21. Philosophers : Abulcasis AlTasrif was first translated by gherard of cremona into Latin in the Middle Ages.It was followed by several other editors in Europe. http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/abulcasis.html

Abulcasis Spanish Muslim Philosopher Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (known in the west as Abulcasis) was born in 936 A.D. in Zahra in the neighbourhood of Cordova. He became one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim era and was physician to King Al-Hakam-II of Spain. After a long medical career, rich with significant original contribution, he died in 1013 A.D. He is best known for his early and original breakthroughs in surgery as well as for his famous Medical Ecyclopaedia called Al-Tasrif , which is composed of thirty volumes covering different aspects of medical science. The more important part of this series comprises three books on surgery, which describe in detail various aspects of surgical treatment as based on the operations performed by him, including cauterization, removal of stone from the bladder, dissection of animals, midwifery, stypics, and surgery of eye, ear and throat. He perfected several delicate operations, including removal of the dead foetus and amputation. Al-Tasrif was first translated by Gherard of Cremona into Latin in the Middle Ages. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. The book contains numerous diagrams and illustrations of surgical instruments, in use or developed by him, and comprised a part of the medical curriculum in European countries for many centuries. Contrary to the view that the Muslims fought shy of surgery, Al-Zahrawi's

22. Cremona, Luigi --  Encyclopædia Britannica gherard of cremona University of St.Andrews, Scotland Brief note on the life andworks of this European scholar who translated Greek and Arabic writings http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9027843

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Luigi Cremona Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Cremona, (Antonio) Luigi (Gaudenzio Giuseppe)  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1 Luigi Cremona born December 7, 1830, Pavia, Lombardy died June 10, 1903, Rome Italian mathematician who was an originator of graphical statics, the use of graphical methods to study forces in equilibrium. Following his appointment as professor of higher geometry at the University of Bologna in 1860, he published Cremona, Luigi...

23. THABIT IBN QURRA The books have been written in Arabic but some are in Syriac. In the Middle Ages,some of his books were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. http://members.tripod.com/~wzzz/QURRA.html

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Murderball Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next THABIT IBN QURRA (836-901 A.D.) Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 A.D. at Harran (present Turkey). As the name indicates he was basically a member of the Sabian sect, but the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realising his potential for a scientific career, selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronised by the Abbasid Caliphs. There, he studied under the famous Banu Musa brothers. It was in this setting that Thabit contributed to several branches of science, notably mathematics, astronomy and mechanics, in addition to translating a large number of works from Greek to Arabic. Later, he was patronised by the Abbasid Caliph al-M'utadid. After a long career of scholarship, Thabit died at Baghdad in 901 A.D. Thabit's major contribution lies in mathematics and astronomy. He was instrumental in extending the concept of traditional geometry to geometrical algebra and proposed several theories that led to the development of non-Euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, integral calculus and real numbers. He criticised a number of theorems of Euclid's elements and proposed important improvements. He applied arithmetical terminology to geometrical quantities, and studied several aspects of conic sections, notably those of parabola and ellipse. A number of his computations aimed at determining the surfaces and volumes of different types of bodies and constitute, in fact, the processes of integral calculus, as developed later.

24. Euclid's Other Works It is probable that gherard of cremona (11141187) translated this edition intoLatin, and the work became well known because of this to the scholars of the http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/Europe/Euclid300BC/OTHERWORKS.HTML

Euclid's Other Works Phaenomena / Data / Optica / Catoptrica / Sectio Canonis / On Divisions / Pseudaria / Surface-Loci Title Page to L. Berggren's and R. Thomas's translation of Euclid's Phaenomena PHAENOMENA This is Euclidís astronomical work and is still available today. The Phaenomena is a book containing 18 propositions dealing with spherical geometry. It was perhaps written shortly after Autolycusís Moving Sphere , on the same subject, and another work entitled Spaerica , possibly compiled by Eudoxus . The Phaenomena deals with geometrical proofs of propositions which are established by observation, primarily dealing with the rising and setting of stars together or one after another, in a given order. It also contains ten propositions related to the problem of determining the length of daylight on a given day at a given locality. DATA The focus of the Data is concerned with the first six books of the Elements ; it is often considered a supplement. This is a collection of geometrical theorems and ninety-six exercises (many editions contain a different number of exercises, usually in agreement around 94) intended to allow the reader to gain a better knowledge of solving problems. The Data is considered appropriate to one of the goals of Greek mathematics, namely, the solution of new problems. This manual contains propositions concerning certain given or determined magnitudes, and from this other magnitudes can also be determined.

