1. Gherard gherard of cremona s name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard.After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Gherard of Cremona 's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and that he decided that he would try to make the riches of Arabic science available to European scholars through Latin translations of the major works in Arabic. For this reason Gherard went to Toledo in Spain where his intention was to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. He remained there for most of the rest of his life and although he does not appear to have gathered a school around him, he certainly appears to have had quite a lot of assistance. He may have employed helpers who assisted him in the copying and checking of manuscripts and other chores associated with the great translation industry that he started. In all over a period of forty years, Gherard translated around eighty works from Arabic to Latin. The complete list of works which he translated is given in [1]. Some of these translations were of Arabic works while others were of Greek works which had been translated into Arabic. Often however, the works were a mixture in the sense that they were Arabic commentaries on Greek works.

2. Gherard gherard of cremona http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Search Results For Cremona gherard of cremona s name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. Arabic numerals are introduced into Europe with gherard of cremona s http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=

4. Chronology For 1100 To 1300 1144 gherard of cremona begins translating Arabic works (and Arabic translations of Greek works) into Latin. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Gherard gherard of cremona. Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died 1187 in Toledo, Spain. Gherardof Cremona s name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Gherard of Cremona 's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and that he decided that he would try to make the riches of Arabic science available to European scholars through Latin translations of the major works in Arabic. For this reason Gherard went to Toledo in Spain where his intention was to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. He remained there for most of the rest of his life and although he does not appear to have gathered a school around him, he certainly appears to have had quite a lot of assistance. He may have employed helpers who assisted him in the copying and checking of manuscripts and other chores associated with the great translation industry that he started. In all over a period of forty years, Gherard translated around eighty works from Arabic to Latin. The complete list of works which he translated is given in [1]. Some of these translations were of Arabic works while others were of Greek works which had been translated into Arabic. Often however, the works were a mixture in the sense that they were Arabic commentaries on Greek works.

6. Biography Of Gherard Of Cremona Biography of gherard of cremona http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Mathematical Chronology from Arabic. 1144 gherard of cremona begins translating Arabic works (andArabic translations of Greek works) into Latin. 1149 Al http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Chronology/full.html

A Mathematical Chronology Main Index Chronology index Biographies index About 30000BC Palaeolithic peoples in central Europe and France record numbers on bones. About 25000BC Early geometric designs used. About 5000BC A decimal number system is in use in Egypt. About 4000BC Babylonian and Egyptian calendars in use. About 3400BC The first symbols for numbers, simple straight lines, are used in Egypt. About 3000BC The abacus is developed in the Middle East and in areas around the Mediterranean. About 3000BC Hieroglyphic numerals in use in Egypt. (See this History Topic About 3000BC Babylonians begin to use a sexagesimal number system for recording financial transactions. It is a place-value system without a zero place value. (See this History Topic About 2770BC Egyptian calendar used. About 2000BC Harappans adopt a uniform decimal system of weights and measures. About 1950BC Babylonians solve quadratic equations About 1900BC The Moscow papyrus (also called the Golenishev papyrus) is written. It gives details of Egyptian geometry. (See this History Topic About 1850BC Babylonians know Pythagoras 's Theorem. (See this

8. The Europeans Learned Arabic In The 12 Century. II, p. 233. gherard of cremona Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died 1187 in Toledo, Spain Gherard's name is sometimes written as Gerard. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Euclid - Books I-IX Among the very numerous works of gherard of cremona (1114 1187) are mentionedtranslations of “15 Books of Euclid” and of the Data12 . http://www.headmap.org/unlearn/euclid/before/princ-trans.htm

@import url(../../../ul-css/3-col-nn4-new-main.css); the teS Euclids elements BOOKS I-IX translated by T.L. Heath BACKGROUND euclid and the traditions about him. euclid's other works. greek commentators on the elements ... modern algebraic interpretations [see also: equations - Diophantus; conics - Appolonius] HEADMAP home unlearning EUCLID BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV ... BOOK IX OVERVIEW book 1, triangles book 2, quadratics books 3 and 4, circles book 5, theory of proportion book 6, geometry and the theory of proportion books 7, 8 and 9 ,number theory GEOMETRICAL ALGEBRA book II identities gemetrical solution of quadratics application of areas transformation of areas ... Book V notes Book VII notes Book VIII notes Book IX notes [p. 91] CHAPTER VIII. PRINCIPAL TRANSLATIONS AND EDITIONS OF THE ELEMENTS. Cicero is the first Latin author to mention Euclid ; but it is not likely that in Cicero's time Euclid had been translated into Latin or was studied to any considerable extent by the Romans; for, as Cicero says in another place , while geometry was held in high honour among the Greeks, so that nothing was more brilliant than their mathematicians, the Romans limited its scope by having regard only to its utility for measurements and calculations. How very little theoretical geometry satisfied the Roman

