41. Gauss-Gesellschaft E.V. Goettingen Ausf¼hrliche Zeittafel zu dem Leben von carl friedrich GauŸ. http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/math/ign/gauss/gaussbio.html

Michling, H.: Biographische Daten, Niedersachsenbuch '89. Goslar 1989, S. 84. Biermann, Kurt-R.: Manuskript. Hans-Heinrich Voigt Zeittafel 30. April: geboren in Braunschweig, Am Wendengraben Nr. 1550. Gymnasium Catharineum in Braunschweig. Dezember: Beginn der mathematischen Schaffensperiode Immatrikulation: 18. Febr. 1792. mit einem Stipendium des Herzogs von Braunschweig. Wohnung 1795-1796: bei dem Schneider Johannes Blume, Gotmarstr. 11 Wohnung 1796-1798: bei Frau Volbaum, Lange Geismarstr. 16 31. Oktober: Freundschaftsbund mit Wolfgang Bolyai. Privatgelehrter in Braunschweig mit herzoglichem Stipendium. 25. Mai: letztes Treffen mit Bolyai in Clausthal. Oktober: Beginn der astronomischen Schaffensperiode Berechnung der Bahn des von Piazzi am 1. Jan. 1801 entdeckten ersten kleinen Planeten Ceres. 12. Febr.: korrespondierenden Mitglied der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Sankt Petersburg. [Ernennung in St. Petersburg: 31. Jan., da dort noch der Julianische Kalender galt.] Triangulation in und um Braunschweig.

42. Talk:Carl Friedrich Gauss - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Featured article star, carl friedrich gauss is a featured article, which means it has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$155,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Talk:Carl Friedrich Gauss From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Carl Friedrich Gauss is a featured article , which means it has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community . If you see a way this page can be updated or improved without compromising previous work, feel free to contribute. This article had a peer review that has been archived . It may contain ideas that you can use to improve this article. Contents Papers in German Gauss or GauŸ Wantzel's proof Land of death ... edit Papers in German I understood that Gauss was the earliest (or the first important) scientist to start writing his papers in his native language (German) rather than Latin, if anyone can confirm whether this is true it would make a useful addition to the page, as eventually this leads to the use of English as the language of science rather than Latin. No, this isn't the case - most of Gauss' works were written in Latin, such as his 1799 doctoral thesis (proving the fundamental theorem of algebra), and of course, the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, published in 1801. According to E.T. Bell, Gauss did eventually capitulate to the nationalist mood in post-revolutionary Europe, writing some of his astronomical papers in German, but in any case this was well after Lagrange, who from 1754 was publishing results in both Italian and French (though I don't know whether Lagrange was the first to write maths in vernacular).

43. Letters About Carl Friedrich Gauss gauss, carl friedrich, gauss, Eugene, Mr. EGGERS, NICOLLET, Rudolph HASSLER. 184503-27. gauss, Theresa, gauss, Eugene, William gauss, Joseph gauss http://www.mathsong.com/cfgauss/letters.htm

Letters about Carl Friedrich Gauss More... Home My Other Pages: Charles Henry Gauss family Chambless family Art Gauss ... and His Children This is a sampling of letters from the family collection referring to C. F. Gauss. Date From To Comments GAUSS, Carl Friedrich GAUSS, Eugene Mr. EGGERS, NICOLLET, Rudolph HASSLER GAUSS, Theresa GAUSS, Eugene William GAUSS, Joseph GAUSS GAUSS, Carl Friedrich GAUSS, Eugene GAUSS, Theresa GAUSS, Eugene family members, Dr. BEHRENS, William GAUSS, Joseph GAUSS GAUSS, Oscar W. GAUSS, Charles Henry Joseph GAUSS, Charles GAUSS, EWALD, WEBER, LÜSTING, NILMACH GAUSS, Oscar W. GAUSS, Eugene uncle NILMACK, Joseph GAUSS GAUSS, Oscar W. GAUSS, Eugene uncle NILMACK, Joseph GAUSS GAUSS, Wilhelm GAUSS, Robert Carl Frederick GAUSS CAJORI, Florian GAUSS, Charles Henry Robert GAUSS, O. W. GAUSS, Carl GAUSS GAUSS, Charles Henry CAJORI, Florian Eugene GAUSS, Carl Frederick GAUSS GRAHAM, Mary Worthington WORTHINGTON, Dr. A. K.