25. Timeline Two years later gherard of cremona began translating other Arabic works (andArabic translations of Greek works) into Latin. He introduced Arabic numerals http://www.mathsisgoodforyou.com/timeline.htm

timeline home courses topics theorems ... timeline Around 30 000BC to 5000BC. We have the findings of some kind of mathematical pursuit, from recording the number on bones, to early geometrical designs. Around 4000BC to 2000BC. Babylonians and Egyptians developed calendars and began using them. Around 1900BC one of the two mathematical papyri is written - the Moscow Papyrus (also called the Golenishev papyrus) giving details of Egyptian geometry. Between 1850 and 1750BC Babylonians know of and use what we now call Pythagoras' theorem. They also compiled tables of square and cube roots. About 1700BC the Ahmes (or Rhind) papyrus is written. It shows number work of Egyptian scribe, in particular dealing with fractions. Around BC Thales of Miletus develops an abstract geometry, elevating it from the measurement of surfaces and solids to the first use of logical proof. If at all, Pythagoras of Samos lived sometimes between 50 th and the 52 nd Olympiads, or between 580 and 568 BC. He founded a school at Crotona , teaching that numbers are the cause of the various qualities of everything that surrounds us About 450BC Greeks begin to use written numerals and Zeno presented his paradoxes 387BC Plato founds his Academy in Athens. Plato thought that there was an ideal world in which ideas of everything that exist in our world are created. We try to re-create these ideas in our everyday world by creating things, but they can never be as perfect as the 'ideals' of these things. He identified five regular polyhedra, which are now called

26. Al-Kindī - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Most of his books, unfortunately, were lost, though a few survived in Latintranslations by gherard of cremona, and others have been discovered in Arabic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindī

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$155,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Al-Kindī From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Portrait of Al-Kindi Abū-Yūsuf Ya’qūb ibn Ishāq al-Kindī (c. CE), also known by the Latinised version of his name Alkindus to the Western world ( Arabic : أبو يعقوب يوسف بن إسحاق الكندي), was an Arab scientist mathematician physician , and a talented musician Contents Life Accomplishments Philosophy Other accomplishments ... edit Life Al-Kindī was born in in Kufa , a centre of Arab learning at the time. Al-Kindi's father was the governor of Kufa, as his grandfather had been before him. Al-Kindi was descended from the Kinda tribe which had migrated from Yemen . This tribe had united a number of tribes and reached a position of prominence in the and centuries, but then lost power from the middle of the 6th century. Al-Kindī's education took place first in Kufa, then in Basrah , and finally in Baghdad . Knowledge of his great learning soon spread, and the Caliph

27. User:Gerritholl/mathematicians - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Joseph Gergonne Gerhard of Cremona - Sophie Germain - Semyon Gershgorin -Ennio de Giorgi - Levi ben Gerson - gherard of cremona - Marino Ghetaldi - J http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerritholl/mathematicians

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$155,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! User:Gerritholl/mathematicians From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. User:Gerritholl edit Mathematicians Ernst Abbe Niels Henrik Abel Abraham bar Hiyya Max Abraham ... Antoni Zygmund Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerritholl/mathematicians Views User page Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Create account / log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages ... Permanent link This page was last modified 01:33, 19 August 2005. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

28. Yaqub Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi In Latin he was known as Alkindus, and gherard of cremona translated a greatnumber of his books into Latin. His books that were translated into Latin http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=982

29. Thabit Ibn Qurra In the middle Ages, gherard of cremona translated some of his books into Latin.In recent centuries, a number of his books have been translated into http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=951

30. AMSE. International : About Us AlTasrif was first translated by gherard of cremona into Latin in the middle Ages.It was followed by several other editions in Europe. http://www.amse.net/discoveries_WorkofMuslimScientists.html

Home About AMSE Muslim Scientists Speakers Bureau ... Useful Links Work of Muslim Scientists Abu Abdillah Al-Battani Abu Raihan Al-Bairuni Abul-Wafa Mohammad Al-Buzjani Abu An-Nasr Al-Farabi ... Omar al-Khayyam Abu Abdillah Al-Battani Abu Abdillah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was born around 858 A.D. in Harran, and according to one account, in Battan, a State of Harran . Battani was first educated by his father Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani, who was also a well-known scientist. He then moved to Raqqa, situated on the bank of the Euphrates, where he received advanced education and later on flourished as a scholar. At the beginning of the 9th century, he migrated to Samarra , where he worked till the end of his life in 929 A.D. He was of Sabian origin, but was himself a Muslim. Al-Battani determined with remarkable accuracy the obliquity of the ecliptic, the length of the seasons and the true and mean orbit of the sun.

