21. History Of Astronomy: What's New At This Site On October 3, 1999 gellibrand, henry (15971636). Short biography and references (in German).Gilbert Gilberd, William (1544-1603). Short biography and references (in German http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/new/new991003.html

History of Astronomy What's new History of Astronomy: What's new at this site on October 3, 1999 Some URLs have been updated. Welcome / About Site map (complete Table of Contents) updated Acknowledgements updated History of astronomy Persons A Abbon de Fleury [Abbo of Fleury; Albo; Albon Floriacensis] (c. 945-1004) Very short biography Ames, Nathaniel (1708-1764) Very short biography and reference Anderson, Carl David (1905-1991) Very short biography Asada Goryu (1734-1799) Very short biography B Bailly, Jean Sylvain (1736-1793) Very short biography Banu Musa, Muhammad / Ahmad / al-Hasan (fl. 9th c.) Very short biography Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter (1809-1889) Short biography and references Belopolskij [Belopolsky], Aristarkh Apollonovich [Aristarch Apollonowitsch] (1859-1934) Very short biography Bhabha, Homi Jehangir (1909-1966) Very short biography Bode, Johann Elert (1747-1826) Very short biography Bode's law Bond, George Phillips (1825-1865) Short biography and reference Bond, William Cranch (1789-1859)

22. History Of Astronomy: Persons (G) gellibrand, henry (15971636). Biographical data and references Short biographyand references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography and references (in http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_g.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (G) Deutsche Fassung Gabir ben Aflah: see Jabir ibn Aflah Gabor, Dennis (1900-1979) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 Including an autobiography. Very short biographical data and links Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich (1934-1968) Very short biography Gale, Walter Frederick (1865-1945) Short biographical data and archival sources Galilei, Galileo Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812-1910) Very short biography Very short biography Very short biography Galois, Evariste (1811-1832) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Crater Galois (lunar feature) Links to WWW sources Gamow, George (1904-1968) Short biography and references Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Very short biography Ganesa (1507-after 1564) Very short biography Gaposchkin, Cecilia Payne: see Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1900-1979) Gascoigne, Sidney Charles (b. 1915) Short biographical data Short biography Gascoigne, William (1621-1644) Biographical data and references Gassendi [Gassend; Gassendy], Pierre (1592-1655)

23. Millennium Of Geomagnetism In 1634 henry gellibrand (15971636) showed Malin and Bullard, 1981 that themagnetic declination observed near London had undergone a systematic shift. http://www.phy6.org/earthmag/mill_3.htm

A Millennium of Geomagnetism 3. Halley, Coulomb, Oersted and Ampere Reviews of Geophysics, (3), p.1-1 to 1-30, Sept 2002 David P. Stern, Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 Table of Contents Clicking on any marked section on the list below brings up a file containing it and all unmarked sections immediately following it on the list. This list is repeated at the beginning of each file. Introduction Early discoveries William Gilbert Halley Coulomb Oersted and Ampere The Lodestone Gauss and Humboldt Explorations and Surveys Faraday's Lines of Force (field lines) Faraday's Disk Dynamo Sunspots The Dynamo Process on the Sun The Earth's Dynamo Dipole Reversals and Plate Tectonics Magnetic Storms and Ring Currents The Magnetosphere Magnetic Reconnection Planetary Magnetospheres Assessment Chronology of Geomagnetism References: A-G References: H-P References: Q-Z Back to the index page 4. Halley Edmond Halley In 1601 Gilbert was appointed physician to Queen Elizabeth I, but he died not long afterwards, in 1603of the bubonic plague, endemic in London and probably a professional hazard to doctors. He was therefore no longer around when his prediction of "perpetual immutability" was demonstrated to be false, one generation later. In 1634 Henry Gellibrand (1597-1636) showed [Malin and Bullard, 1981]

24. Chronology Of Geomagnetism 1634 henry gellibrand discovers the secular variation of declination. 1683TheTurkisharmy reaches Vienna but is repelled; among the booty the victors http://www.phy6.org/earthmag/timelin.htm