44. Carl Friedrich Gauss gauss, carl friedrich, kärl fre drikh gous Pronunciation Key. gauss, carl friedrich , born Johann Friederich carl gauss, 1777–1855, German mathematician, http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0820346.html

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45. Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777-1855) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific B Dunnington, GW carl friedrich gauss, Titan of Science A Study of his Life Hall, T. carl friedrich gauss A Biography. Cambridge, MA MIT Press, 1970. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Gauss.html

Branch of Science Mathematicians Nationality German Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777-1855) German mathematician who is sometimes called the "prince of mathematics." He was a prodigious child, at the age of three informing his father of an arithmetical error in a complicated payroll calculation and stating the correct answer. In school, when his teacher gave the problem of summing the integers from 1 to 100 (an arithmetic series ) to his students to keep them busy, Gauss immediately wrote down the correct answer 5050 on his slate. At age 19, Gauss demonstrated a method for constructing a heptadecagon using only a straightedge and compass which had eluded the Greeks. (The explicit construction of the heptadecagon was accomplished around 1800 by Erchinger.) Gauss also showed that only regular polygons of a certain number of sides could be in that manner (a heptagon for example, could not be constructed.) Gauss proved the fundamental theorem of algebra which states that every polynomial has a root of the form a bi . In fact, he gave four different proofs, the first of which appeared in his dissertation. In 1801, he proved the

46. Gauss, Carl Friedrich --  Encyclopædia Britannica gauss, carl friedrich German mathematician, generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time for his contributions to number theory, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109423

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Additional Reading Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Gauss, Carl Friedrich  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 2 Carl Friedrich Gauss born April 30, 1777, Brunswick [Germany] Courtesy of the Archiv der Georg-August-Universitat, Gottingen, Germany original name Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss German mathematician, generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time for his contributions to number theory geometry probability theory geodesy , planetary astronomy, the theory of functions, and potential theory (including electromagnetism Gauss, Carl Friedrich...

47. Gauss, Carl Friedrich --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The Online Encyclo gauss, carl friedrich body German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9365322?query=matrix&ct=

48. Gauss, Carl Friedrich gauss, carl friedrich. German mathematician who worked on the theory of numbers, nonEuclidean geometry, and the mathematical development of electric and http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0016004.html

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49. PlanetMath: Gauss, Carl Friedrich carl friedrich gauss was born in Braunschweig on April the 30th 1777 as the son of a poor worker. carl friedrich gauss is owned by mathwizard. http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/CarlFriedrichGauss.html

(more info) Math for the people, by the people. Encyclopedia Requests Forums Docs ... Random Login create new user name: pass: forget your password? Main Menu sections Encyclop¦dia Papers Books Expositions meta Requests Orphanage Unclass'd Unproven ... Classification talkback Polls Forums Feedback Bug Reports downloads Snapshots PM Book information News Docs Wiki ChangeLog ... About Carl Friedrich Gauss (Biography) Carl Friedrich Gauss was born in Braunschweig on April the 30th 1777 as the son of a poor worker. Already in his youth he was interested in mathematics. It is reported that when Gauss was a student at elementary school his teacher asked the students to add up all natural numbers from 1 to 100, hoping to keep his students busy for some time. Gauss however found the correct answer within a few minutes by cleverly rearranging the summands. From 1792 to 1795 he was a student at the Collegium Carolinum The first important discovery he made was the construction of the 17-gon by circle and ruler in 1796. In 1799 he finished his dissertation, in which he proved the fundamental theorem of algebra . In 1801 his main work, the

