61. Sophie Germain One significant item is the concept of the sophie germain prime, which is a primenumber p where 2 p +1 is also prime. With prompting from Gauss, http://sophie-germain.iqnaut.net/

home Archive CONTACT Sophie Germain Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain April 1 June 27 , 1831) was a French mathematician . She was born to a middle-class merchant family in Paris France , and began studying mathematics at age thirteen, despite her parents' strong attempts to dissuade her from engaging in a men s profession'. Several years later, She managed to get some lecture notes from Several courses at École Polytechnique , a school which did not admit women. Germain was particularly interested in Joseph-Louis Lagrange s teachings and submitted papers and assignments under the pseudonym "Monsieur Le Blanc", a former student of Lagrange s. Lagrange was so impressed by the paper that he asked to meet Le Blanc, and Germain was forced to reveal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a talented mathematician and became her mentor. In 1804 She began corresponding with Carl Friedrich Gauss , again using her pseudonym, after reading his famous Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1801). He eventually learned her true identity in 1806, when Napoleon Bonaparte was invading Prussia and Gauss's birthplace, Brunswick. Fearful that Gauss would meet a fate like that of

62. Sophie Germain; Mathematician Against All The Odds sophie germain; Mathematician against all the Odds. sophie germain was a Frenchgirl born on 1 April 1776, at a time when scientific pursuits for girls were http://uzweb.uz.ac.zw/science/maths/zimaths/32/sophie.htm

63. Sophie Gray, MW, sophie germain (17761831) , in Women of Mathematics A BiobibliographicSourcebook , eds. LS Grinstein PJ Campbell, New York Greenwood Press, http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/07305/sophie.htm

Sophie Germain Background Sophie was born in Paris in 1776, the same year that the American revolution began. She was the daughter of a wealthy, upper class family, who tried consistently to discourage her from learning, but to her credit she was able successfully to educate herself with no outside help or tutoring. She has been called one of the founders of mathematical physics and is considered to be France's greatest female mathematician prior to the present era (Osen 1990). During the French Revolution Sophie was confined to her home. She spent a lot of this time in her father's library and despite her parents' discouragement most of this time was spent teaching herself mathematics, in particular differential calculus (Swift 1995). Then in 1794 when the Ecole Polytechnique was founded, Sophie was able to obtain lecture notes from her friends, for courses in which she was particularly interested. She was especially excited by Lagrange's lectures on analysis. She thought his ideas were new and important (Perl 1978, p.64). So, according to Gillispie (ed. 1970) at the end of the University term she submitted a report to Lagrange under an alias. Lagrange was so impressed by its originality that he wanted to met the author. When he discovered that the author was a woman he was amazed but gave her help and encouragement.

64. Sophie's Diary: A Historical Fiction Book By Author Dora Musielak Historical fiction inspired by French mathematician sophie germain, who contributedto number theory and mathematical physics. http://www.sophiesdiary.net/

Sophie's Diary: A Historical Fiction Book by Author Dora Musielak Home Book Excerpts El Diario de Sofi Media Information ... Paris in the 18th Century Inspired by the life of mathematician Sophie Germain, includes the mathematics that the girl taught herself, plus historically accurate accounts of the violent events that took place in Paris in the years between 1789 and 1793. About the Author Dora Musielak is a Research Professor at the University of Texas at Arlington. She has a Ph.D. in aerospace engineering and has pursued mathematics since childhood. WHERE TO PURCHASE , published by AuthorHouse, is available as paperback and as e-book. To order please call 888-280-7715, or order online directly from www.authorhouse.com Or you can buy my book from www.amazon.com Please email me if you wish more information about my book dmusielak@uta.edu A Historical Fiction book by Dora Musielak

65. Sophie Germain Prime A sophie germain Prime is a prime number P for which 2P+1 is also a prime.These primes were named after her when she (around 1825) proved that Fermat s http://www.logicville.com/sel11.htm

L O G I C V I L L E PUZZLE CATEGORIES: Mathematical Logic Cryptarithms Anagrams ... Next Topic SOPHIE GERMAIN PRIMES A Sophie Germain Prime is a prime number P for which 2P+1 is also a prime. These primes were named after her when she (around 1825) proved that Fermat's Last Theorem holds true for these primes. These prime numbers include: Previous Topic Next Topic Puzzles and Books Collections Investment Subscription © 2000-2004 Logicville

66. Sophie's World: Sophie Germain Biographies And More... EVERYTHING sophie germain. An original biography, plenty of links on Women inMathematics and Science, PLUS an interactive quiz! http://www.geocities.com/Paris/Villa/1776/

