41. Complete Translation Services - The History Of Translation Among the school s great scholars were gherard of cremona, John of Seville,Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Rudolf of Bruges, Hermann of Carinthia, http://www.completetranslation.com/history.htm

Home Français Español Document Translation Localization Services Desktop Publishing Editorial Services History of Translation Principles of Translation Facts About Language Regulation of Language Psychology of Language ... Search Search this site: search tips sitemap The History of Translation "Without translation, there is no history of the world." -L. G. Kelly Studying the history of translation helps those who are interested in translation, literature, and cultural studies to better understand the contribution of translation to civilization and to the development of all cultural and intellectual life. Translation is closely related to progress in that all the awakening periods in the history of nations have started with translations. Translation introduces nations to various perspectives on their paths to modernization and intellectual advancement. In order to justify translation as an independent discipline, it is necessary to first construct a history of translation. By doing so, we bring to light how the cultural and intellectual interactions between people and civilizations took place throughout history. Regarding this, French theorist Antoine Berman wrote: "The construction of a history of translation is the first task of a modern theory of translation." Translators through History The ancient Greek word for translator-interpreter is Hermêneus , directly related to the name of the god Hermes . The verb Hermêneuo means to interpret foreign tongues, translate, explain, expound, put into words, express, describe, write about.

42. LookSmart - Directory - Mathematics History Guides & Directories 14thcentury. Meet gherard of cremona, Adelard of Bath, Fibonacci, Jordanus,and Oresme. University of St Andrews - MacTutor Hist. http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317914/us328800/us4231786/us10026155/

43. Egypt Math Web Sites Ahmed ibn Yusuf wrote on ratio and proportion and it was translated into Latinby gherard of cremona. The book is largely a commentary on, and expansion of, http://showcase.netins.net/web/rmozzer/Egypt.html

Egypt math web sites Serenus Born: about 300 in Antinoupolis, Egypt Died: about 360. Serenus wrote On the Section of a Cylinder and On the Section of a Cone . He also wrote a commentry on Apollonius's Conics which is lost. Ahmed ibn Yusuf Born: 835 in Baghdad (now in Iraq) Died: 912 in Cairo, Egypt. Ahmed ibn Yusuf wrote on ratio and proportion and it was translated into Latin by Gherard of Cremona. The book is largely a commentary on, and expansion of, Book 5 of Euclid's Elements . Ahmed ibn Yusuf also gave methods to solve tax problems which appear in Fibonacci's Liber Abaci . He was also quoted by Bradwardine, Jordanus and Pacioli. Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja Born: about 850 in (possibly) Egypt. Died: about 930. Abu Kamil Shuja is sometimes known as al'Hasib and he worked on integer solutions of equations. He also gave the solution of a fourth degree equation and of a quadratic equation with irrational coefficients. Abu Kamil's work was the basis of Fibonacci's books. He lived later than al'Khwarizmi and his biggest advance was in the use of irrational coefficients. Theon of Alexandria Born: about 335 in (possibly) Alexandria, Egypt. Died: about 395. Theon was the father of Hypatia and worked in Alexandria as a professor of mathematics and astronomy. He produced commentaries on many works such as Ptolemy's Almagest and works of Euclid. Theon was a competent but unoriginal mathematician. Theon's version of Euclid's Elements (with textual changes and some additions) was the only Greek text of the Elements known, until an earlier one was discovered in the Vatican in the late 19

44. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Sciences - General Science - History Explore European math from the 12th to the 14th-century. Meet gherard of cremona,Adelard of Bath, Fibonacci, Jordanus, and Oresme. http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=226440

45. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Sciences - General Science - History Explore European math from the 12th to the 14th-century. Meet gherard of cremona,Adelard of Bath, Fibonacci, Jordanus, and Oresme. 15. http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=10026155

46. Banu_Musa Figures). This work became well known through the translation into Latin bygherard of cremona entitled Liber trium fratum de geometria. http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa.html

