61. The Influence Of Ibn Sina And Razi Some time between 1170 and his death in 1187 gerard of cremona, the greatest ofthe Toledo translators, made the first translation into Latin of the Canon http://www.iranian.com/Feb97/History/Avicenna/Avicenna.shtml

From "A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate" by Cyril Elgood (Cambridge University Press, London, 1952). Elgood, who was "Physician to H.B.M. Legation, Tehran, ,Perssia" points out in his introduction that he has used the terms Arabic and Persian medicine indiscriminately in writing about the Islamic period. (Page V) No other country in Europe, Asia or Africa seems to inspire writers as does Iran. Light works of travel and heavy books on more or less obscure subjects are printed and published by the score. Yet no complete history of medicine in Iran, that part of the Middle East formerly called Persia, has up until now been attempted. It is strange, for Persia has played as important a part in the world's history of medicine as have Persian poetry and Persian miniatures in the world's history of literature and art. Of the three, I think medicine has played the greatest part. This subject has not, of course, been entirely neglected. Nevertheless, more remains, as Professor Browne pointed out many years ago, to be accomplished in this branch of oriental studies than in any other of equal importance. A few Arabists have dealt with some of the Persian physicians who wrote in Arabic. These are, it is true, the greatest of the Persian School of Medicine.

62. 12. The Three Orders Of Medicines 11 We do not know whether gerard of cremona.in the 12th century translated thewhole work or not.12 But the chapters that exist in Latin are less than http://www.gabarin.com/ayh/Summa/summa12.htm

History of Science and Technology in Islam 12. The Three Orders of Medicines The Arabic Origin of Summa perfectionis magisterii And the Other Geber Latin Works Ahmad Y. al-Hassan XII The Three Orders of Medicines Comparing Summa ’s Latin Text with the Book of Seventy’ s Arabic Text The Sources of Summa and the Book of Seventy Among the five works attributed to Geber the Summa was the masterpiece that was targeted since the end of the nineteenth century by a generation of historians of science with fixed ideas trying to give credibility to a speculation that the Summa and the other Geber works were written by a Latin author and not by Jabir ibn Hayyan. Newman was the last of such a hierarchy. He ventured into the unusual undertaking of contriving a complicated maze of speculations to prove that a certain previously unknown Latin writer was the author of the Summa He could not avoid, however, the fact that the Summa contains important elements from the Book of Seventy of Jabir. He mentioned three cases of similarities in style between the Summa and the Book of Seventy and one case of a technical nature. These are some of his statements

63. Potassium Nitrate In Arabic And Latin Sources gerard of cremona (11141187) translated the Book of Seventy into Latin.The corresponding Latin text to the Arabic one reads in part “Deinde tere ipsum http://www.gabarin.com/ayh/Articles/articles 2.htm

History of Science and Technology in Islam Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources Ahmad Y. al-Hassan This paper discusses the various names that were given to potassium nitrate in Arabic, and the equivalent words that were used in Latin. In investigating this subject the following question was posed: what were the names of potassium nitrate in Arabic before the word barud became common? Because the term barud was applied in Arabic to potassium nitrate in the thirteenth century, some historians of science and technology assumed that familiarity with potassium nitrate in Arabic chemistry and alchemy dates from the thirteenth century only. For a listing of some of the major Arabic word in this article, click here Potassium nitrate is a resource that was always available in natural deposits. Its existence could not have passed unnoticed as in the case of other materials found in nature. It should have been utilized to meet the various needs of societies across history. Hence, its applications as a viable substance, as a medicine, as a raw material for industry or in warfare in some form or another, were readily discernable. The difficulty arose in labelling this and other compounds long before the establishment of the science of chemistry. For example, in the Arabic language, minerals found in nature, including potassium nitrate, were collectively designated under nebulous and all encompassing categories such as salts, boraces, alums or stones, among other misnomers. The difficulty is compounded when different authors classify a certain material under different categories; hence the same material shows up with different labels. Furthermore, treatises that were derived from different sources used to label identical materials differently in the same collated work.