"All things considered, she [Sophie Germain] was probably the most profoundly intellectual woman that France has ever produced... If such, indeed, was the case, more is the shame for those who were responsible for such ingratitude toward one who had deserved so well of science, and who by her achievements had won an enviable place in the hall of fame."     H. J. Mozans, 1913 Welcome to... A tribute to Parisian Phenomenon, Sophie Germain (if you enjoyed this poem, visit Number Theory and Word Seeds of Notion for more poetry by Kevin Trinder) On 1 April 1776 in Paris, France, Sophie Germain was born. Unbeknownst to many, she was to become a legend in her own time. Hers was a pure, unadulterated love for science- but was this love strong enough to prevail over the prejudice that surrounded her? Explore this site to find out more about this phenomenal woman- her courage, her determination and her humble reaction to her own fame. There is a lot of stuff here that is EXCLUSIVE to this site; I repeat it cannot be found anywhere else on the 'net (unless someone ripped it off from here...) There is an original, illustrated biography

67. AllRefer.com - Sophie Germain (Mathematics, Biography) - Encyclopedia AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon sophie germain, Mathematics, Biographies. Includes related research links. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/G/GermainS.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 01, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Mathematics, Biographies ... Sophie Germain By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z G Sophie Germain, Mathematics, Biographies Related Category: Mathematics, Biographies Sophie Germain [sOf E Pronunciation Key Related Categories: People Science and Technology Science and Technology Mathematics ... Biographies More articles from AllRefer Reference on Sophie Germain SITE MAPS Encyclopedia US Gazetteer: US States A-C US States D-H US States I-L US States M ... Countries A-Z Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... Par Web Solutions Site best viewed in 800 x 600 resolution.

68. Sophie Germain Hotel - HotelWeb - Save More At 10,000 Hotels And 90+ Hotel Chain As an echo of the typical Parisian charm of this lively artist, the Hotel SophieGermain gives you a warm welcome. Book hotels, accommodations, vacations, http://www.hotelweb.com/hotels/France-Paris/Sophie-Germain-Hotel.htm

Name Your Own Price® for Hotels - Save up to 40%! Click here to see our TOP 25 Hotel Deals. Washington DC See Hotel Deals A city filled with striking monuments, amazing museums, eclectic nightlife and outstanding restaurants. See the White house, tour Historic homes and enjoy spectacular gardens. You will never run out of things to do in the nation's capitol. Sophie Germain Hotel Address Street: 12 Rue Sophie Germain City: Paris Country: France Rating: Star Rating 3 Property Description As an echo of the typical Parisian charm of this lively artist, the Hotel Sophie Germain gives you a warm welcome. A very relaxing atmosphere for this well kept place punctuated with soothing colours and a comfortable lounge. The 33 rooms with their rattan furniture are as cozy as can be. They?re perfectly equipped and offer peace and quiet as well as complete comfort. It is very easy to park the car in the street: there will be always a place available for you! All smile, the team is always happy to meet your expectations. Strollers with love the neighbourhood filled with colourful the Parisian scenes (rue Daguerre), and a few steps away legendary Montparnasse, saint Germain des Pres and Latin Quarter promises surprises galore: historic sights, splendid facades, mythical cafes and brassieres, etc. this hotel is ideally located in the vicinity of Porte de Versailles (exhibition centre) and with direct access to Roissy and Orly airport. Amenity Description This charming first-class hotel furnished in colonial style is located on a quiet, safe street in a lively, typically French area. The friendly ambiance of the nearby small markets has the feeling of a 'village' where artists take residence. All rooms are comfortably equipped with TV, direct dial phone, safety box and minibar.

69. Biographie : Sophie Germain (1 Avril 1776 - 27 Juin 1831) http://www.bibmath.net/bios/index.php3?action=affiche&quoi=germain

70. Arendt sophie germain – documents nouveaux, http://www.philosophinnen.de/lexikon/g/germain.htm

GERMAIN, SOPHIE Werk: Annales de Chimie et de Physique 8, 1879, S. 619-641. Philosophinnen-Lexikon Weiter

71. BBC - H2g2 - Sophie Germain - Mathematician h2g2 is the unconventional guide to life, the universe and everything, a guidethat s written by visitors to the website, creating an organic and evolving http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A697566

