81. India Culture Disucssion Chat Forums The second book was translated by the famous gerard of cremona (D. 1187). The ninth volume of the translation made by gerard of cremona the Nonus http://indiaculture.net/talk/messages/65/6519.html?1113079825

82. Dr.Abdullah Assiri gerard of cremona translated many of his books into Latin. AtTasrif wastranslated into Latin by gerard of cremona in the 12th century and alongside http://www.magma.ca/~assiri/arabmedicin.htm

This site will try to shed some light on the arabian and Muslim physicians who contributed to the science and medicine field enormously. Dr.Abdullah Assiri YAQUB IBN ISHAQ AL-KINDI (ALKINDUS) (800 - 873 C.E.) Al-Kindi is known in the West as Alkindus. He was popularly known as the 'Philosopher of theArabs' in the Middle Ages. Cardano considered Al-Kindi as one of the twelve greatest minds of the Middle Ages. He is among a small group of Muslim scientists who made original contributions in many fields. Al-Kindi was a philosopher, astronomer, physician, mathematician, physicist, and geographer. He also was an expert in music. Yaqub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi was born at Kufa (present Iraq) in 800 C.E. His father worked for Khalifah (Caliph) Haroon al-Rashid. Al-Kindi spent his long career in Baghdad and was a contemporary of al-Mutawakkil, al-Mamun and al-Mu'tasim. He died in 873 C.E. during the reign of al-M'utamid. Al-Kindi was the first physician who systematically determined the dosage for most drugs. It greatly helped in the development of dosage standards (prescription) for patients. In the field of Chemistry, Al-Kindi argued that base metals cannot be converted to precious metals and that chemical reactions cannot produce transformation of basic elements. He made important contributions to the Arabic system of numerals. In addition, he contributed to spherical geometry while assisting al-Khwarizmi in astronomical studies. Al-Kindi's original work provided the foundation for modern arithmetic. He also made original contributions to geometrical optics, a special field of Physics, and wrote a book on it. Several centuries later, Al-Kindi's work inspired Roger Bacon.

83. Skeptical And Counter-Skeptical Trends In Medieval Islam: Ideas & Identities Of It was translated in Latin by gerard of cremona in the third of the fifteenthcentury and ran into three editions. According to Alexander and Sheldon (2), http://www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00001578&channel=university ave

84. GERARD (c. 10401120) - LoveToKnow Article On GERARD (c. 10401120) gerard of cremona (c. 11141187), the medieval translator of Ptolemys 2392 isstated to contain a eulogy of gerard of cremona and a list of his. http://22.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GERARD_c_1040_1120_.htm

GERARD (c. 10401120) young plants should be raised from cuttings about March, and grown on during the summer, but should not be allowed to flower. When blossoms are required, they should be placed close up to the glass in a light house with a temperature of 65, only just as much water being given as will keep them growing. For bedding purposes the zonal varieties are best struck towards the middle of August in the open air, taken up and potted or planted in boxes as soon as struck, and preserved in frames or in the greenhouse during winter. The fancy varieties root best early in spring from the halfripened shoots; they are slower growers, and rather more delicate in constitution than the zonal varieties, and very impatient of excess of water at the root. GERARD, ARCHBP. OF YORK See the Tractatus Eboracenses edited by H. Bochmer in Libelli de ide Sacerdotii et Imperii, vol. iii. (in the Monumenta hist. Germaniae, quarto series), and the same authors Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie (Leipzig, 1899). (H. W. C. D.) GERARD (c. 10401120), variously surnamed TuM, TUNe, TENQUE or THOM, founder of the order of the knights of St John of Jerusalem (q.v.), was born at Amalfi about the year 1040. According to other accounts Martigues in Provence was his birthplace, while one authority even names the Chteau dAvesnes in Hainaut. Either as a soldier or a merchant, he found his way to Jerusalem, where a hospice had for some time existed for the convenience of those who wished to visit the holy places. Of this institution Gerard became guardian or provost at a date not later than 1100; and here he organized that religious order of St John which received papal recognition from Paschal 11. in 1113, by a bull which was renewed and confirmed by Calixtus II. shortly before the death of Gerard in 1120.

