41. Adler / Historical Collections / Sundials The design comes from oronce fine s book on sundials printed in 1565. It bears29 gnomons, and really demonstrates the Renaissance mathematician s interest http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/history/instruments/sundials.shtml

Adler Historical Collections Sundials Almost every conceivable shape has been adapted for use as a sundial by instrument makers. For most of history sundials have been the most reliable and accurate way of telling time, useful whenever the sun was visible. After the widespread adoption of mechanical clocks, sundials were still essentialas a means of setting the clock! M-302. Heliochronometer. This instrument is an exceptionally accurate form of sundial designed to allow for the "equation of time," the difference between solar time and mean or "clock" time. This one was made in Stockholm around 1800 by Johann Jacob Sauter. M-318. Multiple-faced wooden polyhedral sundial. This instrument combines many dials: a "skaphe" (bowl) sundial, and numerous vertical and horizontal dials reading in both regular and "Italian" hours. It was probably made in Bologna around 1575. M-324. A large silver and brass sundial made in Germany around 1650. The design comes from Oronce Fine's book on sundials printed in 1565. It bears 29 gnomons, and really demonstrates the Renaissance mathematician's interest in solving intricate puzzles, rather than any practical application of his knowledge. Other Instruments Astrolabes Armillary Spheres Globes Mensing Navigational Orreries Sundials Surveying Telescopes Dearborn New at Adler SkyEye Volunteer Group Sales ... FAQ 1300 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2403

42. Buteo, Logistica 1559 In 1522 he went to Paris where he studied under oronce fine. He began publishingonly after he was sixty years old. Provenance binding initialled and dated http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2671.html

In De quadratura circuli 'Buteo refutes the pretensions of those who claimed to have found the solution of the quadrature, most notably those of his master, Oronce Fine. By contrast, he discusses appreciatively the approximations found by Bryson, Archimedes, and Ptolemy. He also mentions two approximate values of p...' (DSB). Johannes Buteo (1492- ca 1564-72) entered the Abbaye de St-Antoine around 1508 and studied languages and mathematics, becoming so proficient that he could read Euclid in the Greek. In 1522 he went to Paris where he studied under Oronce Fine. He began publishing only after he was sixty years old. Provenance: binding initialled and dated 'I.S.N. 1578'; ownership inscription on title dated 1606 of a Caspar Pistrius; inscription 'ex lib. Polycarpi de Bonamus' dated 1663; stamp of a Greek ecclesiastical library on first title and two other leaves, with release stamp I. Adams B3359; Smith Rara p 292; NUC: DLC MiU NNC; OCLC adds University of Maryland, Illinois Institute of Technology (this copy), Smithsonian, Burndy Library, and Harvard; II. Adams B3358; Thomas-Stanford xx; NUC: NNC WU NN CtY; OCLC adds University of California Berkeley, Burndy Library, and Brown"> W. P. Watson Antiquarian Books

43. Medieval, Renaissance And Celtic Illuminated Manuscripts Art, Graphics And Clip Joannem et Gregorium de Gregorii, Jean de Tournes, Henri Estienne, MichelVascosan, oronce fine, Simon de Colines, Florio Vasassore, Jocopo Mazocchi, http://www.alfredom.com/

THE ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS PROJECT A TREASURE TROVE OF MASTERPIECE ILLUMINATIONS FOR YOUR ART PROJECTS SPANISH Catalog Store View the contents of each CD Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts Art Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 ... Volume 6 New Volume 7 New Volume 8 New Celtic Manuscripts Art Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Owen Jones Ancient Spanish Ballads Paradise and the Peri Victorian borders Gems from the Poets Special Collections Borders for Word Antonius Collection New Catalog Store Resellers Orders by Mail Feedbacks ... Free Clip Art and Web Graphics Medieval, Renaissance and Celtic, Illuminated Manuscripts Art hand redrawn in vector clip art graphic formats. The best Illuminated clipart in EPS vector format. Decorative elements from the Middle Age, the Renaissance, the Celtic, the Victorian and the Arts and Crafts Movement. Illuminated Manuscripts The finest Illuminated Manuscripts art and clip art for special events. High quality clipart in eps vector format and high resolution tiff format for engagement and wedding announcements and invitations. Create your own guest invitations for shower, wedding, receptions, anniversary party, bachelor and bachelorette party. Unique elements to design baby shower announcements, baby shower invitations, reception invitations, wedding planning. Borders, laces, bands, floral elements, illuminations, illuminated capitals, etc. to be used in your graphic program or word processor and printed in your home printer or sent to an outside printer. Illuminated caps and letters in different styles with matching small capitals and letters. Renaissance and Middle Age wedding invitations. Renaissance invitation borders.