50. PlanetMath: Gauss, Carl Friedrich gauss, carl friedrich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition gauss, carl friedrich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://planetmath.org/?op=getobj&from=objects&id=5594

51. Carl Friedrich Gauss [Pictures And Photos Of] carl friedrich gauss pictures, photos, photographs, images, physics history. http://www.aip.org/history/esva/catalog/esva/Gauss_Friedrich.html

A larger image of any photo may be purchased. Click on an image to place an order. For more information visit our home page Carl Friedrich Gauss Description old age ; full face ; coat ; hat ; standing ; telescope ; chair Item ID Gauss A1 Carl Friedrich Gauss Description old age, full-face, ruffled shirt, coat, hat Item ID Gauss Carl A4 Carl Friedrich Gauss, Wilhelm Weber Description Carl Friedrich Gauss (left), profile, old age, hat, ruffled shirt; Wilhelm Weber (right), profile, beard, moustache Item ID Gauss Carl Friedrich C2

52. AIP International Catalog Of Sources gauss, carl friedrich, 17771855. gauss, carl friedrich, 1977-1855 Family. gauss, carl friedrich, 1777-1855 Photograph. gauss, carl friedrich http://www.aip.org/history/catalog/2843.html

If you are not immediately redirected, please click here My List - Help Browse Archival Resources Archival Finding Aids Books Photos Browse FAQs Past Searches History Home Search: Author Subject Title Journal/Newspaper Title Series Computer File (Software) Title Video Title Refine Search AIP Niels Bohr Library Item Information Holdings More by this author Dunnington, Guy Waldo, 1906-1974. Subjects Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 1777-1855. Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 1977-1855 Family. Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 1777-1855 Photograph. Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 1777-1855 Portraits. Mathematicians Germany 19th century Biography. Mathematics. Germany. Browse Catalog by author: Dunnington, Guy Waldo, 1906-1974. by title: Dunnington-Gauss Col... MARC Display Dunnington-Gauss Collection, 1794-1974. by Dunnington, Guy Waldo, 1906-1974. Description: 11 linear ft. 7 inches. Owning Repository: Northwestern State University of Louisiana. Watson Memorial Library, Cammie G. Henry Research Center. Natchitoches, LA 71497 Country of Repository: USA Biography/History: Scope of Material: Letters (originals, transcriptions, and photo reproductions in German and English) from Carl Frederich Gauss, his family members, and close associates, 1794-1916 (9.5 linear inches); research correspondence between Dunnington, ca. 1950s (1 linear ft.); research correspondence between Dunnington and the Gauss family, 1940s and 1960s (1.5 linear ft.); pamphlets pertaining to Germany, mathematics, and Gauss, 1940s-1960s (7.5 linear ft.); articles by Dunnington concerning Gauss and his work, 1940s-1960s (9.5 linear inches); 2 plaster busts of Gauss; 1 framed portrait of Gauss; l framed print of Gauss; and l framed portrait of Dunnington.

53. MSN Encarta - Carl Friedrich Gauss more Further Reading. Search for books and more related to gauss, carl friedrich. Encarta Search. Search Encarta about gauss, carl friedrich http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567523/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items galvanometer influences on Carl Friedrich Gauss more... Further Reading Search for books and more related to Gauss, Carl Friedrich Encarta Search Search Encarta about Gauss, Carl Friedrich Advertisement document.write(' Gauss, Carl Friedrich Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 1 item Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855), German mathematician, noted for his wide-ranging contributions to physics, particularly the study of electromagnetism. see Algebra Equations, Theory of ). His volume on the theory of numbers, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (Inquiries into Arithmetic, 1801), is a classic work in the field of mathematics. Gauss next turned his attention to astronomy. A faint planetoid, Ceres, had been discovered in 1801; and because astronomers thought it was a planet, they observed it with great interest until losing sight of it. From the early observations Gauss calculated its exact position, so that it was easily rediscovered. He also worked out a new method for calculating the orbits of heavenly bodies. In 1807 Gauss was appointed professor of mathematics and director of the observatory at G¶ttingen, holding both positions until his death there on February 23, 1855. Although Gauss made valuable contributions to both theoretical and practical astronomy, his principal work was in mathematics and mathematical physics. In theory of numbers, he developed the important prime-number theorem (