Site Map Annotated Timeline Dates extend to 1999; those marked "c." are approximate. Dates in red are from the basic timeline of events related to "The Great Magnet, the Earth". Dates in black are from the history of society, science and technology, and are meant to provide a broader context for the dates of the basic list. For a timeline of the exploration of the distant magnetic environment of the Earth, Sun and Planets, see here 13000-11000 BC-Estimated arrival of humans in America (probably aided by clothing and fire, if they came via Alaska). 10000 BC-approximate end of last ice age. 3000 BCbeginning of the bronze age, named for the first useful metal alloy. 2700-2300 BC- Pyramids built in Egypt. First large states and cultures thrive in the river valleys of the Nile, Euphrates and Indus. Egyptians invent hieroglyph writing, use papyrus (crude paper). Euphrates cultures write on wet clay (afterwards dried), using marks from the end of a dowel. 1400 BC (approx)-Iron first produced by Hittites, in what is now Turkey. 1200 BC (approx)- Trojan war . "Iliad" and "Odyssey" probably written in the century that followed.

25. Biografia De Gellibrand, Henry Translate this page gellibrand, henry. (Londres, 1597- id., 1636) Astrónomo y matemático británico.Sus investigaciones en el campo de la astronomía le llevaron a descubrir que http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/g/gellibrand.htm

Inicio Buscador Las figuras clave de la historia Reportajes Los protagonistas de la actualidad Gellibrand, Henry (Londres, 1597- id. , 1636) Astrónomo y matemático británico. Sus investigaciones en el campo de la astronomía le llevaron a descubrir que la orientación del norte de la brújula cambia con el tiempo, lo que constituyó la primera indicación de la variación de los ángulos de inclinación y declinación del campo magnético terrestre. Inicio Buscador Recomendar sitio

26. Archives, Libraries, And Bibliography In The History Of Meteorology Prior To 190 gellibrand, henry. A discourse mathematical on the variation of the magneticallneedle. London 1635. Berlin, 1897. 22 p. 10. Rara magnetica 12691599. http://www.colby.edu/ichm/roypaper.htm

Archives, Libraries, and Bibliography in the History of Meteorology Prior to 1900 Roy E. Goodman Curator of Printed Materials American Philosophical Society Library Philadelphia, PA USA This essay is forthcoming in the Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of History of Science. Bibliographical tools and guides are important components for promoting research in the history of meteorology and related fields. The International Commission on the History of Meteorology ( http://www.colby.edu/ichm ), founded in 2001 in Mexico City, hopes to assist scholars by noting materials in printed, manuscript, cartographic and electronic formats, international in scope, and culled from disciplines as diverse as medicine, geography, agriculture, economics, literature, art, and the popular press on its website. The citations below are meant to be the initial effort at presenting these resources. Suggestions and additions are most welcomed, and can be sent to the ICHM website. Starting Points Meteorological Abstracts and Bibliography Web Resources in the History of Geophysics http://www.ciw.edu/library/hgc/hgc_web_resources.htm

27. Astronomy -Astrology - Cosmology - History - Primary Texts - Scientific Revoluti An epitome of navigation by gellibrand, henry, 15971636. London Printed by BMfor Rich. Mount , 1695 Bib Name / NumberWing / G476 http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/sr-research/e

Scientific Revolution; Information, Bibliography, Resources, Readings, Biography, Sources, Links T H E S C I E N T I F I C R E V O L U T I O N T H E R E S E A C H P A G E - R E S E A R C H R E S O U R C E S Early English Books Online Professor Robert A. Hatch - University of Florida EEBO Early English Books Online EEBO E arly E nglish B ooks O nline, or EEBO , represents one of the premier scholarly resources for scholars, teachers, and students interested in primary printed sources of the Early Modern period, including the Scientific Revolution (Copernicus to Newton). What follows is a detailed introduction and overview of some of the holdings of EEBO . For the convenience of the reader, the titles of available printed works have been arranged chronologically by topic. Some of the categories are, or will appear, anachronistic. These listings are nevertheless intended to provide a clearer idea of the precise holdings of EEBO and to guide and direct potential users of the site. Please note that