44. Cartographica Helvetica 12 (1995) 27-37: Summary The cartographical work of oronce fine (1494–1555) is therefore all the more Son and grandson of physicians, oronce fine was born in Briançon (Dauphiné) http://www.stub.unibe.ch/dach/ch/ch/summaries/e12d.html

Cartographica Helvetica 12 Monique Pelletier: The cordiform World maps by Oronce Fine Geography and its scientific basis. an astrolabe modified by adding a compass. He went from theory to practice by publishing mainly a map of France and two World maps for which he tried to get the largest possible number of geographic coordinates. In that way he completed and corrected the information transmitted by Ptolemy. He also tested several cartographic projections. In 1531 he produced a first World map in bicordiform, while his map of 1534 to 1536 is a cordiform projection as was Apian's map published in Ingolstadt (Bavaria) in 1530. In the field of geography, Oronce Fine tried to combine the medieval information on eastern countries with the results of the Great Discoveries. In the northern part of the cordiform World map he wrote the name Asia on each side of the central meridian to cover both present-day North America and Asia which were represented as one continent. The name America was reserved for South America. As a consequence, Marco Polo's Mangi, Tangut

45. Cartographica Helvetica 12 (1995) 27-37: Zusammenfassung Translate this page Das kartographische Werk von oronce fine (1494–1555) ist deshalb umso oronce fine wurde als Sohn und Enkel von Ärzten in Briançon (Dauphiné) geboren und http://www.stub.unibe.ch/dach/ch/ch/summaries/d12d.html

Cartographica Helvetica 12 Monique Pelletier: Geographie und deren wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen folgte, seinen Platz ein. Asia America Mangi, Tangut und Terra Australis, Bibliographische Anmerkungen: Ebenfalls erschienen als: Murten, 1995. ( Cartographica Helvetica Sonderheft 9). Ebenfalls erschienen als: Le monde dans un coeur. Les deux mappemondes d'Oronce Fine. In: Heft bestellen (Impressum)

46. Power In Cyberspace Decorative letters designed by fine, oronce, the mathematician, Paris, 1532.Compiled by Johnson, AF Decorative Initial Letters, The Cresset Press, London, http://www.ualr.edu/acdixon/piccr.html

The Flow of POWER Through Visual Space Pictorial Image Credits shown by power page number within URL powerpaper cover page VAN GOGH,Vincent; 1853-1890, Dutch, The Starry Night (1889). Oil on canvas, 29 x 36 1/4" in. Collection, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Animation by AimINK. (Ya hoooo!! ) return to powerpaper cover page power page: VAN GOGH,Vincent; 1853-1890, Dutch, The Starry Night (1889). Oil on canvas, 29 x 36 1/4" in. Collection, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Chinese Horse , detail of the ceiling of the cave paintings in the Axial Gallery, Lascaux, c. 15,000 to 10,000 B.C. Approx. 56" long. Dordogne, France. Colorphoto Hinz, Basle. From Gardner, Louise. Art Through the Ages , 6th ed., Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York, 1975, p. 30. "Glen Rice", advertisement for Nautica atheletic gear from beyond the wall, Ads as Art campus circular, vol. 8, Fall 97, p.7. return to power page power2 page: Preble, Duane and Sarah. "Pictographs to Writing, East and West," a chart from Artforms , 4th ed., Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1989, p. 262.