54. Carl Friedrich Gauss Translate this page Berühmte Mathematiker carl-friedrich gauss. carl friedrich gauss gauss. Als Sohn armer Eltern wurde er am 30.April 1777 in Braunschweig geboren und http://www.mathematik.ch/mathematiker/gauss.php

Home Geschichte Mathematiker Zitate ... Bausteine des Chaos H-O. Peitgen, ... Carl Friedrich Gauss Als Sohn armer Eltern wurde er am 30.April 1777 in Braunschweig geboren und starb am 23.Februar 1855 in Göttingen. Sein Motto lautete: 'Pauca sed matura' (Weniges, aber Reifes) C.F. Gauss sagte später, er habe das Rechnen vor dem Reden gelernt. Sein Leben lang behielt er die Gabe, die kompliziertesten Rechnungen im Kopf auszuführen. Klassisch ist die Geschichte in der Schule als der Lehrer den zehnjährigen Schülern die Aufgabe gibt, die Summe aller Zahlen von 1 bis 100 zu errechnen. Es dauerte einige Sekunden und C.F. Gauss legte seine Schiefertafel auf den Tisch. Am Ende der Stunde war seine Zahl die einzig richtige. Seine frühe Begegnung mit dem "Binomischen Lehrsatz" ermöglichte ihm über ganzzahlige Exponenten hinaus die richtige Anwendung unendlicher Reihen, also das Wesen der mathematischen Analysis, zu entwickeln. Gauss misstraute bereits mit 12 Jahren der Beweisführung in der elementaren Geometrie und ahnte mit sechzehn Jahren, dass es neben der euklidischen noch eine andere Geometrie geben muss. Ein Jahr darauf begann er mit kritischen Untersuchungen der Zahlentheorie, und die Arithmetik, das Gebiet seiner ersten Triumphe, wurde zu seinem Lieblingsfach. Der Herzog von Braunschweig ermöglichte dem jungen Gauss sich im Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig einzuschreiben und kam bis zum Ende seiner Studien für alle Kosten auf.

55. Sho-Me Dictionary - G gauss, carl friedrich. gauss, carl friedrich (gous), 17771855, German mathematician, physicist, and astronomer; b. Johann Friederich carl gauss. http://www.shomepower.com/dict/g/gauss_carl_friedrich.htm

Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Carl Friedrich (gous), 1777-1855, German mathematician, physicist, and astronomer; b. Johann Friederich Carl Gauss. Considered the greatest mathematician of his Time and the equal of Archimedes and Newton, Sir Isaac , Gauss made many discoveries before age twenty. His greatest work was in Number Theory; his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (completed 1798; pub. 1801) is a masterpiece. Extremely rigorous in his work, Gauss refused to publish any result without a complete proof. Thus, many discoveries were not credited to him and were remade by others later, e.g., the work of János Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky in NON- Euclid ean Geometry , Augustin Cauchy in complex variable analysis, Carl Jacobi in elliptic functions, and Sir William Rowan Hamilton in quaternions. Gauss early discovered, independently of Adrien Legendre, the method of least squares. In 1801, when the asteroid Ceres was discovered by the Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, Gauss calculated its orbit on the basis of only a few accurate observations, and it was found the next year precisely where he had predicted. His Theoria motus corporum celestium (1809) treats the calculation of the orbits of planets and comets from observational data. From 1807 until his death Gauss was director of the astronomical observatory at Göttingen. Geodetic survey work done for the governments of Hanover and Denmark from 1821 led him to an interest in space curves and surfaces, as well as to the invention of the heliotrope, a device to measure distances by means of reflected