64. History Of Medieval Philosophy 226 three books of the Meteors and the De Vegetalibus) and gerard of cremona. translated by Johannes Hispanus or gerard of cremona between 1167 and 1187 http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/homp226.htm

JMC History of Medieval Philosophy / by Maurice De Wulf Chapter II. The Philosophical Renaissance of the Thirteenth Century. THE sudden and widespread outburst of philosophical speculation which lights up the opening years of the thirteenth century, is traceable to three main causes: (1) the introduction of the Western intellectual world to a rich and hitherto unknown philosophical literature; (2) the creation of the Universities, especially of Paris and Oxford; (3) the rise of the mendicant orders in the church. To those extrinsic causes we may add an internal factor: the vital force developed in philosophical speculation by the preparatory labours of the preceding period (195). 226. History and Chronology of the New Latin Translations. For the second, or even the third time, the West discovered a portion of the philosophical treasures of ancient Greece. At the same time it came into contact with the genius and the works of a strange race. All these treasures reached the Western philosophers in Latin translations. These we may divide into three groups: I. Translations of Greek Works.

65. A History Of Western Philosophy 2.15 Some of alKindi s works were translated into Latin by gerard of cremona, and,until recently, he was known only through these Latin translations. http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/hwp215.htm

Jacques Maritain Center A History of Western Philosophy Vol. II / by Ralph McInerny The Thirteenth Century Chapter I The Background In the present chapter we want to look at the thirteenth century both as the telos toward which earlier efforts in the philosophy of the Christian West tended and as something surprising, unforeseeable, and quite sui generis . The first viewpoint is valuable in discussing the rise of the universities, which can be regarded as evolving out of previous modes of instruction; the second seems called for when we consider the impact on the West of Islamic philosophy, which was the vehicle whereby the integral Aristotle first came into view. Islamic philosophy and its influence on the West force us to see the need for both of the viewpoints we have mentioned. On the one hand, the Arabian Aristotelians represent a threat to the Augustinian tradition which was dominant in theology and, on the other hand, their Aristotelianism must be viewed with relation to the Aristotle already known and influential in the West. Furthermore, the Neoplatonism of the Islamic phi losophers provides a common note with that operative in Augustine and Boethius, and yet because Islamic philosophy brings with it closer contact with Neoplatonic sources, there is an element of strangeness and difference. In short, Islamic philosophy and its influence on the West demand that we see the ambiguity of the thirteenth century with respect to what had gone before. There is both continuity and disruption, a modification of an ongoing effort and quite fundamental changes in the conception of the nature of that effort. Finally, we will make some general remarks about the sources of the philosophizing of the thirteenth century.

66. Museo Della Specola, Bologna - Storia Cap. 4 by gerard of cremona (11141187) in the second half of the XIIth century. in the translation of gerard of cremona (20), cited by the same Dante in http://boas3.bo.astro.it/dip/Museum/english/sto1_04.html

4 - The origins of the teaching of Astronomy. We do not know when exactly Astronomy was first taught at the University of Bologna but, at about the same time as teacher Moneta was making his comments on Aristotle, we find in Bologna the person who would become the most famous astrologer of his time: Guido Bonatti (beginning XIII cen.- c.1296). We do in fact know that in 1233 he was engaged in a public debate in Bologna with friar Giovanni Schio da Vicenza (?-1260), a vigorous opponent of astrology Guido Bonatti left us an astrological compilation, entitled Decem continens tractatus astronomiae , which survives in a large number of codices and which was printed three times: in 1491, in 1506 and in 1550. The book was written shortly after 1277 when the author, who died in 1296 or 1297, was already advanced in age; one may assume therefore that it reflected more the knowledge of astronomy in Italy in the first half of the XIIIth century than in the times when the old author drafted the text that has come down to us. In Bonatti’s treatise the section devoted to mathematical astronomy is rather short. He lays out basic ideas regarding the equator, the ecliptic, the altazimuth coordinates, Ptolemy’s system of deferents and epicycles and illustrates how these can explain the phenomena of station and retrogradation of the planets. Bonatti ends the section: "