47. Bibliography fine, oronce, 14941555, Orontii Finaei De rebus mathematicis, hactenus desideratis,libri III. Lutetiae Parisiorvm, ex officina M. Vascosan, 1556 http://www.library.cornell.edu/math/bibliography/display.cgi?start=F&

48. Oronce Fine Université Montpellier II Translate this page oronce fine (1494-1555). Cette image et la biographie complète en anglais résidentsur le site de l’université de St Andrews Écosse http://ens.math.univ-montp2.fr/SPIP/article.php3?id_article=1138

49. Untitled Document fine (oronce) Nova, et Integra Universi Orbis Descriptio Woodcut map Shirley66 16 x 11in. (420 x 290mm.) Paris, 1531 Ref WLD 2657 http://www.themaphouse.com/archive/WLD/

Fifty World Maps Pre-Columbus World Schedel (Hartman): [Untitled World Map] Woodcut map [Shirley: 19] 20 x 15in. (510 x 380mm) [Nuremberg, 1493] Ref: WLD 2989 Ptolemy's Projection Sylvanus (Bernard) [Untitled World Map] Woodcut map [Shirley: 31] 22 x 11in. (565 x 270mm.) [Venice, 1511] Ref: WLD 2191 Cordiform World Map Sylvanus (Bernard): [Untitled World Map] Woodcut map [Shirley: 32] 22 x 16 in. (560 x 410 mm.) [Venice, 1511] Ref: WLD 2991 Admiral's Map Waldseemuller (Martin) Orbis Typus Universalis Woodcut map [Shirley: 35] 22 x 17in. (560 x 430mm.) [Strassburg, 1513] Ref: WLD 2992 America Named Fries (Laurent) : Orbis Typus Universalis Woodcut map [Shirley: 48] 20 x 14in (510 x 360 mm.) [Lyons, 1525] Ref: WLD 1525 Magellan's New Hemisphere Fine (Oronce) Nova, et Integra Universi Orbis Descriptio Woodcut map [Shirley: 66] 16 x 11in. (420 x 290mm.) [Paris, 1531] Ref: WLD 2657 Holbein's Engraving Grynaeus (Simon) : Typus Cosmographicus Universalis Woodcut map [Shirley: 67] 21 x 14in. (545 x 355mm.)

50. Untitled Document fine (oronce) Nova, et Integra Universi Orbis Descriptio Woodcut map Shirley66 16 x 11in. (420 x 290mm.) Paris, 1531 Ref WLD 2657, Price POR http://www.themaphouse.com/archive/WLD/fifty.html

Fifty World Maps Pre-Columbus World Schedel (Hartman): [Untitled World Map] Woodcut map [Shirley: 19] 20 x 15in. (510 x 380mm) [Nuremberg, 1493] Ref: WLD 2989 Price: P.O.R Ptolemy's Projection Sylvanus (Bernard) [Untitled World Map] Woodcut map [Shirley: 31] 22 x 11in. (565 x 270mm.) [Venice, 1511] Ref: WLD 2191 Price: P.O.R Cordiform World Map Sylvanus (Bernard): [Untitled World Map] Woodcut map [Shirley: 32] 22 x 16 in. (560 x 410 mm.) [Venice, 1511] Ref: WLD 2991 Price: P.O.R Admiral's Map Waldseemuller (Martin) Orbis Typus Universalis Woodcut map [Shirley: 35] 22 x 17in. (560 x 430mm.) [Strassburg, 1513] Ref: WLD 2992 Price: P.O.R America Named Fries (Laurent) : Orbis Typus Universalis Woodcut map [Shirley: 48] 20 x 14in (510 x 360 mm.) [Lyons, 1525] Ref: WLD 1525 Price: £5250 Magellan's New Hemisphere Fine (Oronce) Nova, et Integra Universi Orbis Descriptio Woodcut map [Shirley: 66] 16 x 11in. (420 x 290mm.)

51. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pedro Nunez (Nonius) His utterances on science plunged him into discussions with foreign savants,particularly the French mathematician, oronce fine. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11163a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... N > Pedro Nunez A B C D ... Z Pedro Nunez (Pedro Nonius). Mathematician and astronomer, b. at Alcacer-do-Sol, 1492; d. at Coimbra, 1577. He studied ancient languages, philosophy, and medicine at Lisbon and mathematics at Salamanca. In 1519 he went as inspector-general of customs to Goa, India, returning to become in 1529 royal cosmographer. After lecturing for three years at Lisbon, a professorship of higher mathematics was established for him at the University of Coimbra, which he held from 1544 to 1562. His utterances on science plunged him into discussions with foreign savants, particularly the French mathematician, Oronce Fine. Having been tutor in the reigning family, he was enabled to spend his last years in ease. To mathematics, astronomy, and navigation, Nunez made important contributions. He devised a method for obtaining the highest common divisor of two algebraic expressions. In his "De crepusculis" he announced a new and accurate solution of the astronomical problem of minimum twilight and suggested an instrument for the measurement of angles. The nonius , never in common use, consisted essentially of forty-six concentric circles divided into quadrants by two diameters at right angles to each other, each quadrantal arc being divided into equal parts, the number of parts diminishing from ninety for the outermost arc to forty-five for the innermost. If one side of any angle is made to coincide with one of the radii, the vertex of the angle falling at the centre of the circles, the other side of the angle will fall on or near some point of division of one of the arcs. If then