56. Gauss-Gesellschaft E.V. Goettingen, Gauss Society Committee of the gaussGesellschaft carl friedrich gauss (1777-1855) - cf. here Events or here Meetings of the gauss-Gesellschaft in Göttingen with http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/math/ign/gauss/gauss-e.htm

Gauss-Gesellschaft e.V. [Gauss Society] See also: http://www.gwdg.de/~gaussges Gauss-Year 2005 - Exhibitions, events A new edition of the following book is available: Episoden aus dem Leben des Princeps Mathematicorum. (144 Seiten) - 14.80 Euro this can be ordered from the Gauss-Gesellschaft (price and additional postage) Contents Gauss-Gesellschaft: Addresses and Membership Committee of the Gauss-Gesellschaft - cf. here Events or here Publications of the Gauss-Gesellschaft (with table of contents) Persons mentioned in GGM 1-30 (1964-1993) ... Bibliography LARS Database of Gauss Letters (in preparation) - Original available from Prof. Folkerts, Institute for the History of Science (IGN), Munich University (LMU) Geodetic Points cf. also: On Gauss's Mountains Collection of interesting links in the WWW German version Founded in September 21, 1962 Number of members: about 190 (cf. `Satzung' (rules) of September 3, 1979 - in German) This goal is to be attained particularly through: Organization of lectures Publications of articles and reports Back to the table of contents Gauss-Gesellschaft: Addresses and Membership Address of the Gauss-Gesellschaft e.V.

57. Gauss-Gesellschaft E.V. Goettingen Translate this page Buch von Horst Michling carl friedrich gauss - Johann carl friedrich gauss (1777-1855) oder gauss, carl friedrich., siehe auch gauss-Bilder carl http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/math/ign/gauss/gaussges.html

Gauss-Gesellschaft e.V. Gauss-Jahr 2005 - Ausstellung, Veranstaltungen Episoden aus dem Leben des Princeps Mathematicorum. (144 Seiten) - 14.80 Euro Inhalt Gauss-Gesellschaft: Adresse und Mitgliedschaft Vorstand der Gauss-Gesellschaft - vgl. hier Aktuelles - Preisausschreiben: Gauss knifflig: ,,Wer findet Gausssteine?'' was ein Gauss-Stein ist, erfahren Sie hier Publikationen der Gauss-Gesellschaft Personen in GGM 1-30 (1964-1993) Gesamt-Register der Briefwechsel ... Bibliographie LARS-Datenbank Gauss-Briefe (in Vorbereitung) - Original bei Prof. Dr. Menso Folkerts, Vermessungspunkte Sammlung interessanter Links im WWW English version Zahl der Mitglieder: etwa 200 (vgl. Satzung vom 3.9.1979 Dieser Zweck soll erreicht werden insbesondere durch Gauss-Gesellschaft: Adresse und Mitgliedschaft Adresse der Gauss-Gesellschaft e.V. Dr. Axel Wittmann Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 Wie kann man Mitglied der Gauss-Gesellschaft werden? Durch einen formlosen Antrag an eines der Vorstandsmitglieder oder durch ein Beitrittsformular Wie hoch ist der Mitgliedsbeitrag?