85. Harvard University Press/A Sourcebook In Medieval Science/Contents gerard of cremona 8. A List of Translations Made from Greek into Latin in theThirteenth Century William of Moerbeke. The Reaction of the Universities and http://www.hup.harvard.edu/contents/GRASOU_toc.html

Edward Grant is Professor of History and History of science and Chairman of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University, Bloomington A Sourcebook in Medieval Science Edited by Edward Grant PART I: EARLY MIDDLE AGES The Latin Encyclopedists 1. On the Quadrivium, or Four Mathematical Sciences Isidore of Seville 2. On Arithmetic Boethius 3. On the Universe and Its Parts Isidore of Seville 4. On the Order of the Planets Macrobius 5. On the Motion of Mercury and Venus Around the Sun a. Chalcidius b. Martianus Capella 6. On Ocean and Tides Macrobius PART II: LATER MIDDLE AGES The Translation of Greek and Arabic Science into Latin 7. A List of Translations Made from Arabic into Latin in the Twelfth Century Gerard of Cremona 8. A List of Translations Made from Greek into Latin in the Thirteenth Century William of Moerbeke The Reaction of the Universities and Theological Authorities to Aristotelian Science and Natural Philosophy 9. The Condemnation of Aristotle's Books on Natural Philosophy in 1210 at Paris 10. The Command to Expurgate Aristotle's Books on Natural Philosophy (1231)

86. Charles Burnett: List Of Publications on gerard of cremona. 38. ‘Translating from Arabic into Latin in the Middle Ages gerard of cremona, Vita, Commemoratio librorum and Eulogium 37 http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/institute/cburnett.htm

Home Staff Graduate Studies Gateway ... Library Charles Burnett List of Publications Books, and articles over 100 pages long Articles and pamphlets, arranged thematically, and in chronological order within each topic The Arabic-Latin Translators Natural Science and Philosophy ... Addenda (Please note that some diacritical markings are missing) Books, and articles over 100 pages long: 1. Hermann of Carinthia, De essentiis , critical edition, translation and commentary, Leiden, 1982, 385 pp. (reviews in Speculum Cahiers de civilisation médiévale , 28, 1985, p. 685, Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch Deutsches Archiv , 41, 1985, p. 255, Rivista di storia della filosofia Bulletin de théologie ancienne et médiévale , 14, 1989, p. 695). 3. Pseudo-Bede, De mundi celestis terrestrisque constitutione: a Treatise on the Universe and the Soul , edition, translation and commentary, Warburg Institute Surveys and Texts 10, London, 1985. 88 pp. (reviews in

87. Giordano Bruno: His Life And Thought (Footnotes, Chapter 3) the Latinspeaking world by gerard of cremona (1114-1187) who translated theArabic version. Gerard s translation was first printed at Venice in 1515. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/bruno03f.htm

Giordano Bruno: His Life and Thought Table of Contents Text of Chapter Three CHAPTER THREE FOOTNOTES 1 In mediaeval Christian versions of the scheme, divine power is sometimes shewn acting through the labour of angels imparting motion by cranks (cf. Israel Abrahams, Edwin Bevyn, and Charles Singer, The Legacy of Israel [Oxford, 1927], Fig. 25 from a fourteenth century manuscript). De coelo, 113-14, 286b 10-287b 21, and see below. De gen. et corr., II, 11, 338a; Physica, VIII, 8, 264b; De coelo, II, 3, 286a. De coelo, IV, 3-4, 310a-312a. Physica, VIII, 6, 258a-259b. De coelo, II, 8, 289b. Metaphysica, XII, 8, 1074a, 13. In De gen. et corr., II, 2, Aristotle distinguishes between the elements as perceptible bodies which are always encountered by us in "alteration" or mixture with one another, and the originative sources of these elements "which are equal in number (four) and identical in kind with those in the sphere of the eternal and primary things" (Cf. De gen. et corr., II, 9, 335a). 8 Date of publication of Kepler's Astronomia nova.