67. Saudi Aramco World : Science: The Bodleian Remembers His only rival was gerard of cremona, the greatest translator of the Toledo school.When he died, his pupils drew up a list of 71 of his translations and http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198203/science-the.bodleian.remembers.htm

May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 Science The Bodleian Remembers Written by Charis Waddy Illustrations courtesy of Bodleian Library In 1981, to mark the opening of the 15th Islamic century, Oxford University's Bodleian Library scanned its collection of Arabic manuscripts - one of the world's largest - and mounted a display of 50 choice works to tell one of the great stories in the history of ideas: the flowering of philosophy and science in the medieval Muslim world and the transmission of that tradition - the doctrina Arabum, the teachings of the Arabs - to Europe. With the influence of Islam again spreading and growing, and its intellectual traditions being revived, 1981 - which is 1401 on the Muslim calendar - was an especially appropriate year to open the Bodleian display. As Colin Wakefield, curator of the collection and organizer of the exhibit, said at the opening, "... the exhibition... by focusing attention on the debt of medieval Europe to the scholars of the Muslim world, may shed an interesting sidelight on the long and turbulent history of relations between Islam and the West." To display its Arabic treasures, Bodleian experts chose Oxford's Divinity School, built 500 years ago for the teaching of theology, then "queen of sciences." A splendid example of craftsmanship in the final flowering of the Gothic age, the Divinity School and the library above it - built by Duke Humfrey of Gloucester, brother to King Henry V- were a part of the outburst of building that occurred after the years of conflict with France and the civil strife known as the Wars of the Roses; this period produced the perpendicular Gothic unique to England and such structures as the new "College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed," a war memorial to those killed in the Hundred Years War, and, not far away, the Bell Tower of Magdalen College.

68. Saudi Aramco World : Science:The Islamic Legacy: Science In The Golden Age which was translated in the 12th century by gerard of cremona under the title by the indefatigable gerard of cremona, a worthy successor to Thabit. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198203/science.the.islamic.legacy-science.

May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 Science:The Islamic Legacy Science in the Golden Age Written by Paul Lunde Illustrated by Michael Grimsdale Additional illustrations courtesy of Bodleian Library Towards the end of the 10th century, Ibn al-Nadim, son of a Baghdad , bookseller and boon companion of Abbasid caliphs, compiled an annotated bibliography of books that had passed through his hands during the course of his long and active life. The sheer number of books that he lists, to say nothing of the range of their subject matter, is astonishing: Aristotle appears beside Sindbad the Sailor, Euclid beside the stories of Goha, Plato beside the poems of'Antar ibn Shad-dad. The most striking feature of Ibn al-Nadim's catalog, however, is the number of books dealing with science. In a chapter entitled The Reason Why Books on Philosophy and Other Ancient Sciences Became Plentiful in This Country, Ibn al-Nadim relates a strange story of how Aristotle appeared in a dream to the Caliph al-Ma'mun and assured him that there was no conflict between reason and revelation. Thus reassured, al-Ma'mun set about obtaining the works of the Greek philosophers, the first step toward founding the famous House of Wisdom, a center for the translation of Greek scientific works into Arabic. Ibn al-Nadim told the story this way: This dream was one of the most definite reasons for the output of books. Between al-Ma'mun and the Byzantine emperor there was correspondence ... so al-Ma'mun wrote to the Byzantine emperor asking his permission to obtain a selection of old scientific manuscripts, stored and treasured in the country of the Byzantines. After first refusing, he finally complied, and al-Ma'mun sent forth a number of scholars, among them al-Hajjaj ibn Matar, Ibn al-Batrik, Salman, the director of the House of Wisdom and many others. They selected books from those they found and brought them back to al-Ma'mun, who ordered them to prepare translations of them.