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index Thursday 1st September 2005 Text only Guide ID: A697566 (Edited) Edited Guide Entry SEARCH h2g2 Advanced Search New visitors: Returning members: BBC Homepage The Guide to Life The Universe and Everything 3. Everything Mathematics Created: 19th March 2002 Sophie Germain - Mathematician Front Page What is h2g2? Who's Online Write an Entry ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Throughout much of history, women never had much opportunity to study mathematics . The Establishment, made up of men, perpetuated the myth that women weren't up to understanding anything scientific, and if a scientific or mathematically-minded woman came along, she would receive little support. Nonetheless, some women were able to advance in the fields of mathematical and scientific learning, and Sophie Germain was one of them. The Death of Archimedes Sophie Germain was born on 1 April, 1776, in Paris . Her father was a silk merchant, and quite successful. When she was 13 years old and browsing through her father's library she came across the story of Archimedes ' death. Archimedes (the Greek mathematician famed among other things for jumping out of his bath and running down the street crying '

72. Sophie Germain One significant contribution is the concept of the sophie germain prime, whichis a prime number p where 2p+1 is also prime. She proved that Fermat s last http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/Sophie-Germain.wikipedia

Sophie Germain Regular View Dictionary View (all words explained) Algebra Help my dictionary with pronunciation , wikipedia etc Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$150,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Sophie Germain Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain April 1 June 27 ) was a French mathematician , and one of the most important female mathematicians of all time. Germain was born to a middle-class merchant family in Paris France , and began studying mathematics at age thirteen, despite her parents' strong attempts to dissuade her from engaging in a 'men's profession'. Several years later, she managed to get some lecture notes from several courses at ‰cole Polytechnique , a school which did not admit women. Germain was particularly interested in Joseph-Louis Lagrange 's teachings and submitted papers and assignments under the pseudonym "Monsieur Le Blanc", a former student of Lagrange's. Lagrange was so impressed by the paper that he asked to meet Le Blanc, and Germain was forced to reveal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a talented mathematician and became her mentor. In she began corresponding with Carl Friedrich Gauss , again using her pseudonym, after reading his famous Disquisitiones Arithmeticae ). He eventually learned her true identity in

73. Hotel Sophie Germain Paris - Presentation The Hotel sophie germain of Paris welcomes you to the heart of the City. The hotelis located on a small quiet street close to Montparnasse, http://www.cybevasion.com/hotels/france/paris/hotel_index_sophie-germain_449.htm

Hotel Sophie Germain 12, rue Sophie Germain - 75014 PARIS The hotel Sophie Germain Paris proposes you its 33 rooms from 70 euros. It is opened 24h/24. A lift allows to move easily in the hotel. We offer you an interactive map of the hotel Sophie Germain and a secured booking form Hotels Paris Francais Home Photos Rooms Location Information ... Favorites Hotel 33 rooms Check-in : 12h00 Check-out : 12h00 The Hotel Sophie Germain of Paris welcomes you to the heart of the City. The hotel is located on a small quiet street close to Montparnasse, Saint-Germain-des-Prés and the Latin Quarter. check RATES and ask AVAILABILITY Arrival date September 2005 October 2005 November 2005 December 2005 January 2006 February 2006 March 2006 April 2006 May 2006 June 2006 July 2006 August 2006 Number of nights Metro/RER Mouton Duvernet (4) at 70 m Denfert Rochereau (6-B) at 408 m Amenities Open 24h/24 Lift Mini bar Baby bed available Phone Internet Hair dryer Dogs admitted TV International Channels Safe in the room

74. Sophie Germain -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article sophie germain. Categories Women mathematicians, French women scientists, Mariesophie germain (April 1, 1776 – June 27, 1831) was a (The Romance http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/s/so/sophie_germain.htm

Sophie Germain [Categories: Women mathematicians, French women scientists, French mathematicians, 1831 deaths, 1776 births] Marie-Sophie Germain (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician She was born to a middle-class merchant family in (The capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce) Paris (A republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe) France , and began studying (A science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement) mathematics at age thirteen, despite her parents' strong attempts to dissuade her from engaging in a 'men's profession'. Several years later, she managed to get some lecture notes from several courses at (Click link for more info and facts about École Polytechnique) École Polytechnique , a school which did not admit women. Germain was particularly interested in (Click link for more info and facts about Joseph-Louis Lagrange) Joseph-Louis Lagrange 's teachings and submitted papers and assignments under the (A fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role) pseudonym "Monsieur Le Blanc", a former student of Lagrange's. Lagrange was so impressed by the paper that he asked to meet Le Blanc, and Germain was forced to reveal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a talented mathematician and became her mentor.

