Words Of Mathematics (S) According to some sources, sinus first appears in Latin in a translation of theAlgebra of alKhowarizmi by gherard of cremona (1114-1187). http://members.aol.com/jeff570/s.html

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (S) Last revision: Aug. 21, 2005 ST. ANDREW'S CROSS is the term used by Florian Cajori for the multiplication symbol X. It appears in 1916 in his "William Oughtred, A Great Seventeenth-Century Teacher of Mathematics. St. Andrew's cross is found in 1615, although not in a mathematical context, in Crooke, Body of Man : "[They] doe mutually intersect themselues in the manner of a Saint Andrewes crosse, or this letter X" (OED2). The ST. PETERSBURG PARADOX was formulated by Niklaus Bernoulli in 1713: see problem 5 in the first letter of Correspondence of Nicholas Bernoulli concerning the St Petersburg game with Montmort, Daniel Bernoulli and Cramer (translation by Richard J. Pulskamp .) The association with St. Petersburg came about because the most prominent discussion was published there: this was Daniel Bernoulli's "Specimen Theoriae Novae de Mensara Sortis," Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitana, , 175-192 (1738). The paper has been translated as "Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk," Econometrica In 1768 D'Alembert English translation by Richard J. Pulskamp

65. Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math According to some sources, sinus first appears in Latin in a translation of theAlgebra of alKhowarizmi by gherard of cremona (1114-1187). http://mathforum.org/dr.math/problems/becker12.14.97.html

Associated Topics Dr. Math Home Search Dr. Math How the Trig Functions Got their Names Date: 12/14/97 at 03:42:57 From: Frank Becker Subject: How the Trig Functions got their names I can guess why three of the trig functions are called cosine, cotangent, and cosecant. But why were the other three named the sine, the tangent, and the secant? Does the choice of the words tangent and secant have anything to do with the ordinary geometric meaning of these words? Date: 12/14/97 at 05:59:08 From: Doctor Luis Subject: Re: How the Trig Functions got their names Have you tried a dictionary? (you'd be surprised to know the number of things you can find out by using one). Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary suggests the following etymologies: sine : Medieval Latin "sinus" from the Latin word for "curve" tangent: Latin "tangent-, tangens" from present participle of "tangere" (to touch) secant : New Latin "secant-, secans" from Latin present participle of "secare" (to cut) Webster's II International has, for sine: Latin sinus, a bend, gulf, bosom of a garment, used as translation of Arabic jayb, bosom of a garment, sine (in the latter sense from Sanskrit Jiva, bowstring, chord of an arc, sine). For more etymological information, see Jeff Miller's "Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: (S) http://members.aol.com/jeff570/s.html

66. Welcome To Reflector! to the 14thcentury. Meet gherard of cremona, Adelard of Bath, Fibonacci,Jordanus, and Oresme. MacTutor History of Mathematics http://www.reflector.com/news/cgi/cim/cgi-bin/looksmart/looksmart/epgv176954/eus

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67. Text Manuscripts/new Items 312. f. 143v, blank; ff. 144148, Thabit ibn’Qurra (826–901), Liber de quinqueimaginibus Latin translation by gherard of cremona ? http://www.textmanuscripts.com/home/archives/archivesdescription.php?m=130&PHPSE

68. SMTSKL DOT NET Dalam bahasa Latin, alKhindi dikenali sebagai Alkindus. Banyak buku-buku al-Khindiditerjemahkan ke dalam bahasa latin oleh gherard of cremona. http://smtskl.net/v4/print.php?sid=125&POSTNUKESID=072fb76e6e4ccd144f2a6e5aed489

69. Short Biographies G It was known as Annales de Gergonne . Germain, Sophie gherard of cremona1114 1187 Italian His name is sometimes written as Gerard. http://www.grammar.net.nz/dept_html/dept_common/scotch_college/maths/G.htm

70. Short Biographies A Agnesi, Maria Gaetana Ahmed ibn Yusuf 835 912 Arabic He wrote on ratio andproportion and it was translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. http://www.grammar.net.nz/dept_html/dept_common/scotch_college/maths/A.htm

71. Language In Sicily From On The Spot Travel Guide & Flight Finder The Certainly Adelard became an expert in the Arabic language which he mighthave learnt in Spain as did gherard of cremona a few years later. However http://travel.onthespot.co.uk/language-in-Sicily.html

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73. VietReader! Forums of Cremona (668) Gergonne, Joseph (1116) Gerhard of Cremona (668) Germain, Sophie(1063*) Gerson, Levi ben (268) gherard of cremona (668) Ghetaldi, Marino (235 http://vietreader.com/forums/forum.php?id=F20021108075031NX&fid=23

74. Enigma Galgano - Medioevo In Rete - Personaggi - Matematici Del XII Secolo Translate this page 4) Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (1092-1167). 5) al-Ishbili Abu Muhammad Jabir ibnAflah (1100-1160). 6) Bhaskara (1114-1185). 7) gherard of cremona (1114-1187) http://web.genie.it/utenti/e/enigmagalgano/Medioevo_in_Rete/personaggi/matematic