Banu Musa brothers Born: about 800 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing There were three brothers Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir and al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir . They are almost indistinguishable but we do know that although they often worked together, they did have their own areas of expertise. The three links above give details specific to each of the brothers but most of the information about them is on this page. Jafar Muhammad worked mainly on geometry and astronomy while Ahmad worked mainly on mechanics and al-Hasan worked mainly on geometry. It is quite impossible to write separate biographies of the three brother, who are usually known as the Banu Musa, and we shall not attempt to do so. The Banu Musa brothers were among the first group of mathematicians to begin to carry forward the mathematical developments begun by the ancient Greeks. It is therefore worth looking at the background to how Arabic mathematics came to fill this role. Harun al-Rashid became the fifth Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty on 14 September 786, not long after Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, was born. Harun ruled from his court in the capital city of Baghdad over the Islam empire which stretched from the Mediterranean to India. He brought culture to his court and tried to establish the intellectual disciplines which at that time were not flourishing in the Arabic world. An example of this change is seen in the life of Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, who was a robber in his youth but turned to science, becoming highly proficient in astronomy. It was during al-Rashid's reign that the first Arabic translation of

47. Search Results For Latin published until 1801. Ahmed Ahmed s work on ratio and proportion was translatedinto Latin by gherard of cremona. The book On similar http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=Latin&CON

48. Ummah.com Print_a Science Feature AlTasrif was first translated by gherard of cremona into Latin in the MiddleAges. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. http://ummah.com/science/printscfeature.php?scfid=20

49. ORBSEARCH.COM | Encyclopedia Of Knowledge He was known as Alkindus in Latin and a large number of his books were translatedinto Latin by gherard of cremona. AlKindi s influence on development of http://www.orbsearch.com/hi/History_of_physics.php

Contents History of physics Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History of Physics 2 Antiquity 4 16th century 5 17th century ... 10 Developments since 2000 History of Physics This article has changed substantially from its original form as the "Ridiculously Brief History of Physics" on the main Physics page. However, further work is needed to fill in some obvious gaps, and to include more detail about the development of physics (and, concurrently, astromomy and mathematics) in non-European cultures. It is intended that this article should grow to be a brief but comprehensive history of physics. The history on the Physics page should remain as a summary only. This article is a work in progress: please add more material here Antiquity Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. Also a mystery was the character of the universe , such as the form of the Earth and the behavior of celestial objects such as the Sun and the Moon . Several theories were proposed, most of them were wrong, but this is part of the nature of the scientific enterprise, and even modern theories of

50. THABIT IBN QURRA The books have been written in Arabic but some are in Syriac. In the Middle Ages,some of his books were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. http://aphy.ku.edu.pk/resources/res2001/nadianmajeed/qurra.htm

51. Encyclopedia Of Astronomy And Astrophysics » Thabit Ibn Qurra, Abu'l-Hasan (836 Some of his books were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona and distributed Full text (HTML) Icon Full text (PDF, 20K) Recommend to a friend http://eaa.iop.org/index.cfm?action=summary&doc=eaa/4050@eaa-xml

52. Biography-center - Letter G whitemountainart.com/Biographies/bio_feg.htm; gherard of cremona,wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gherard. html; Ghetaldi, Marino http://www.biography-center.com/g.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish G 559 biographies G adgil, Ashok web.mit.edu/invent/www/inventorsA-H/gadgil.html G odward, John William www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a616-1.html G raf, Stephanie (Steffi) www.hickoksports.com/biograph/grafsteffi.shtml G roff, Charles Wister www.pa-roots.com/cgi-bin/data/lancasterbiographies.cgi?read=1705 www.pathfinder.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/godel.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~histo ry/Mathematicians/Godel.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gopel.html G.i., American www.pathfinder.com/time/time100/heroes/profi le/gi01.html Gabbiani, Beppe www.grandpr ix.com/gpe/drv-gabbep.html Gable, Daniel M. www.hickoksports.com/biograph/gabledan.shtml Gabor, Dennis

53. MATH-HISTORY-LIST Archives -- November 1999 (#12) in the 9th century. gherard of cremona translated the Thabit version intoLatin in the 12th century. An earlier Latin translation http://www.maa.org/scripts/WA.EXE?A2=ind9911&L=math-history-list&T=0&O=A&P=1274

54. Iratxe González Among the school s great scholars were gherard of cremona, John of Seville, Adelardof Bath, Robert of Chester, Rudolf of Bruges, Hermann of Carinthia, and http://littera.deusto.es/alumni/c0304/5irgonza/weblog/1079527898/index_html