69. Books And Articles Referred To In The Note By Menso Folkerts commonly ascribed to gerard of cremona (Leiden New Rhine Publishers, 1983) . die den Elementen von Euklid, übersetzt von Gerard von Cremona, http://www.math.ubc.ca/people/faculty/cass/Euclid/folkerts/refs.html

Books and articles referred to in the note by Menso Folkerts A. Allard al-Khwarizmi R. O. Besthorn et al., Codex Leidensis 399,1. Euclidis Elementa ex interpretatione al-Hadschdschadschii cum commentariis al-Narizii (Copenhagen, 1893-1932). B. Bischoff , in: Mittelalterliche Studien , Bd.3 (Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1981). Sonja Brentjes al-Haggag b. Yusuf b. Matar (zwischen 786 und 833), in: Archive for History of Exact Sciences XLVII (1994) 53-92. Sonja Brentjes , The Relevance of Non-Primary Sources for the Recovery of the Primary Transmission of Euclid's Elements into Arabic, in: Tradition, Transmission, Transformation. Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma. Edited by F. J. Ragep and S. R. Ragep with St. Livesey. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996, pp.201-225. Sonja Brentjes , Additions to Book I in the Arabic Traditions of Euclid's Elements , in XV, no. 1-2, New Series (1997/98) 55-117. H. L. L. Busard , Some Early Adaptations of Euclid's Elements and the Use of its Latin Translations, in: , ed. M. Folkerts and U. Lindgren (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1985), pp.129-164, esp. p.136.

70. Web Version gerard of cremona pr. Beitra;ge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters,2.5 (1897) 1227; Carmody 83-4) e. tractatus de operibus et occultis http://duke.usask.ca/~frk302/MSS/sbh.htm

Manuscripts of the Sworn Book of Honorius Shelf Mark Author(s) 1 Title(s) 1 Date Language(s) Size/Material Foliation Collation Written Space Script Binding Contents History Bibliography Origin First Word 2nd Fol MSS/Print London, British Library, Royal 17. A. XLII Honorius. Liber Sacratus/Juratus (Liber sacer) s. xvi (Mathiesen) English and Latin Vellum. ff. 82. 7.5*5.5 in. Pages 140*185mm. 2 of q 20 unfoliated. s. xv. Pen drawings of angels and spirits and marginal floral ornament, usually coloured, sometimes in gold; chapter headings in red, blue or green. Modern binding. f. 1 "R.T." in modern hand between what looks to be thistle, rose and oak. "The SWORNE BOOKE" of "Honoryus" (se f. 4 b, ll.3, 6): a translation of a book of magic, entitled (see Sloane MS. 3854, f. 138b) "Liber de vita anime racionalis, qui liber sacer uel liber angelorum vel liber iuatus nuncupatur, fquem fecit Honorius magister Thebarum," purporting to be compiled by Horoius filius Euclidis as the result of a conference of 89 magistri from Naples, Athens, and Toledo, convened by the authority of the Pope and cardinals (cf. also Sloane MSS 313, f. 1, 3885, f. 58). Beg. "When wycked sprites ware gathered together." On f. 82 is a charm, in a 16th cent. hand, on the workd "Caledant" against ague.

71. Arab Medical Schools Kitab alAsrar was first translated into Latin by gerard of cremona (d. This book was translated by gerard of cremona into Latin and published in Europe http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam06.html

Arab Medical Schools during the 12th and 13th centuries Edited by Prof. Maher Abd Al Kader M. Ali, Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts, Alexandria University, Egypt These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead Professor of Chemistry at Faculty of Science-University of Cairo Giza-Egypt and director of Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/shc/index.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy Back to reference library -I- The status of Medicine in the Islamic World The Scientific movement in the early Islamic centuries has various aspects. One of them is the contribution of the early Arab Scientists, which took different forms, their role in scientific progress, the theories they have provided us with, and their methods and influence on the western world which started, as a result, viewing science in a new light during the middle ages. In fact it is not easy to divide the whole unity of science, and claim that this science belongs completely to the Greeks or the Arabs or the West. It is not possible to divide science because it does not belong to one nation, nor to one race. It is the result of co-operation, and communication, among scientists and many other factors. This paper considers the case of medicine in the Arab Islamic World and investigates its nature and schools. To understand the nature of Arab medical schools in the Arabic Islamic World, we have to deal with the status of medicine before the 12th century; the Bimaristans: their system and different purposes; medical educational assemblies: their role in configurating physicians' minds and the method that was followed and then conclude with the results. It is worth noticing that examples have been provided.