28. Scientific Revolution - Westfall - DSB - Catalogue - RSW-DSB-RAH Father Medical Practioner; henry gellibrand was a graduate of Oxford and for atime a fellow of All Souls. After 1602 he was a physician in Maidstone, http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-

Scientific Revolution - Westfall - DSB - Catalogue - RSW-DSB-RAH - Scientific Revolution - Dr Robert A. Hatch T H E S C I E N T I F I C R E V O L U T I O N WESTFALL CATALOGUE - SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY Dr Robert A. Hatch - University of Florida Search - Name - Word - Category - Concept - Secondary Source - Author Gagliardi, Domenico 1. Dates Born: Rome, c. 1660; Died: Datecode: 2. Father: No Information. No information on financial status. 3. Nationality : Birth: Italian; Career: Italy; Death: Italian 4. Education: University of Sapienza (Rome); M.D. This is not really known; it is the assumption of the authorities on Gagliardi. 5. Religion: Catholic. 6. Scientific Disciplines : Anatomy; Medicine; Mcr; His name is especially connected with anatomy, particularly the skeletal system, which he summarized in Anatomes ossium novis inventis illustrata (1689). The book contains the first description of a case of what was presumably tuberculosis of the bone. He carried out morphological and microscopic investigations on human bones, using chemical reagents in order to bring out the fine structure. In 1720 he did a close study of the pneumonia epidemic raging in Rome. His study was anatomicopathological in approach and based on carefully conducted autopsies. The study led to his Relazione de' male di petto , 1720. He also published other medical works.

29. Biography-center - Letter G gellibrand, henry wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/Mathematicians/gellibrand.html; Gemar, Char les D. www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/gemar.html http://www.biography-center.com/g.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish G 559 biographies G adgil, Ashok web.mit.edu/invent/www/inventorsA-H/gadgil.html G odward, John William www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a616-1.html G raf, Stephanie (Steffi) www.hickoksports.com/biograph/grafsteffi.shtml G roff, Charles Wister www.pa-roots.com/cgi-bin/data/lancasterbiographies.cgi?read=1705 www.pathfinder.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/godel.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~histo ry/Mathematicians/Godel.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gopel.html G.i., American www.pathfinder.com/time/time100/heroes/profi le/gi01.html Gabbiani, Beppe www.grandpr ix.com/gpe/drv-gabbep.html Gable, Daniel M. www.hickoksports.com/biograph/gabledan.shtml Gabor, Dennis

30. Entries gellibrand, henry (15971636), mathematician. GILBERT, William (1540-1603), authorof De Magnete GILDON, Charles. (1665-1724), deist. http://www.thoemmes.com/dictionaries/17entries.htm

Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers A B C D ... P Q R S T U ... W X Y Z REVISED LIST (September 1999) A ABERCROMBY, David (d 1701 or 1702). Scottish philosopher, precursor of Reid AIRAY, Christopher ALLEN, Thomas (1542-1632) , mathematician. ALLESTREE, Richard. 1619-1681, royalist divine. ASGILL, John (1659-1738), accused of blasphemy. ASTELL, Mary (1668-1731), feminist, Cartesian, critic of Locke. ASHMOLE, Elias (1717-1692) occultist, collector, founder of the Ashmolean. ATTERBURY, Francis (1662-1732). conservative theologian. ATWOOD, William (d c 1715) Whig politics. AUBREY, John. (1626-1697), biographer. top B BACON, Francis. (1561-1626), Novum Organum, Advancement of Learning, etc. BACON, Nathaniel. (1587-1657), conservative politics. BAILLIE, Robert (1599-1662) learned Scots Presbyterian. BAINBRIDGE, John (1582-1643), mathematician

31. BSHM: Gazetteer -- LONDON People D-G Sir Francis Galton; William Garnett; henry gellibrand; William Gilbert He, and his successor henry gellibrand (15971636), were buried in St. Peter le http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleD.html