Matematici del XII secolo Omar Khayyan Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci Torna a Personaggi Omar Khayyan (18 maggio 1048 - 4 dicembre 1131) Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi Adelard of Bath Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra al-Ishbili Abu Muhammad Jabir ibn Aflah ... Johannes de Sacrobosco

75. Biographies For Famous People Starting With The Letter G gherard of cremona, Biography Ghetaldi, Marino Biography Gheyn II, Jacquesde Biography Gheyn, Jacob de II Biography Ghiberti, Lorenzo Biography http://www.biographycorner.com/biography_g.html

Biographies for Famous People Starting with the Letter G Browse by Biography Last Name: A B C D ... Z BIOGRAPHIES FOR FAMOUS PEOPLE BEGINNING WITH LETTER G G.i., American Biography Gabbiani, Beppe Biography Gabelich, Gary Biography Gable, Daniel M. Biography ... Newest Lyrics Here!

76. Gherard References for gherard R Lemay, Gerard of cremona, Dictionary of the Middle Ages 5 (New York, 1983), 422 this page is http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/gherard.html. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Gherard of Cremona 's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and that he decided that he would try to make the riches of Arabic science available to European scholars through Latin translations of the major works in Arabic. For this reason Gherard went to Toledo in Spain where his intention was to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. He remained there for most of the rest of his life and although he does not appear to have gathered a school around him, he certainly appears to have had quite a lot of assistance. He may have employed helpers who assisted him in the copying and checking of manuscripts and other chores associated with the great translation industry that he started. In all over a period of forty years, Gherard translated around eighty works from Arabic to Latin. The complete list of works which he translated is given in [1]. Some of these translations were of Arabic works while others were of Greek works which had been translated into Arabic. Often however, the works were a mixture in the sense that they were Arabic commentaries on Greek works.

77. Al Zahrawi Translate this page Al-Tasrif foi traduzido primeiramente por gherard de cremona para o latim naidade média, foi copiado por diversos outros editores na Europa. http://www.islam.org.br/al_zahrawi.htm

Em Nome de Deus, O Clemente, O Misericordioso! ABU AL QASIM AL ZAHRAWI Al Zahrawi Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al Zahrawi (conhecido como Abul Kasis) nasceu em 936, em Zahra na vizinhança de Cordova. Transformou-se um dos mais renomados cirurgiões da era muçulmana e foi o médico do rei Al-Hakam-II da Espanha. Após uma longa carreira médica, e com uma rica contribuição a medicina, morreu em 1013. É muito conhecido por suas descobertas adiantadas e originais na cirurgia assim como pela sua famosa Enciclopédia Médica chamada de Al-Tasrif , que é composto de trinta volumes que cobrem aspectos diferentes da ciência médica. A parte mais importante desta série compreende três livros de cirurgia, que descrevem em detalhe vários aspectos do tratamento cirúrgico, baseados nas operações executadas por ele, incluindo a cauterização, a remoção da pedra da bexiga, o dissecação dos animais, e a cirurgia do olho, da orelha e da garganta. Aperfeiçoou diversas operações delicadas, incluindo a remoção de fetos mortos e a amputação. Al-Tasrif foi traduzido primeiramente por Gherard de Cremona para o latim na idade média, foi copiado por diversos outros editores na Europa.

78. Islamhadhari.net ~ Islam Dan Sains Kitab beliau atTasrif diterjemahkan oleh gherard dari cremona ke dalam bahasaLatin sebelum diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Hebrew, Perancis dan Inggeris. http://www.islamhadhari.net/v2/islamdansains/islamdansains_detail.php?nkid=11

79. Mathematic Historic Style % % This File Is Based On A Table Of gherard von cremona}\footnote{{\sc gherard von cremona}, \born 1114, \died1187} } \newcommand{\Ghetaldi}{{\sc Ghetaldi}\footnote{{\sc Marino Ghetaldi}, http://www.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhs/mhs.sty

80. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern Translate this page gherard von cremona (1114 - 1187) Ghetaldi, Marino (1566 - 1626) Gibbs, JosiahWillard (11.2.1839 - 28.4.1903) Giorgini, Gaetano (1795 - 1874) http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/lebensdaten.html

Diese Seite ist dem Andenken meines Vaters Otto Hebisch (1917 - 1998) gewidmet. By our fathers and their fathers in some old and distant town from places no one here remembers come the things we've handed down. Marc Cohn Dies ist eine Sammlung, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammt, u. a. aus Jean Dieudonne, Geschichte der Mathematik, 1700 - 1900, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1985. Helmut Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient - Mathematik im Abendland, Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992. Otto Toeplitz, Die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung, Springer, Berlin 1949. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive A B C ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843)

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