10. Personalities Noble It was from 'The Elements' (in Gherard's translation) that Dante derived the astronomical knowledge displayed in the 'Vita nuova' and in the http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Euclid - Books I-IX tract from the Arabic was probably made by gherard of cremona (11141187), him a translation (perhaps by gherard of cremona) of the Arabic tract. http://www.headmap.org/unlearn/euclid/before/o-works.htm

@import url(../../../ul-css/3-col-nn4-new-main.css); the teS Euclids elements BOOKS I-IX translated by T.L. Heath BACKGROUND euclid and the traditions about him. euclid's other works. greek commentators on the elements ... modern algebraic interpretations [see also: equations - Diophantus; conics - Appolonius] HEADMAP home unlearning EUCLID BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV ... BOOK IX OVERVIEW book 1, triangles book 2, quadratics books 3 and 4, circles book 5, theory of proportion book 6, geometry and the theory of proportion books 7, 8 and 9 ,number theory GEOMETRICAL ALGEBRA book II identities gemetrical solution of quadratics application of areas transformation of areas ... Book V notes Book VII notes Book VIII notes Book IX notes [p. 7] CHAPTER II. EUCLID'S OTHER WORKS. In giving a list of the Euclidean treatises other than the Elements , I shall be brief: for fuller accounts of them, or speculations with regard to them, reference should be made to the standard histories of mathematics I will take first the works which are mentioned by Greek authors. I.

12. Earliest Known Uses Of Some Of The Words Of Mathematics (S) Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (S) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

13. Math History - Middle Ages 1144, gherard of cremona begins translating Arabic works (and Arabic translationsof Greek works) into Latin. 1149, AlSamawal writes al-Bahir fi l-jabr http://lahabra.seniorhigh.net/pages/teachers/pages/math/timeline/MmiddleAges.htm

Math History Timeline Middle Ages 500 - 1400 A.D. Math History Prehistory and Ancient Times Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation ... 20th Century ... non-Math History Prehistory and Ancient Times Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation ... External Resources Varahamihira produces Pancasiddhantika (The Five Astronomical Canons). He makes important contributions to trigonometry. Decimal notation is used for numbers in India. This is the system on which our current notation is based. Brahmagupta writes Brahmasphutasiddanta (The Opening of the Universe), a work on astronomy; on mathematics. He uses zero and negative numbers, gives methods to solve quadratic equations, sum series, and compute square roots. About 700 Mathematicians in the Mayan civilization introduce a symbol for zero into their number system. About 810 Al-Khwarizmi writes important works on arithmetic, algebra, geography, and astronomy. In particular Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala (Calculation by Completion and Balancing)

14. Complete Translation Services - The History Of Translation Among the school's great scholars were gherard of cremona, John of Seville, Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Rudolf of Bruges, Hermann of http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

15. Unparalleled Scientific Legacy Of Islam In the Middle Ages, gherard of cremona translated some of his books into Latin.In recent centuries, a number of his books have been translated into http://www.storyofpakistan.com/contribute.asp?artid=C059&Pg=3

16. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern Joseph Diaz (1771 1859) Germain, Sophie (1776 - 1831) ben Gerson, Levi (1288 - 1344) Gherard von Cremona (1114 - 1187) Ghetaldi, Marino http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. Unparalleled Scientific Legacy Of Islam AlTasrif was first translated by gherard of cremona into Latin in the MiddleAges and followed by several other editors in Europe. http://www.storyofpakistan.com/contribute.asp?artid=C059&Pg=6

18. Philosophers Yaqub Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi He was known as Alkindus in Latin and a large number of his books were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. Untitled gherard of cremona Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died 1187 in Toledo, Spain.tex2html_wrap_inline352 Gherard s name is sometimes written as Gerard. http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/mideval/mideval.html

Next: About this document Mideval Europe century The Europeans learned Arabic in the 12 century. All mathematics and astronomy was written in Arabic. By the end of the 12 century the best mathematics was done in Christian Italy. During this century there was a spate of translations of Arabic works to Latin. Later Example. Elements in Arabic Latin in 1142 by Adelard of Bath (ca. 1075-1160). He also translated Al-Khwarizmi's astronomical tables (Arabic Latin) in 1126 and in 1155 translated Ptolemy's Almgest (Greek Latin) (The world background at this time was the crusades.) Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Gherard's name is sometimes written as Gerard. He went to Toledo, Spain to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. He remained there for the rest of his life. Gherard made translations of Ptolemy (1175) and of Euclid from Arabic. Some of these translations from Arabic became more popular than the (often earlier) translations from Greek. In making translations of other Arabic work he translated the Arabic word for sine into the Latin sinus, from where our

20. Euclid - Books I-IX Curtze has reproduced, in the preface to his edition of the translation by gherard of cremona of anNair z 's Arabic commentary on http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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