The British Society for the History of Mathematics HOME About BSHM BSHM Council Join BSHM ... Search BSHM Gazetteer LONDON People D-G Main Gazetteer A B C D ... Z Written by David Singmaster (zingmast@sbu.ac.uk ). Links to relevant external websites are being added occasionally to this gazetteer but the BSHM has no control over the availability or contents of these links. Please inform the BSHM Webster (A.Mann@gre.ac.uk) of any broken links. [When the gazetteer was edited for serial publication in the BSHM Newsletter, references were omitted since the bibliography was too substantial to be included. Publication on the web permits references to be included for material now being added to the website, but they are still absent from material originally prepared for the Newsletter - TM, August 2002] Because of its size, the London section of the Gazetteer is divided into eight pages: the main index page scientific institutions and societies the British Museum, British Library and Science Museum other institutions and places ; and mathematical people: A - C , D - G (this page), H - M N - R and S - Z . Inevitably these categories are somewhat arbitrary so use of the index page and / or the Search facility is recommended.

32. Transits Of Venus: History only 1415 years old) acquired Lansberge’s works17 after noting the praiseof them in a treatise by “DH henry gellibrand, a Professor of Astronomy, http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/conference/history.html

History of Jeremiah Horrocks printable versions: pdf ps Extracted from course notes for Great Astronomers in History Distance Learning course, Centre for Astrophysics by Paul Marston ©University of Central Lancashire Jeremiah Horrox possessed one of the most original minds of the seventeenth century. A follower of Tycho, Horrox combined a gift for instrumentation with a theoretical genius that later won the acclaim of Hevelius and Flamsteed. His contributions to the lunar theory were the first significant advances on the subject since antiquity, and earned the praise of Newton himself in the pages of Principia. Allan Chapman th November 1639 Artist: J. W. Lavender 1903 Image provided by , Chorley G Opera Posthuma in 1673, says that he was in his twenty third year. However, Horrocks matriculated at the University of Cambridge on 5 July 1632, and for this he had to be fourteen according to the regulations. His birth was therefore between January and July 1618. The actual place of his birth and childhood is a subject of some dispute. Toxteth Park was a former deer park, and had two lodges when it was de-parked in 1591. By the first years of the 17th century some twenty houses and a couple of mills had been built, causing a contemporary reference to Toxteth as a “Hamlet without a chapel”.

33. 1634: Information From Answers.com English astronomer and mathematician henry gellibrand b. London, November 17,1597, d. London, February 16, 1636 discovers that magnetic north (the http://www.answers.com/topic/1634

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Arts Business Entertainment Games ... More... On this page: US Literature Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping In the year Earth science English astronomer and mathematician Henry Gellibrand [b. London, November 17, 1597, d. London, February 16, 1636] discovers that magnetic north (the direction to which a compass points) changes slowly. See also 1600 Earth science Mathematics Giles Personne de Roberval [b. Roberval, France, August 1, 1602, d. Paris, 1675] proves that the area under a curve described by the motion of a point on a circle as the circle is rolled along a line for one circumference is exactly three times the area of the circle. The curve described by the point is the famous cycloid. See also 1615 Mathematics American Literature Nonfiction William Wood (fl. 1629-1635) New Englands Prospect . This work by the Massachusetts poet and pamphleteer contains the first detailed map of the southern region of the New England colony of Massachusetts Bay. Descriptions of flora and fauna and the Indian tribes are interspersed with the author's verses. Wikipedia @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/common.css); @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/gnwp.css);

34. Street Names gellibrand is said to have prepared the treaty documents. Although it hasbeen stated that Pt. henry carries his name, close scrutiny of records shows http://www.zades.com.au/bellhs/qustreet.html