52. Archimedes Page Viewer images only fine, oronce In sex prioris libros geometricorum elementorum Euclides images only fine, oronce Opere di Orontio fineo del Delfinato diuise http://141.14.130.22:86/cgi-bin/toc/toc.x.cgi

Select a text: = page images = thumbnails + text + page images = text only Codex II 1 79 Codex II 1 80 Codex II 1 81 Anonymus : The camera lucida. In: Athenaeum 148 (1830) 540f. Chevalier, Charles : Conseils aux artistes et aux amateurs, sur l'application de la chambre claire a l'art du dessin, ou Instruction theoretique et pratique sur cet instrument, ses differents formes et son utilite dans les arts et les sciences. Paris 1838. Brewster, David : Camera Lucida. In: Ders.: Edinburgh Encyclopaedia V (1830) 297-299. Brewster, David : A treatise on the kaleidoscope. Edinburgh 1819. Lardner, Dionysius (Hg.) : The museum of Science and Art. Vol. III. London (1855) 185-192. Coles, Henry : On the use of the camera lucida as a Micrometer. In: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. Vol. II. London (1854) 291f. Govi, G. : Memorie e Note di Soci o Presentate da Soci. Fisica-Ottica. Intorno a una nuova Camera-lucida. Vol. V. Roma 1889. Hall, Basil : Forty etchings: from sketches made with the camera lucida in North America in 1827 and 1828. Edinburgh 1829. Hall, Basil

53. J.R. Ritman Library - Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica oronce fine, Royal Professor in Mathematics (at the Collège de France).The French mathematician and astronomer oronce fine (14941555) himself also http://www.ritmanlibrary.nl/c/p/res/art/art_03.html

Frans A. Janssen Ad fontes - On the Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica Published in Quaerendo 27 (1997), p. 251-279 In addition to its significance as a thematic collection bridging philosophy and religion, there is a second aspect which is illustrated by the following remark issuing from Dutch book historical circles: 'That it is possible even in the present day to bring together an outstanding collection of old and rare books is witnessed by the Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica, which is entirely focussed on the development through the ages of western mysticism and spirituality. The first, and beautifully produced, special catalogue of this private collection appeared in 1990. This remark points to the significance of the BPH as an example of private book collecting, a tradition which is modestly represented in the Netherlands (e.g. Meerman, Westreenen - both collections now housed in the Museum of the Book in The Hague), and which was pursued on a wider scale in the United States (e.g. Pierpont Morgan, Huntington - now independent institutions). Private book collectors aim to bring together treasures from the world of manuscripts and printed books. As the library's collection of works on hermetic Christianity also incorporates works which belong in each collection (e.g. Plato, Books of Hours), the library's activities are part of this tradition. I Corpus Hermeticum What is contained in these texts to which the name of the BPH refers? The answer to this question is on the one hand simple, on the other hand complex. Simple, because there exists a good recent

54. Early Mapping Of Southeast Asia By Thomas Suarez Click Thumbnails fresh insight into the important image of world proposed by oronce fine in1531, and the place of Southeast Asia in the psyche of late medieval Europe. http://www.cosmography.com/emsa.htm

Early Mapping of Southeast Asia by Thomas Suarez Click thumbnails to enlarge sample pages inside front cover (image from a Thai Traiphum Ch 2 - Southeast Asian Maps and Geographic Thought Ch 3 - Asian Maps of Southeast Asia Ch 8 - A Confusion of Peninsulas and Dragon Tails Ch 9 - Printed Maps Through 1538 Ch 13 - 1570-c1600: Diversity in a Transition to Standardization Ch 14 - The Advent of the East India Companies Ch 14 - The Advent of the East India Companies Ch 16 - The Nineteenth Century and the Mapping of the Interior REVIEWS "...a book that is a model for the treatment of the history of the cartography of a particular region... most satisfying textually and graphically... [the] first comprehensive chronological survey of mapping Southeast Asia and the European voyages of discovery to that part of the world." (-Kenneth Nebenzahl, in