31. Deadly Attacks Against The Assyrian Christians Of Iraq Translated into Latin by gherard of cremona it became a popular work on thissubject. Thabit ibnQuarrah lead a team of Syriac speaking translators of the http://www.christiansofiraq.com/harranian.html

Christians of Iraq Contact Assyrian Contributions to the Arab Civilization The Haranian School Harran during the Assyrian period was an important center of astronomy and mathematics which was used to calculate the movement of planets the prediction of eclipses and other astronomical events. It should not surprise us that such knowledge had survived a thousand years later in that city perhaps because Harranians refused to convert to Christianity and the planetary worship was still part of their religion which made such knowledge necessary. During the early Islamic period they were called Sabians a name mentioned in Koran which they adopted to join the ranks of the tolerated people. At times they have been confused with the Sabians living in southern Mesopotamia. One of the first translators of the Harranian school of mathematic and astronomy is known by his Arabized name as al-Hajjaj ibn-yusuf ibn-Matar (786-833). He is credited with having made the first translation of Euclid' Elements and one of the first of ptolemy's astronomical work in Arabic "Almagest" in 827-28 from a former Syriac version. (Philip Hitti, "History of the Arabs", Princeton University Press, 10th edition, Macmillan st. Martine Press p.314) It was revised by Hunayn ibn-Ishaq and later by Thabit . Thabit bin Qurra (826-901) is considered to be the greatest geometer of the Arab period. "Thabit translated into Arabic seven of the eight books on conic sections of Apolonius and wrote earliest known work on the sundial."

32. Malaspina Great Books - Al-Kindi (800) contribution. He was known as Alkindus in Latin and a large number of hisbooks were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. His http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_716.asp?period_id=0&category_id=9

33. :: || :: Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi :: || :: AlTasrif was first translated by gherard of cremona into Latin in the MiddleAges. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. http://www.geocities.com/mutmainaa/people/zahrawi.html

Abul-Qasim al-Zahrawi The Hamdard Foundation - 1983 Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (known in the west as Abulcasis) was born in 936 C.E. in Zahra in the neighbourhood of Cordova, Andalusia (Islamic Spain). He became one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim era and was physician to King Al-Hakam II of Spain. After a long medical career, rich with significant original contribution, he died in 1013 C.E. He is best known for his early and original breakthroughs in surgery as well as for his famous Medical Ecyclopaedia called 'Al-Tasrif' , which is composed of thirty volumes covering different aspects of medical science. The more important part of this series comprises three books on surgery, which describe in detail various aspects of surgical treatment as based on the operations performed by him, including cauterization, removal of stone from the bladder, dissection of animals, midwifery, stypics, and surgery of eye, ear and throat. He perfected several delicate operations, including removal of the dead foetus and amputation. 'Al-Tasrif' was first translated by Gherard of Cremona into Latin in the Middle Ages. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. The book contains numerous diagrams and illustrations of surgical instruments, in use or developed by him, and comprised a part of the medical curriculum in European countries for many centuries. Contrary to the view that the Muslims fought shy of surgery, Al-Zahrawi's

34. You Searched For Toledo, Spain Gherard gherard of cremona Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died 1187 in Toledo, Spain. gherard of cremona s name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. http://www.searchtastic.com/search/?u=giftexpert&q=toledo, spain&o=8

35. ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI AlTasrif was first translated by gherard of cremona into Latinin the Middle Ages.It was followed by several other editors inEurope. http://www.ismaili.net/mirrors/57_sina/zahrawi.htm

36. Arab Division News 2003 gherard of cremona into Latinin the Middle Ages first translated alTasrif.Several other editors’ in Europe followed it. The book contains numerous http://iaphomepage.org/arab/arab103/arab103.html

International News index Divisions News Index Volume 2 Issue 1 September 2003 Contents Editorial Message from The President First Workshop of the Arab School of Pathology ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI - (936-1013 A.D) ... Calendar of Events Editorial This newsletter is as an annual communication medium among the Arab pathologists. It aims to communicate news of regional meetings, practice ideas, experiences, and job opportunities in the Arab world. News from the council and from the mother IAP is also communicated. Your contributions of any topic of interest to the Arabic pathologists are welcomed. Please e-mail your article to the address listed at the last page. We look forward to your contributions. Wasim F. Raslan, MD, PhD Editor E-mail: raslanwf@aramco.com.sa Wasim F. Raslan, MD, PhD Editor Back to contents A Message from the President Dr. Sharif El Salem Head, Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria Dear colleagues and friends: Between the pervious issue of this newsletter and this issue, our region have witnessed major events that affected each one of us in one way or another. I wish that all the tragic events and the suffering would be over soon. I hope that, by advancing our scientific work, we can decrease the suffering of our people and build a prosperous future for our Arab Nation. One of the main decisions adopted by the Damascus meeting of AD/IAP was the establishment of the Arab School of Pathology.