The Bellarine Historical Society Inc. on the Bellarine Peninsula, Victoria, Australia ABN : 32 278 055 160 Queenscliff : Street Names The following history of street names is reproduced from the Investigator with the kind permission of W. J. (Bill) Morrow and the Geelong Historical Society . Note : please remember that the Investigator began more than 30 years ago, therefore some names and buildings have since disappeared into history. It is pleasing to note that most of the streets in Queenscliff proper carry the names of either the officers of the Rattlesnake which surveyed Port Phillip Bay in 1837, or well known pioneers of the Port Phillip District as the following list shows in many instances. Bay Street This name is self explanatory and shows lack of imagination. Surely there are one or two Queenscliff pioneers who still deserve recognition! Beach Street Same comment as for Bay Street! Bethune Street This street probably commemorates the name of Walter Angus Bethune (1794-1885), a merchant and settler in Van Diemen's Land from 1821. He was also a breeder of high class merino sheep at the time Port Phillip was settled and they were in great demand among the new settlers on the mainland. Bridge Street Originally Fish Street, where the Government is said to have provided land to accredited fishermen at £1 per year (probably when the railway interfered with the original sites). No doubt pressure from the residents caused a change in name.

35. Point Henry Point henry History. have taken up his allotted land after his two companions,gellibrand and Hesse, went missing on an overland trek to Melbourne.2 http://www.zades.com.au/bellhs/phenry.html

The Bellarine Historical Society Inc. on the Bellarine Peninsula, Victoria, Australia ABN : 32 278 055 160 Street Names Timeline The History of Point Henry Point Henry in the 1990s Point Henry in the past Point Henry Arrivals Register Your Contribution ... Bibliography Point Henry in the 1990s Point Henry today is a far cry from that of the last century. Situated 5 kms from the City of Greater Geelong, on a peninsula jutting out into Corio Bay, it is now mainly recognised as the site of Alcoa Australia's aluminium manufacturing plant. A long pier from the mainland serves ships bringing in the raw materials from which the aluminium is made. The only sealed road is the Point Henry Road which leaves the Portarlington Road at Moolap and travels between an area of light industries to the right and the saltpans of the former Cheetham solar saltworks to the left. The former Point Henry Signal Station (top right) - taken from the low scrub and sandy beach area of Point Henry. [Photograph : Jenny Wright, Geelong] The saltpans and swampland area is now incorporated into a Wetlands project, a joint venture between Alcoa Australia and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The former signal station for the Geelong Harbour Trust is now used as the information centre for this project.

36. Pascal Triangle-History 1633 The lifetime work of henry Briggs entitled Trigonometria Britannica ispublished two years after his death by his friend henry gellibrand; http://milan.milanovic.org/math/english/fibo/fibo0.html

Fibonacci numbers and the Pascal Triangle Search WWW Search milan.milanovic.org Pascal Triangle - History There are some proofs that this number triangle was familiar to the Arab astronomer, poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam as early as the XI century. Most probably the number triangle came to Europe from China through Arabia. The Chinese representation of the binomial coefficients, often equally called Pascal`s Triangle being found in his work published for the first time after his death ( in 1665 ) and dealing with figurate numbers, is found for the first time on the title page of the European Arithmetic written by Appianus, in 1527. Blaise Pascal was not the first man in Europe to study the binomial coefficients, and never claimed to be such; indeed, both Blaise Pascal and his father Etienne had been in correspondence with Father Marin Mersenne, who published a book with a table of binomial coefficients in 1636. Many authors discussed the ideas with respect to expansions of binomials, answers to combinatorial problems and figurate numbers, numbers relating to figures such as triangles, squares, tetrahedra and pyramids. In 1407 an edition of Jordanus' de Arithmetica contains the following table.

37. Historical Astronomical Posts In Britain And Ireland henry gellibrand (15971637), 1627-1636. Samuel Foster (c.1600-1652), 1636-1636.Mungo Murray (1599-1670), 1636-1641. Samuel Foster (c.1600-1652), 1641-1652 http://brynjones.members.beeb.net/histastron/posts_gbi/posts_gbi.html