72. The Veriginelli-Rota Collection Of Alchemical Books And Manuscripts gerard of cremona. Geomanzia Astronomica. Italian translation of the Geomancie gerard of cremona. La geomanzia e nomanzia cabalistica degli antichi http://www.levity.com/alchemy/vergrota.html

The Veriginelli-Rota Collection of alchemical books and manuscripts Back to Libraries page This collection was lovingly gathered by Vinci Verginelli and Nino Rota (more known as being the famous composer of the sound tracks of Federico Fellini's movies than for their alchemical interests), spending many years (and money too!) in their quest until the collection arose to a "corpus" of nearly 400 volumes of ancient hermetic books from the 16th to the 18th century, nearly 60 ancient hermetic manuscripts from the 15th to the19th century (many of them illuminated) and nearly 2,000 modern hermetic books from the 19th and 20th centuries. Before the donation of the ancient part of the collection to the Library of the "Lincei" National Academy (Roma, Via della Lungara, Palazzo Corsini), Mr. Verginelli compiled a complete annotated catalogue , that in 1986 was printed in 1,000 numbered isses by Nardini, Florence. In fact, this catalogue provides more than the description of a rare collection, for the main interest of the catalogue lies in the erudite and passionate commentary Vinci Verginelli gave upon each item of the catalogue. VERGINELLI, Vinci

73. PTHOLOME The first translator from Arabic into Latin was gerard of cremona, who completedthe work at Toledo in 1175. An earlier translation from Greek into Latin http://www.columbia.edu/dlc/garland/deweever/PQ/ptholome.htm

Main Menu List of entries finished PTHOLOME, PTHOLOMEE, THOLOME. Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), fl. A.D. 139-161, invented the science of trigonometry and improved the method of fixing geographical positions by referring to their latitudes and longitudes. His most famous work, Mathematica syntaxis , or The System of Mathematics , a work in thirteen books written c. A.D. 151 and known as Almageste , a title derived from the Arabic name, al-Kitab-al-Midjisti (The Greatest Book), is a manual of the entire astronomy of the time, including the work of his predecessors, particularly Hipparchus, which has been lost. Ptolemy deals mainly with the stars, the sun, the moon, and the planets, and omits the comets, which he does not consider part of astronomy. He is also the first to portray the heavens as a geometrically conceived universe. Mathematica syntaxis was first translated from Greek into Arabic in 827, in the reign of the Abassid Caliph Ma'mum (813-833), but the translator is unknown. The first translator from Arabic into Latin was Gerard of Cremona, who completed the work at Toledo in 1175. An earlier translation from Greek into Latin was done in Sicily about 1160, also by an anonymous translator, but only Gerard's work passed into general circulation. Ptolemy's other works were also translated. The Latin rendering of Centiloquium , an abridgement of Quadripartitum (a short title meaning "The Four Books") done in 1136, is generally assigned to John of Seville. Plato of Tivoli translated

74. ARSECHIELE(S) These tables were translated into Latin by gerard of cremona during the twelfth gerard of cremona. Arsechieles is the ME genitive case of Arsechiele, http://www.columbia.edu/dlc/garland/deweever/A/arsechie.htm

Main Menu List of entries finished ARSECHIELE(S). Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn-Yahya al-Naqqash, better known as ibn al-Zarqala or al-Zarqali, and whose Latin name was Arzachel, flourished at Cordova, c. 1029-1089. He was the best observer of the heavens in his time. His observations are dated 1061 and 1080. He invented an improved astrolabe called Safiha flatus or saphaea Arzachelis , the flat sphere or Arzachel's sphere, and his description of it was translated into Latin, Hebrew, and many vernaculars. He was the first to calculate explicitly the motion of the solar apogee, the point most distant from the earth, with reference to the stars. He also edited the so-called Toledan Tables , planetary tables based on observations made at Toledo and published by him and other Muslim and Jewish astronomers. These tables were translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona during the twelfth century and enjoyed much popularity, but they were rendered obsolete by the Alfonsine Tables, made for Alfonso the Wise of Castile and Leon in 1272. One of the moon's craters is named Arzarchel.