Iratxe González weblog Volver a página principal THE SCHOOL OF TOLEDO. 2004-03-17 13:51:38 - Iratxe González Tema : THE SCHOOL OF TOLEDO. Resumen : FOR THE WIKI. Texto : The School Of Toledo In 1085, Toledo, Spain was taken from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Leon. It soon became the capital of Castile and a community of scholars. There, the transmission of ancient knowledge reached it peak through the School of Toledo where translations were made from Arabic to Latin and later to Spanish, and helped the scientific and technological development for the European Renaissance. Toledo took the place of Baghdad as the new great translation center of the world. Under the leadership of French Archbishop Raymond, who reigned from 1126 until his death in 1152, the Toledo School's Bureau of Translation attracted first rate scholars from all over Europe. Raymond knew the wealth of knowledge and scientific expertise, which the Muslim world possessed, and desired that Christendom gain access to its riches. Archdeacon Dominic Gundisalvi undertook many translations and directed the Bureau of Translation that Raymond had founded. Among the school's great scholars were Gherard of Cremona, John of Seville, Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Rudolf of Bruges, Hermann of Carinthia, and Michael Scot. The twelfth century came to be known as the Age of Translation. By the middle of the thirteenth century, scholars such as these had translated the bulk of ancient science into Latin, including the writings of such greats as Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid and Hippocrates, which had been preserved in Arabic for hundreds of years. These writings were either Arabic translations from Greek, Persian and Indian books or they were written by Muslim scientists themselves as new works.

55. À§´ëÇѼöÇÐÀÚ ¸ñ·Ï Gherard, gherard of cremona Born 1114 inCremona, Italy Died 1187 in Toledo, Spain; Ghetaldi, Marino Ghetaldi Born http://www.mathnet.or.kr/API/?MIval=people_seek_great&init=G

56. Teach Me The Positives Of Middle Eastern Philosophy - Information Arabic numerals are introduced into Europe with gherard of cremona s translationof Ptolemy s Almagest. The name of the sine function comes from this http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/t-28851_Teach_me_the_positives_of_Middle_Ea

Technology Services Philosophy General Philosophy Teach me the positives of Middle Eastern philosophy Loren Booda - Teach me the positives of Middle Eastern philosophy Being generally ignorant of Middle Eastern philosophy, but admiring their art, history, science, society and scholarship, I would like to know what sharing of knowledge you would volunteer as mutually beneficial to both their and my (Western) peoples. Discuss Teach me the positives of Middle Eastern philosophy Here, Free! moosa - Teach me the positives of Middle Eastern philosophy hmmm.... Not withstanding the stickie on religious topics, here's something you might reflect on: Take one step toward Allah, and Allah will run toward you. (moosa ducks for cover! ) :smile: Discuss Teach me the positives of Middle Eastern philosophy Here, Free! Polly - Teach me the positives of Middle Eastern philosophy I hope Kerrie, Loren and Hypna would indulge me a little as well. :smile: Really? Buddhists believe buddhas and bodhisattvaes are so immensely compassionate they will respond immediately to anyone who invokes them as well. And from my personal experience, they do. Do tell us more, Moosa. :smile:

57. KotaSantri.com :: Galeria cara memasangnya. AlTasrif dialihbahasakan ke dalam bahasa Latin padaabad pertengahan oleh gherard of cremona. Sejumlah editor http://kotasantri.com/galeria.php?aksi=DetailArtikel&artid=156

58. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page 173) Gemma Frisius, Regnier (553) Genocchi, Angelo (858) Gentzen, Gerhard (277*)Gergonne, Joseph (75) Germain, Sophie (1063*) gherard of cremona (99) Ghetaldi http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/Flllph.htm

59. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page gherard of cremona (668) Ghetaldi, Marino (235) Gibbs, J Willard (1028*) Girard,Albert (251) Girard, Pierre Simon (210) Glaisher, James (686*) http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mm97106/math/alphalist.htm

Full Alphabetical Index The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (12)

60. The Most Complete Listing Of Library Reference Recources, Including Books, Dicti Gérôme, JeanLéon. Gerson, Levi ben. Gertler, Mark. Gesner, Conrad. gherard of cremona.Ghetaldi, Marino. Ghirlandaio, Domenico. Gi, American. Giannini, Amadeo. http://www.infolinks.us/index.cfm?page=Lib.Biographies&cat=People&scat=G

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