88. The History Of The Universe: The Christian Scientific Tradition Most famous translator in Toledo was gerard of cremona (great name!), who hadtravelled from Italy to Toledo specially to find a copy of Ptolemy s famous http://www.ransom.co.uk/universe/Early Christians.htm

The Early Christian Scientific Tradition Toledo: The New York of the First Millenium The Christian view of the Universe Remember the three wise men? Funky Early Christian Web links Toledo : The New York of the First Millenium Pretty soon after somebody got nailed to a tree for suggesting that we should all be nice to each other, Western civilisation took a bit of a turn for the worse. About 1,000 years of Dark Ages, to be precise. During this time there wasn't a lot of progress in science, astronomy and cosmology - although remember that we're only talking about the Western world. The Arabic cultures, during this time, for example, were making great progress in recovering the knowledge lost with the fall of the Greeks. But that's another story Christianity began to move back into northern Spain in around 1000 AD. Around 1085 the Spanish city of Toledo became pretty much the intellectual melting pot of Europe; the mix of Moors, Christians and Jews made it an extraordinary place, a mix of different cultures and faiths. Italy may have been the birth place of the Renaissance but the Renaissance was conceived in Toledo in the 12th Century. There was also a famous school of translators at Toledo, where the ancient texts were translated from Greek (which Europe had forgotten) through Arabic and Hebrew into Latin, the working language of scholars in Europe. Amongst other intellectual advances, an early set of astronomical tables were drawn up in Toledo, as an encyclopaedia of star positions. The numerals are Arabic, but the tables are Christian - recognisably modern.

89. PBIO 250 Lecture Notes -- History -- Spring 1998 translated into Latin by gerard of cremona in the 12th century (see a manuscriptpage from this book) and used widely in Europe http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbio/pb250/hist.html

PBIO 250 Lecture Notes James L. Reveal Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland History of Systematic Botany Folk taxonomies arrangment of objects into general, but hierarchierical categories systems differ widely by culture and requirements significant in agriculture Berlin, B. 1973. Folk systematics in relation to biological classification and nomenclature. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. Ethnobiological classification: Principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional science. Princeton. The Ancients Greene, E. L. 1983. Landmarks of Botanical History , 2 vols. (edited by F. N. Egerton). Stanford. Henrey, B. 1975. British Botanical and Horticultural Literature before 1800 . 3 vols. London. Hobbs, C. 1996a. An outline of the history of herbalism Botanical taxonomy - a historical summary Reed, H.S. 1942. A short history of the plant sciences . Waltham. Morton, A.G. 1981. History of botanical science: An account of the development of botany from ancient times to the present day. London. agriculture began some 9000 years ago in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia Assyrian herbal of the 7th century B.C. gives a list of some 700 medicinal and semi-medicinal plants arranged according to use and application - see an early

90. Encyclopedia Of The Middle Ages: Entries (G) Gerard of Brogne (died 959) gerard of cremona (died 1187) Gerbert ofAurillac (945/9501003) Gerhoh of Reichersberg (1092/1093 - after 1167) http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/ema_entries_g.htm

Home Catalogue Search How to Order ... Encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages By André Vauchez (editor) Full List of Entries Gabriel, Archangel Gabriel II (Ibn Al-Turayk) (12th C) Gabriel Barletta (died after 1480) Gaddi, Taddeo (1295/1300-1366) Gaeta Galicia (Spain) Galicia (Ukraine) Gallican Liturgy Gallicanism Games Gandersheim Garden Garter, Order of The Gascoigne, Thomas (1403-1458) Gascony Gautier De Coincy (1177-1236) Gdansk (Danzig) Gebhard of Constance (died 995) Gelasius II, Pope (1060/1064 - 1119) Gemistus Plethon (1360-1452) Genesis Genghis Khan (1167-1227) Genoa Gentile da Fabriano (1370-1427) Genuflection Geoffrey of Monmouth (1100-1155) Geomancy George of Pode George of the Arabs (died 724) George Scholarius (Gennadius II) (1403-1472) Georgia Gerald of Wales (1146-1223) Gerard of Abbeville (died 1272) Gerard of Borgo San Donnino (died 1276/1277) Gerard of Brogne (died 959) Gerard of Cremona (died 1187) Gerbert of Aurillac (945/950-1003) Gerhoh of Reichersberg (1092/1093 - after 1167) Gerlachus (12th C) Germanus I of Constantinople (634-733) Germany, Kingdom of

91. Menelaus, Spherics [eng] Gerard Latin translation from Arabic by gerard of cremona. Maurolycus Messina1588, based on translation by Gerard compared with Arabic and Hebrew MSS. http://shot.holycross.edu/projects/episteme/work?textgroup=epistX01&work=epist01

92. MATHEMATICS * * Ancient Science And Its Modern Fates Almagest In Latin Translated by gerard of cremona Thirteenth century The most was made from the Arabic in Spain in 1175 by gerard of cremona, http://sanat.bilkent.edu.tr/vatican/mathematics/Mathematics.txt