58. Carl Friedrich Gauss Perhaps one of the reasons that carl friedrich gauss was able to create so much mathematics in his lifetime was that he got a very early start. http://www.sonoma.edu/Math/faculty/falbo/gauss.html

CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS (1777-1855) Excerpt from MATH ODYSSEY 2000 Perhaps one of the reasons that Carl Friedrich Gauss was able to create so much mathematics in his lifetime was that he got a very early start. Just consider the following two events: when he was 3 years old he corrected his father's arithmetic, and in school, when he was in the third grade, he developed a formula for finding the sum of any arithmetic progression. Gauss was born in Brunswick, Germany as the only son of poor peasants living in miserable conditions. He exhibited such early genius that his family and neighbors called him the "wonder child". When he was two years old, he gradually got his parents to tell him how to pronounce all the letters of the alphabet. Then, by sounding out combinations of letters, he learned (on his own) to read aloud. He also picked up the meanings of the number symbols and learned to do arithmetical calculations. The story as told by Eric T. Bell: "One Saturday Gerhardt Gauss was making out the weekly payroll for the laborers under his charge, unaware that his young son was following the proceedings with critical attention. Coming to the end of his long computations, Gerhardt was startled to hear the little boy pipe up, 'Father, the reckoning is wrong, it should be ..." A check of the account showed that the figure named by the young Gauss was correct." Eric Temple Bell, Men Of Mathematics , Simon Schuster, Inc., New York, 1937

59. Carl Friedrich Gauss At the age of seven, carl friedrich gauss started elementary school, carl friedrich gauss (17771855), gauss s teacher there was Kaestner, whom gauss http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855 At the age of seven, Carl Friedrich Gauss started elementary school, and his potential was noticed almost immediately. His teacher, Büttner, and his assistant, Martin Bartels, were amazed when Gauss summed the integers from 1 to 100 instantly by spotting that the sum was 50 pairs of numbers each pair summing to 101. In 1795 Gauss left Brunswick to study at Göttingen University. Gauss's teacher there was Kaestner, whom Gauss often ridiculed. Gauss left Göttingen in 1798 without a diploma, but by this time he had made one of his most important discoveries - the construction of a regular 17-gon by ruler and compasses This was the most major advance in this field since the time of Greek mathematics and was published as Section VII of Gauss's famous work, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Gauss returned to Brunswick where he received a degree in 1799. After the Duke of Brunswick had agreed to continue Gauss's stipend, he requested that Gauss submit a doctoral dissertation to the University of Helmstedt. Although he did not disclose his methods at the time, Gauss had used his least squares approximation method. In June 1802 Gauss visited Olbers who had discovered Pallas in March of that year and Gauss investigated its orbit. Olbers requested that Gauss be made director of the proposed new observatory in Göttingen, but no action was taken. Gauss began corresponding with Bessel, whom he did not meet until 1825, and with Sophie Germain.

60. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss At the age of 7, carl friedrich gauss started elementary school, and his potential was noticed almost immediately. His teacher was amazed when gauss summed http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Ga.html

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss At the age of 7, Carl Friedrich Gauss started elementary school, and his potential was noticed almost immediately. His teacher was amazed when Gauss summed the integers from 1 to 100 instantly by spotting that the sum was 50 pairs of numbers, each pair summing to 101. In 1788, Gauss began his education at the Gymnasium, where he learnt High German and Latin. Gauss entered Brunswick Collegium Carolinum in 1792. At the academy Gauss independently discovered Bode's law, the binomial theorem and the arithmetic-geometric mean, as well as the law of quadratic reciprocity and the prime number theorem. With a stipend from the Duke of Brunswick to support him, Gauss did not need to find a job so devoted himself to research. He published the number theory book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae Much of Gauss's time was spent on a new observatory, completed in 1816, but he still found the time to work on other subjects. His publications during this time include a rigorous treatment of series and an introduction of the hypergeometric function, a practical essay on approximate integration, a discussion of statistical estimators, and a work concerned with potential theory. Gauss carried out a geodesic survey of the state of Hanover, using his extraordinary mental capacity for calculations. He regularly wrote to Schumacher, Olbers, Bessel, and Sophie Germain, reporting on his progress and discussing problems. Because of the survey, Gauss invented the heliotrope which worked by reflecting the Sun's rays using a design of mirrors and a small telescope.

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