75. Loq-Man Translations were gerard of cremona (1117 1187) and John of Seville. He was born in1114 in Cremona, Italy. He went to Toledo, Spain to learn Arabic so he could http://www.loqmantranslations.com/ArabicFacts/Europeans.html

EUROPEAN TRANSLATORS Home Sitemap Company About us Services Translation Software Localization ... Consulting Translators Forum Translator's Form Translator's Help Contact Us As early as eleventh century Toledo became a center for the transmission of Arabic (Islamic) culture and science to Europe. A number of translators flourished there. Among the scholars, who flocked to it from all over Europe, were Gerard of Cremona (1117- 1187) and John of Seville. Other famous translators were Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Michael Scot, Stephenson of Saragossa, William of Lunis and Philip of Tripoli. The early translations were primarily into Latin and some into Hebrew. Subsequent translations were done from Latin or Hebrew into vernacular languages of Europe.Many translators at Toledo had neither command over the Arabic language nor sufficient knowledge of the subject matter. They translated word for word and, where they failed to understand, Latinized the Arabic words. Under the supervision of Archdeacon Domenico Gundisalvi, and with the cooperation of the Hebrew Johannes ben David, the school of the Archbishop of Toledo rendered into Latin a large number of Arabic works on science and philosophy. Gerard, who reminded Hunayn ibn Ishaq of Toledo, translated into Latin more than seventy Arabic books on different subjects. He was born in 1114 in Cremona, Italy. He went to Toledo, Spain to learn Arabic so he could translate available Arabic works into Latin. Gerard remained there for the rest of his life and died in 1187 in Toledo, Spain (Andalusia). Gerard's name is sometimes written as Gherard. Among his translations were the

76. Translators Of Scientific Knowledge In The Middle Ages were gerard of cremona (1117 1187) and John of Seville. Gerard, whoreminded Hunayn ibn Ishaq of Toledo, translated into Latin more than seventy http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl3.html

TRANSLATORS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE MIDDLE AGES Dr. A. Zahoor Full Article in the E-Book Books and E-Books On Muslim History and Civilization By the tenth century, the intellectual superiority of the Arabs (Muslims) was recognized in Europe. The first Christian to take up the torch of learning was ... Spain (Andalusia) . Gerard's name is sometimes written as Gherard. Among his translations were the surgical part of Al-Tasrif of Al-zahravi (Albucasis), the Kitab al-Mansuri of AL-Razi (Rhazes) and the Qanun of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Banu Musa's works, Al-Biruni's commentry on Al-Khawarizmi (after whom concept "Algorithm" is named), the tables of Jabir b. Aflah and Zarqali. John of Seville under the patronage of Raymond translated several works of Avicenna, Qusta Ibn Luqa and Al-Faraghni. More in the E-Book The E-book article contains references to Gundisalvi, Michael Scotus, Robert of Chester, Hermanus Allemanus (Teutonicus), Adelard of Bath, King Henry II, Sicily and Spain, two “baptized Sultans” of Sicily, Roger II and Frederick II, Hohenstaufen, Mirabilis, Constantine, Toledo, Narbonne, Naples, Balogna and Paris. References: George Sarton, "Introduction to the History of Science, Vol. I-III," Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1927-31, also 1950.