93. Allegheny College: Allegheny Magazine gerard of cremona’s Translation of the Commentary of AlNayrizi on Book I is the first modern translation of gerard of cremona’s (1114–1187) Latin http://www.allegheny.edu/magazine/archive/2003winter/books.php

Prospective Students Admissions Academics Apply Online ... More resources... Fall/Winter 2003 Issue Meeting the Challenges of Oxford Two Alleghenians study cutting-edge physics at an ancient university Broadway Baby An interview with Allegheny's own Tony award winner, Michele Pawk Two Retired Faculty Embody What Is Best About Allegheny Fred Steen and Harold State The campaign for Allegheny College New Books Works by Allegheny faculty and alumni On the Hill Latest happenings from around campus Sports Smith youngest player to win mid-amateur; 2003 Hall of Fame inductees The Last Word Superb Collaborative Efforts Deserve - and Need - Our Support New Books In a Valley Surrounded by Hills: Stories of Growing Up in a Pennsylvania Town In a Valley Surrounded by Hills In a Valley Surrounded by Hills Rebekah Woodworth served as chapel organist for Don Skinner from 1991 to 1993 and copyedited In a Valley Surrounded by Hills A Good Life Wasted, or Twenty Years as a Fishing Guide By the author of the cult classic True Love and the Woolly Bugger, A Good Life Wasted

94. History Of Astronomy: Persons (G) gerard of cremona Germ. Gerhard von Cremona (c.11141187). Short biography andreference (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography (Eric Weisstein s http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_g.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (G) Deutsche Fassung Gabir ben Aflah: see Jabir ibn Aflah Gabor, Dennis (1900-1979) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 Including an autobiography. Very short biographical data and links Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich (1934-1968) Very short biography Gale, Walter Frederick (1865-1945) Short biographical data and archival sources Galilei, Galileo Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812-1910) Very short biography Very short biography Very short biography Galois, Evariste (1811-1832) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Crater Galois (lunar feature) Links to WWW sources Gamow, George (1904-1968) Short biography and references Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Very short biography Ganesa (1507-after 1564) Very short biography Gaposchkin, Cecilia Payne: see Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1900-1979) Gascoigne, Sidney Charles (b. 1915) Short biographical data Short biography Gascoigne, William (1621-1644) Biographical data and references Gassendi [Gassend; Gassendy], Pierre (1592-1655)

95. History Of Astronomy: What's New At This Site On June 3, 1999 gerard of cremona Germ. Gerhard von Cremona (c.11141187). Short biographyFrom the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913. Gregory XIII, Pope Germ. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/new/new990603.html

History of Astronomy What's new History of Astronomy: What's new at this site on June 3, 1999 Some URLs have been updated. Welcome / About Citation Index updated Acknowledgements updated History of astronomy Observatories and other places Manila , Philippines Manila Observatory From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Rome (Roma) , Italy La ricerca astronomica a Roma (in Italian) , Italy, and Tucson , Arizona, USA Vatican Observatory From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 The Vatican Palace, as a Scientific Institute From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Persons A Abbadie, Antoine Thompson d' (1810-1897) Short biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Ammen, Daniel (1820-1898) Short biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Anderson, Henry James (1799-1875) Short biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Assemani, Simeon (1752-1821) Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Audiffredi [Audifreddi ?], Giovanni Battista [Giombattista] [

96. Library - Online Library Alps and the Pyrenees and eventually arrived in the newly reconquered Spanishtown of Toledo. There gerard of cremona was given the position of http://www.nu.ac.za/ccs/default.asp?3,28,10,1393

97. Encyclopedia: Ptolemy gerard of cremona (Gherardo) (Cremona, Lombardy, c. gerard of cremonaedited for Latin readers the Tables of Toledo, the most accurate compilation http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Ptolemy

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Ptolemy" also viewed: Claudius Ptolemaeus Ptolemy world map Egyptian Ptolemies Ptolemy (disambiguation) ... Ptolemy XIII What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Alfa Romeo Spider Alfa Romeo 166 Alexander III (emperor) Alejandro Sanz ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Ptolemy Updated 5 days 20 hours 31 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemaeus, given contemporary German styling, in a 16th century engraved book frontispiece (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... In architecture, a frontispiece constitutes the elements that frame and decorate the main, or front, door to a building; especially when the main entrance is the chief face of the building, rather than being kept behind columns or a portico. ... Claudius Ptolemaeus Greek : Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος; ca.