55. Call For Papers oronce fine played an important role in the intellectual and cultural......The Worlds of oronce fine Mathematics, Instruments, and The Book in http://www.history.ac.uk/conferences/call.html

@import url("../goodmenus.css"); Institute of Historical Research Skip the menus Site map Site search Sorry, your browser does not support javascript - please navigate with the site map Home page News Information ... History Syllabus Library Information This page contains Calls for Papers which covers events and publications. To advertise a request for papers on this page please complete the online form Forms are provided in Microsoft Word rich text format. Whilst every care is taken in the preparation of online forms we recommend that you follow standard computer practice and submit all downloaded documents to a virus checker prior to opening them. Deadlines: submission of papers (call for papers): 14 August 2005 Date(s): 10 - 11 November 2005 Description: Interested scholars should send an outline of their proposed paper to daniel.laqua@captivity-conference.org.uk by 14 August 2005. The summary text should be no longer than 500 words. It ought to be accompanied by a brief biographical note. Details: conference website Venue: Department of History, University College London (UCL)

56. Antique Maps France - French Prints The most prominent French cartographer in the 16th century was oronce fine.Selected Maps; Selected Prints. fine produced a heartshaped map of the world in http://www.kittyprint.com/KTP/HTML/France.html

Antique Maps and Prints of France Gallia, Cellarius, engraved by R.W.Seale, copper engraved map, circa 1760. 30 x 21 cm, condition good. Price £50.00/$90.00 Click for info The most prominent French cartographer in the 16th century was Oronce Fine. Selected Maps Selected Prints Fine produced a heart-shaped map of the world in 1519. This was copied by Apian in 1530. In 1531 he drew a double heart-shaped projection of the world for De Novus Orbis for Grynaeus, and it was also published by Munster in Basle. This map was copied by many geographers including Mercator.The first series of maps of the provinces of France appeared in The Theatrum of Ortelius. The great School of French Geographers was initiated by Nicolas Sanson (1600-67) and ran from the second half of the 17th century until the later part of the 18th century. He had three sons, Nicolas (died 1648), Guillaume (died 1703), and Adrien (died 1708). They were succeeded by Alexis Hubert Jaillot, who had collaborated with the younger Sansons. In 1681 Jaillot published his Atlas Nouveau, which had new editions in 1689, 1691 and 1692, and continued in print till 1750. Other cartographers Pierre Duval (1619-83) son-in-law of Sanson, was another noted cartographer of the period. France reached the height of its influence in the 18th century. Scientific mapping from exact ground observation commenced, and speculative cartography was finally abandoned.

57. Minds In Ablation Part Five: Charting Imaginary Worlds If the Piri Re is and oronce fine maps showed Antarctica without shelf ice, His innovation was followed in the maps of Johann Ruysch, oronce fine, http://www.pibburns.com/smmia5.htm

Minds in Ablation Part Five: Charting Imaginary Worlds (df736@freenet.carleton.ca). Charting Imaginary Worlds: Pole Shifts, Ice Sheets, and Ancient Sea Kings: A Digression that Simply Got Out of Hand Note: Part 5 was originally posted to a discussion list as "Early Maps," and then reprinted in Aeon V:3 (1999) under the present title. In the last two sentences to the introduction to that version, I wrote: "I haven't spelled it out, because I haven't the time to do the theme justice, but this inquiry isn't merely about cartography. It hasn't escaped me that projection is more than an exercise in geometry, or that one's mental map of the world is a map of the self or its mirror image." Ginenthal tells us that he got the idea in the first place from reading about early maps. "Ever since publishing Carl Sagan and Immanuel Velikovsky...in...1990...I have stated my belief that the icecaps of Greenland and Antarctica were created recently a belief based on information from ancient maps and the discoveries made by Arlington Mallery and Charles H. Hapgood." According to these authors, ancient maps accurately depict Greenland and Antarctica in an ice-free state. However, the maps in existence are neither ancient nor accurate. Rather, Mallery and Hapgood claim that they were compiled from accurate source maps drawn thousands of years ago. In order to support this claim, they have to make a number of assumptions which, taken together, are remotely improbable, quite aside from what we know today about paleoclimatology.