37. Personalities Noble It was from The Elements (in Gherard s translation) that Dante derived the large number of his books were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. http://www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml

Personalities Noble Glimpses of Renowned Scientists and Thinkers of Muslim Era BOARD OF EDITORS Dr. M.A. KAZI, Adviser to the President on Science and Technology HAKIM MOHAMMED SAID, President, Hamdard Foundation Pakistan DR. Z.A. HASHMI, Senior Scientist, National Science Council of Pakistan DR. RAZIUDDIN SIDDIQUI, Secretary General, Pakistan Academy of Sciences DR. S.M.A SHAH, National Sciences Council of Pakistan HAKIM NAIMUDDIN ZUBAIRI, Director of Research (Academic), Hamdard Foundation Pakistan Muslim Era Series-1 Personalities Noble Glimpses of Renowned Scientist and Thinkers of Muslim Era Edited by: Hakim Mohammed Said Re Edited for Internet Publication National Sciences Council of Pakistan Hamdard Foundation Pakistan FOREWORD Every Muslim who has even a brief acquaintance with Islamic History is aware that the Islamic Ideology and world-view provided, during the first few centuries Hijra, a most powerful source of inspiration, especially for the Muslim people's quest for knowledge. The Islamic spirit produced a radical transformation in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as among the countries where Islam took firm root in the immediately succeeding centuries. The rich contributions which Islam has made in the various branches of Science served as the basis for the development of modern science. Although many earlier western historians tended to ignore this fact, recent investigations have led to a wider recognition of the importance of the Muslim contributions, especially to the development of scientific thought and the scientific method.

38. Salaam Knowledge AlKindi was known as Alkindus in Latin and a large number of his books weretranslated into Latin by gherard of cremona. His influence on development of http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=263

39. LookSmart - Directory - History Meet gherard of cremona, Adelard of Bath, Fibonacci, Jordanus, and Oresme. Savea personal copy of any page on the Web and quickly find it again with Furl.net. http://calbearssearch.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317914/us328800/us4231786/

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category Home Library Sciences Mathematics History - Trace the life and work of prominent mathematicians from ancient times to the present day. Directory Categories Ancient Arabic Early American Medieval European ... Mathematicians Save a personal copy of any page on the Web and quickly find it again with Furl.net. Get started now. (It's free.) Directory Listings About Math Biographies Fantastic collection of biographies of famous and influential mathematicians throughout history. Including a section on female mathematicians. History of Mathematics - Facets of India Describes the importance of mathematics in ancient India and the appearance in the Rig Veda of Indian Beez Ganit, to be called in Arabic al-Jabr. History of Mathematics - Renaissance Mathematics Survey of Renaissance mathematics, the 14th-century Italian abacists, and the new algebraic techniques and higher degree equations. History of Mathematics - The Origins of Mathematics Math professor Donald Allen offers this overview of the origins of mathematics. Follow the numbers from the primitive to the modern system. Mathematics - Ancient Science and its Modern Fates Read about how ancient Greek mathematics texts were revived during the late Middle Ages and helped bring about the beginning of the Renaissance.

40. Adelard Of Bath - The Impact Of Muslim Science Preface To His Very Difficult Nat Certainly Adelard became an expert in the Arabic language which he might havelearnt in Spain as did gherard of cremona a few years later. http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/adelard.htm

One of the Largest and Most Visited Souces of Philosophical Texts on the Internet. Evans Experientialism Evans Experientialism The Academy Library The Athenaeum Library The Nominalism Library SEARCH THE WHOLE SITE? SEARCH CLICK THE SEARCH BUTTON Athenaeum Reading Room The Impact of Muslim Science Preface to His Very Difficult Natural Questions, [Dodi Ve-Nechdi] c. 1137 Adelard of Bath Medieval Sourcebook: Adelard of Bath: The Impact of Muslim Science Preface to His Very Difficult Natural Questions, [Dodi Ve-Nechdi] c. 1137 Many texts of Greek science and philosophy were first translated into Syriac, then Arabic, before becoming available in the Latin. But Arab science was not only matter of conveying Greek ideas, but was also open to Persian and Indian science, as well as its own internal creativity. In some respects - for instance problems arising from a belief in a personal creator God - Arab/Muslim thinkerswere the first to deal with issues they had in common with Christian and Jewish thinkers. The Englishman Adelard of Bath (d. post 1142) was the first significant popularizer of Muslim science in the West. He studies and then taught at schools in France, and traveled throughout the Mediterranean. In particular he introduced Euclid and aspects of astronomy.

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