77. ONE BOOK, 1393 YEARS - A History Of The Almagest A better translation was made from Arabic to Latin by gerard of cremona (111487) in gerard of cremona himself is said to have translated over 70 books. http://www.star-names.freeserve.co.uk/almagest.html

ONE BOOK, 1393 YEARS - A history of the Almagest 1.1 Introduction One book dominated astronomy for nearly one-thousand four-hundred years. This was the Almagest of Claudius Ptolemy. Why was just one book so influential and so dominant that it took so long to be surpassed? 1.2 Ptolemy Ptolemy lived in Egypt in the period when it was part of the Roman Empire. We know very little about him personally and the dates of his life (AD.100 to 178) are only approximate. He worked in the city of Alexandria. Alexandria is located on the northern (Mediterranean) coast of Egypt. It was a city renowned for learning and had a famous library and museum. Possibly, Ptolemy himself worked in one or other of these institutions. Ptolemy wrote in Greek, which was the scientific and philosophical language of his day. He is famous for writing many books on scientific subjects. These are: "Mathematical Syntaxis" (The Almagest) Astronomy "On the Apprations of the Fixed Stars and a Collection of Prognostics" Astronomy

78. Greek Mathematics And Its Modern Heirs (cont.) In Latin, Translated by gerard of cremona, Thirteenth century. The most importantmedieval Latin translation of the Almagest, which is found in many http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/d-mathematics/Greek_math2.ht

Greek Mathematics and its Modern Heirs (Cont.) Classical Roots of the Scientific Revolution Astronomical-Mathematical Collection In Greek, Tenth century This is the oldest and best manuscript of a collection of early Greek astronomical works, mostly elementary, by Autolycus, Euclid, Aristarchus, Hypsicles, and Theodosius, as well as mathematical works. The most interesting, really curious, of these is Aristarchus's "On the Distances and Sizes of the Sun and Moon," in which he shows that the sun is between 18 and 20 times the distance of the moon. Shown here is Proposition 13, with many scholia, concerned with the ratio to the diameters of the moon and sun of the line subtending the arc dividing the light and dark portions of the moon in a lunar eclipse. Vat. gr. 204 fol. 116 recto math06 NS.02 Apollonius, Conics In Greek, 1536 Apollonius's "Conics," written about 200 B.C., on conic sections, the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola, is the most complex and difficult single work of all Greek mathematics and was all but unknown in the west until the fifteenth century. This magnificent copy, probably the most elegant of all Greek mathematical manuscripts, was made in 1536 for Pope Paul III. The pages on display show the particularly elaborate figures illustrating Propositions 2-4 of Book III on the equality of areas of triangles and quadrilaterals formed by tangents and diameters of conics, and by tangents and lines parallel to the tangents.

79. Math Forum Discussions I see that gerard of cremona made the first translation So gerard of cremonawould have known the Arabic numerals. Did he then use http://mathforum.org/kb/message.jspa?messageID=766356&tstart=0

80. AMSE. International : About Us which survived are in Latin having been translated by gerard of cremona. were gerard of cremona, Adelard of Bath, Roger Bacon and Robert Chester. http://www.amse.net/Discoveries_Scienceand MuslimScientists.html

Home About AMSE Muslim Scientists Speakers Bureau ... Useful Links Science and Muslim Scientists Sciences What is Science? Experimental Method Chemistry ... Transmission to the West Sciences UP What is Science? UP Experimental Method Observation and experiment are the two sources of scientific knowledge. Aristotle was the father of the Greek sciences, and has made a lasting contribution to physics, astronomy, biology, meteorology and other sciences. The Greek method of acquiring scientific knowledge was mainly speculative, hence science as such could make little headway during the time of the Greeks. Oxford School Europe UP Chemistry Jabir was recognized as the master by the later chemists including al-Tughrai and Abu al-Qasim al-Iraqi who flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries respectively. These Muslim chemists made little improvement on the methods of Jabir. They confined themselves to the quest of the legendary elixir which they could never find. The mineral substances were also classified by Al-Jabiz. Abu Mansur Muwaffaq has contributed to the method of the preparation and properties of mineral substances. Abul Qasim who was a renowned chemist prepared drugs by sublimation and distillation. High class sugar and glass were manufactured in Islamic countries. The Arabs were also expert in the manufacture of ink, lacquers, solders, cements and imitation pearls.

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