58. The Mysteries Of The Piri Reis Map - 2 THE CART OF ORONTIUS FINAEUS (oronce fine). English translation Leonardo Serni.Another wellknown map - considered by Graham Hancock and other mystery http://xoomer.virgilio.it/dicuoghi/Piri_Reis/Finaeus_eng.htm

THE MYSTERIES OF THE PIRI REIS MAP by Diego Cuoghi Part 1 (Piri Reis) Part 2 (Oronce Fine) Part 3 (Philippe Buache) - Parte 4 (Atlantide, only in Italian) Versione italiana THE CART OF ORONTIUS FINAEUS (Oronce Fine) English translation: Leonardo Serni Another well-known map - considered by Graham Hancock and other "mystery" fans as proof positive of Anctartica being already known and charted centuries before its exploration - is the one published in 1531 by Oronce Fine (called Oronzio Fineo, in Italian; or Orontius Finaeus, in Latin), a renowned mathematician who also designed geographical maps based upon his geometrical studies of the various spherical or cordiform projections. This map represents a large continent called "Terra Australis" (land that lies to the south), around the South pole. But in this case, too - or, we ought to say, especially in this case - it is evident that the continent, clearly separated from the South America by the Magellan Straits, was not Anctarctica but the depiction of a mythical land, composed by mixing what few morsels of information were then available on the recently discovered lands at the extreme south of the known world. THE "TERRA AUSTRALIS INCOGNITA"

59. : : Speak Up > Claude Garamond Promotes His Old Style Typefaces : : SU Claude, tell us, on page three of Arithmetica by oronce fine (published bySimon de Colines in Paris) why did you choose to set the heading material in http://www.underconsideration.com/speakup/archives/001714.html

Ten New Hots Most Recent Big Brand Talks Seminar The New School: Exhibitions and Public Programs AIGA LA › Collaboration Series 3 - IDEO TypeLinks Want to Advertise on Speak Up? E-mail Us Name (Required) E-mail (Required) City (Optional) Most Recent Evil Doesn't Live Here: Posters of the Bosnian War Freitag Cipe Pineles: Two Remembrances Most Recent Martin Venezky Natalia Ilyin Andrew Blauvelt Most Recent For the Love of the Game For Keepsake! "This is historic times." Most Recent Common Traits of Successful Firms Qualifying Prospective Clients Pro-Bono or No-Bono Most Recent Brook Lorntson Paul Kimball Arturo Elenes Claude Garamond Promotes His Old Style Typefaces Type design cannot be completed by anyone. It takes a rare breed to sit tirelessly in front of drawings of counters, bridges, shoulders, and punctuation. The complete system of ABC and 123 amounts to a visual communication that is at onetime complex, but when utilized taken for granted. Typographers make language visible. Form is content. Here, Claude Garamond shares some of his ideals, passions, and excitement. by Jason A. Tselentis

60. ESI-References fine, oronce. Second Book of Solar Horology. (interpretation in English by Peter I.Drinkwater). Peter I. Drinkwater, Warwickshire. 1993. http://www.humboldt.edu/~rap1/EarlySciInstSite/References.htm

Humboldt State University Department of Chemistry Richard A. Paselk Medieval Science Scientific Instruments References History of Science in the Middle Ages Crombie, A. C. Medieval and Early Modern Science the text for decades. Much is now obsolete, but Crombie is still useful in the details it provides - many of the individuals mentioned or discussed in Crombie do not show up in the more recent treatments below. Evans, James. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1998). A wonderful new book which looks at ancient (particularly Greek, but spanning Babylonian to Medieval Europe) astronomy in context. Not only does the author provide many translations of how astronomy was actually done by the ancients, he also explains how to make observations of the celestial sphere using ancient tools and home-made modern counterparts. Tools explained range from the very simplest (the gnomon) to the complex (armillary spheres, astrolabes, planetary equatoria). An appendix even provides diagrams for photocopying to make an astrolabe and an equatorium for Mars. Grant, Edward.

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