98. HM 65 in the translation of gerard of cremona, first printed in Venice by Petrus due to error in gerard of cremona’s translation (Peters and Knobel, 14), http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/Scriptorium/hehweb/HM65.html

Guide To Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Huntington Library Previous: HM 64 Table of Contents Search Next: HM 78 HM 65 View all images for this manuscript PTOLEMY ALMAGEST Southern France, 1279 Incipit distinctio capitulorum primi libri Capitulum primum Explicit almagesti. Ptolemy, Syntaxis Mathematica or Almagest , in the translation of Gerard of Cremona, first printed in Venice by Petrus Liechtenstein, 1515. See AL 379; F. Carmody, Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Translation (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1956) 15; P. Kunitzsch, (Wiesbaden 1974), this manuscript cited pp. 91, 384. Frequent marginalia in a contemporary hand, possibly that of the scribe; occasional fifteenth century marginalia which may be in the hand of Pier Leoni (e.g. ff. 20, 24, 40, 52v). (through f. 218) 19 (-11 after f. 240, with no loss of text) 21-22 (-7, 8). Quires signed in arabic numerals on last verso bottom center and occasionally on the first recto. 34 long lines, ruled in fine lead with wide lower margins. Text written in a small round littera textualis in brown to black ink, often flaking; tables in a spiky book hand (English?), but contemporary to the origin of the book. HM 1035 Secundo folio: capitulum 8 m de eo Bibliography: De Ricci Aspects of Medieval England , n. 42 open at f. 235.

99. Gherard Gherard of cremona s name is often written as gerard or sometimes Gerhard.After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Gherard of Cremona 's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and that he decided that he would try to make the riches of Arabic science available to European scholars through Latin translations of the major works in Arabic. For this reason Gherard went to Toledo in Spain where his intention was to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. He remained there for most of the rest of his life and although he does not appear to have gathered a school around him, he certainly appears to have had quite a lot of assistance. He may have employed helpers who assisted him in the copying and checking of manuscripts and other chores associated with the great translation industry that he started. In all over a period of forty years, Gherard translated around eighty works from Arabic to Latin. The complete list of works which he translated is given in [1]. Some of these translations were of Arabic works while others were of Greek works which had been translated into Arabic. Often however, the works were a mixture in the sense that they were Arabic commentaries on Greek works.

100. Orient i poc després, gerard de cremona va realitzar una segona versió, que forentaduides per gerard de cremona i que esdevingueren un punt de referencia http://www.upf.edu/materials/fhuma/revolucio/principal/orient.htm

El naixement de la ciència árab Característiques de la ciència àrab La doctrina de les conjuncions La tasca de traducció ... Les ciències de la naturalesa i la técnica L´evolució de la cultura científica europea al llarg dels segles precedents a la revolució copernicana está intimament lligada a les característiques de la ciència àrab, només perquè algunes idees científiques d´Orient van ser assimilades per la cultura europea sinó també per la tasca de traducció, gràcies a la qual ens han arribat molts dels coneixements de l´antiguitat. El naixement de la ciència árab L´únic text a partir del qual podem treure inform ació sobre Característiques de la ciència àrab La doctrina de les conjuncions Una de les característiques més destacades de l´astronomia -astrologia medieval fou la teoria que feia dependre els esdeveniments històrics dels moviments dels astres. Es creu que aquesta teoria va entrar al món occidental a través de la tradició llatina de Kitab alquiranat, d´Albumsar, (m.888) realitzada per Juan de Sevilla (fl. 1135-1153) sota el títol de magnis conjuntionibus et aunorum revolutionibus. Les teories defensades ("Es creia que els canvis depenien de les conjuncions cronocràtors (Saturn i Jupiter) i, en segon lloc, de Mart", i que "cap imperi o estat és etern") van tenir una trascendència decisiva ala cultura àrab:van ser molt aceptades entre els enemics dels abbassíes, (els xiïs), i també la van adoptar els cristians peninsulars; ja que aquesta teoria els donava esperances que algun dia triomfarien sobre l´islam, i així fou com a partir d´ella es van començar a fer tot un seguit de profecies.

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