75. Songdog.net: IWD: Sophie Germain Mariesophie germain was born in Paris in 1776, the middle daughter of a Pernety complied, identified Gauss s protector as sophie germain and the http://www.songdog.net/blog/archives/001076.html

Songdog.net Main March 08, 2005 IWD: Sophie Germain Today is International Women's Day and so I'm posting about a remarkable woman whom I recently learned about, the mathematician Sophie Germain. Marie-Sophie Germain was born in Paris in 1776, the middle daughter of a wealthy silk merchant and was only thirteen years old when the French Revolution began. Sheltered at home by her family from the dangers outside, she took refuge in her father's library where she read of the death of Archimedes, too engrossed in the study of geometry to take notice of the Roman spearmen sacking his city. The young girl was intrigued by a topic that could so absorb one's attention, and she undertook to teach herself mathematics as well as the Latin and Greek she needed to read the classic works of the field. Her parents forbade this pursuit, so Sophie crept from her bed to study in secret by night. When this defiance was noted her parents withdrew her heat, denied her candles, and even took away her clothing to keep their daughter in her bed but Sophie persisted, wrapping herself in her bedclothes and working at her desk with stolen candles. It was the discovery of Sophie asleep at her desk one morning, her inkpot frozen solid, that finally caused her parents to relent and allow her to continue her studies in greater comfort. When she was eighteen (and like all French girls unable to study science at school) she managed to regularly obtain professors' notes from courses at the Ecole Polytechnique. Sophie followed along with the courses and boldly submitted comments and papers to the professors under the assumed name M. leBlanc. One of these professors, the brilliant Joseph-Louis Legrange, was impressed enough to request a meeting. leBlanc revealed her identity as a woman and Legrange, won over by Sophie's intelligence, continued to help her in her work.

76. Sophie Germain Prime -- From MathWorld It is not known if there are an infinite number of sophie germain primes Around 1825, sophie germain proved that the first case of Fermat s last theorem http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SophieGermainPrime.html

INDEX Algebra Applied Mathematics Calculus and Analysis Discrete Mathematics ... Alphabetical Index DESTINATIONS About MathWorld About the Author Headline News ... Random Entry CONTACT Contribute an Entry Send a Message to the Team MATHWORLD - IN PRINT Order book from Amazon Number Theory Prime Numbers Miscellaneous Primes ... Minovic Sophie Germain Prime A prime is said to be a Sophie Germain prime if both and are prime . The first few Sophie Germain primes are 2, 3, 5, 11, 23, 29, 41, 53, 83, 89, 113, 131, ... (Sloane's ). The numbers of Sophie Germain primes less than for , 2, ... are 3, 10, 37, 190, 1171, 7746, 56032, ... (Sloane's The largest known Sophie Germain prime pair are ( ), the first of which has 36523 digits, found by P. Minovic on Jan. 8, 2005 (Minovic 2005, Underbakke 2005). It is not known if there are an infinite number of Sophie Germain primes (Hoffman 1998, p. 190). Sophie Germain primes of the form (which makes a prime ) correspond to the indices of composite Mersenne numbers Around 1825, Sophie Germain proved that the first case of Fermat's last theorem is true for such primes, i.e., if

77. Hotel Sophie Germain Paris : Paris Hotels Paris Hotels at discounted rates.Hotel sophie germain Paris is just a few stepsaway from the legendary Montparnasse, Saint germain des Pres and Latin http://www.holidaycity.com/sophie-germain-paris/

HOTEL SOPHIE GERMAIN PARIS 12, Rue Sophie Germain, 75014 Paris, France. Hotel Sophie Germain Paris Promotional Rates Map Book Now at Promotional Rates! Overview As an echo of the typical Parisian charm of this lively artist, the Hotel Sophie Germain gives you a warm welcome. A very relaxing atmosphere for this well kept place punctuated with soothing colours and a comfortable lounge. The 33 rooms with their rattan furniture are as cozy as can be. They?re perfectly equipped and offer peace and quiet as well as complete comfort. It is very easy to park the car in the street: there will be always a place available for you! All smile, the team is always happy to meet your expectations. Strollers with love the neighbourhood filled with colourful the Parisian scenes (rue Daguerre), and a few steps away legendary Montparnasse, saint Germain des Pres and Latin Quarter promises surprises galore: historic sights, splendid facades, mythical cafes and brassieres, etc. this hotel is ideally located in the vicinity of Porte de Versailles (exhibition centre) and with direct access to Roissy and Orly airport. Room Facilities Mini Bar Safe Telephone TV Hotel Facilities Pets Allowed Parking Check-in time Check-out time Ratings Three Stars Promotional Rates and Availability Check Rates and Availability Hotel Sophie Germain Paris Location Map Closed to Porte de Versailles. Ground transportation: RER direct to ROISSY CDG airport ( du Nord train station, Le Bourget, Villepinte) Bus direct to ORLY airport Bus direct to Musee d'orsay, Muse..