S OME H ISTORICAL A STRONOMICAL P OSTS IN B RITAIN AND I RELAND Bryn Jones Introduction This page lists the people who held various historic astronomical posts in Britain and Ireland. The emphasis is on state, observatory and university postions to the end of the nineteenth century , but the lists have been continued to the present date for the sake of completeness in some of these cases. As such, many important university positions created in the twentieth century are not included; for example the Perren chair at University College London or the Napier chair at St. Andrews. Positions in private observatories are not included. There are many instances of wealthy patrons establishing their own observatories and employing staff to perform observations. Posts associated with the Royal Greenwich Observatory The Royal Greenwich Observatory employed a very large number of people from its foundation in 1675 to its closure in 1998, firstly at Greenwich, later at Herstmonceux in Sussex, and then in the 1980s and 1990s at Cambridge. The most significant posts were those of the Astronomer Royal, later the Director, the Chief Assistants, and assistants. Astronomer Royal (Astronomer Royal for England), 1675-1971

38. Williamstown Lighthouse The first lighthouse was built at Point gellibrand, Williamstown, in 183940 . replaced with a square bluestone lighthouse tower, designed by henry Ginn. http://au.geocities.com/aust_lighthouses2/williamstown/williamstown_lighthouse.h

Photographs Map and Access Details Links HISTORY The Lighthouse/Timeball Tower situated at Point Gellibrand in Williamstown was erected in 1852, and replaced earlier navigational aids established from the time of the first settlement in 1835. The unusual square plan form is distinctive amongst lighthouses in Victoria, and is of technical and creative interest. The first lighthouse was built at Point Gellibrand, Williamstown, in 1839-40. This timber structure was replaced with a square bluestone lighthouse tower, designed by Henry Ginn. The bluestone section has battered lower stories featuring rusticated masonry with smooth string courses and originally had a castellated parapet with mast and spherical, copper plate timeball above. The masonry was quarried and worked by convict labour. Four lamps were shining in May 1849; a larger lamp was installed in August 1849. A timeball apparatus mounted on top of the bluestone tower operated regularly until 1926. Its original use was as a signalling device to ships. From 1858 until 1926 the large ball on the top was dropped each afternoon at one o'clock to allow shipmasters moored offshore to correct their chronometers. The Timeball Tower/Lighthouse had an additional time signal at eight o'clock each night by means of eclipsing the lantern of the lighthouse. The timeball ceased to operate in August 1926 and the apparatus was dismantled. In 1932, the Timeball Tower was adapted for use as a lighthouse by increasing the height to 98ft by the addition of a circular brick tower 30ft in height. A large copper ball encircled the mast and rested in a catcher cup of iron when not in use. The lighthouse operated in this fashion until 1987. In 1989, the circular brick tower was removed by the Williamstown Historical Society so that the square tower could be restored and the timeball apparatus replaced.

39. Sts3700b: Lecture Number 09a asked his friend henry gellibrand to look after the project on his behalf.gellibrand was professor of astronomy at Gresham College and was particularly http://www.yorku.ca/sasit/sts/sts3700b/lecture09a.html

ATKINSON FACULTY OF LIBERAL AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y S T U D I E S STS 3700B 6.0 HISTORY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Lecture 9: The Seventeenth Century I Prev Next Search Syllabus ... Home Topics For it is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labour of calculation which would safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used. This statement , uttered by Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz in 1685, could well be taken as one of the manifestos of modern computing, and the seventeenth century witnesses a true outburst of inventions in this area, powered by pivotal mathematical research. Note : Before we continue, notice that we seem to have skipped the Renaissance . The Renaissance is usually considered to have started in Italy, specifically in Florence, as early as the end of the thirteenth century. By the fifteenth century all of Italy was experiencing this rebirth, but it was only in the sixteenth century that the rest of Europe can be considered to have entered the Renaissance in full. Chronologically at least, and for the purposes of this course, we will use the term Middle Ages to include at least the early Renaissance. After all, the (Late) Middle Ages overlap to a considerable degree with the Renaissance, and the latter had different timelines in different parts of Europe, Here is a brief timeline spanning the period considered in this and the following lecture: 1612-1614: John Napier uses the printed decimal point, devises logarithms, and uses numbered sticks, or Napier's Bones, for calculating

40. Indian Academy Of Sciences - Archive gellibrand, henry (15971637), 440. Turner, Edward (1798-1837), 440-441. Mascart,Eleuthere Elie Nicolas (1837-1908), 441 http://www.ias.ac.in/j_archive/currsci/5/vol5contents.html

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