78. Prairie.org: "GIRLS LOVE MATH" SOPHIE GERMAIN PROJECT NETS NATIONAL AWARD FOR IL The sophie germain Project is a wonderful example of how engaging young people The IHC nominated the sophie germain Project for this award because the http://www.prairie.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/dir_news.news_detail/object_id/feba2

Search Entire Site Events Press Resources for Home About Us Calendar of Events Press Room ... Humanities Resources "GIRLS LOVE MATH" SOPHIE GERMAIN PROJECT NETS NATIONAL AWARD FOR ILLINOIS HUMANITIES COUNCIL CHICAGO Community Youth Creative Learning Experience­s (CYCLE­s) Sophie Germain Project has brought top honors to the Illinois Humanities Council (IHC), which funded the project as part of its recently launched Humanities Youth Projects (HYPe) program. Through this program a group of elementary-aged girls from Chicago­s Cabrini Green neighborhood researched and developed a biography of 18th-century French mathematician Sophie Germain and presented their findings to their peers through a play and website. The Illinois Humanities Council was awarded the distinguished Schwartz Prize for the Sophie Germain Project on November 16th during the National Humanities Conference in Minneapolis. The prize, given by the Federation of State Humanities Councils, is one of two awards for excellence in public programming awarded annually in the United States and its territories. The Schwartz Prize is made possible by former Federation of State Humanities Councils board member Martin Schwartz and his wife, Helen. The couple established an endowment fund in 1981. "The Sophie Germain Project is a wonderful example of how engaging young people in the humanities in a personal way can educate and inspire," said IHC Executive Director Kristina Valaitis. "The IHC nominated the Sophie Germain Project for this award because the girls not only gained an understanding of how to conduct a public humanities project, but also how to educate themselves and their community."

79. Puzzle 81.- Sophie Germain  Primes - Magic Squares For the magic squares 3x3, here are what I think are the smallest examples, thatI have found. Couple of Magic Squares 3x3, sophie germain 1st order http://www.primepuzzles.net/puzzles/puzz_081.htm

Puzzles Puzzle 81.- Sophie Germain primes - magic squares A very natural extension of the Puzzle 80 is to ask for couples of magic squares such that the corresponding cells contain couples of Sophie Germain primes. For the magic squares 3x3, here are what I think are the smallest examples, that I have found: Couple of Magic Squares 3x3, Sophie Germain 1st order Couple of Magic Squares 3x3, Sophie Germain 2nd order Questions: a) Can you find smaller examples of these 3x3 Magic Squares? b) Can you find examples of these kind of Magic Squares for higher orders: 4x4, 5x5, ..., etcetera? c) Can you find the least triplet of 3x3 magic squares with SG primes p, 2p+1, 4p+3 (1st order) or p, 2p-1, 4p-3 (2nd order)? Solution Felice Russo has found smaller examples of SG 3x3 squares 1st and 2nd order: 1st Order 2nd Order: I have received (8/3/2000) by snail-mail a 4x4 prime magic square Sophie-Germain 1st order type, sent by John E. Everett

80. Puzzle 119. Sophie-Germain & Twin, Chains sophiegermain Twin, chains. In this puzzle we ask for chains of primes P1,P2, P3, such that. a) Pi+1=2.Pi+1 http://www.primepuzzles.net/puzzles/puzz_119.htm

Puzzles Puzzle 119. In this puzzle we ask for chains of primes P , P , P , ... such that: a) P i+1 =2.P i b) Each Pi is the small prime of a Twin prime pair. Here is an easy example and the early of length 4: Note: This puzzle came to me after Mr. John Everett John for the idea. Solution Status of the search Length First prime of the early chain By, Year H.Lifchitz, 98 H.Lifchitz, 98 H.Lifchitz, 98 Jack Brennen, 99 Jack Brennen, 99 Paul Jobling, 99 Knowing that the popular sieving code NewPGen by Paul Jobling deals with some chains of primes like the ones asked in this puzzle, I wrote this morning to Paul the following: " Is your popular sieving code useful for this puzzle...According to you, how should be properly called these kind of chains? Do you know if this type larger sequences have been published somewhere?" This is his immediate answer: " Yes, NewPGen can indeed find these - they are called "BiTwin chains". Currently the longer known is of length 7, found by myself some time ago, so perhaps your puzzlers might be able to do better. Here is a page full of records: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/hlifchitz/Henri/fr-us/BiTwinRec.htm

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