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         Eudemus Of Rhodes:     more detail
  1. Eudemus of Rhodes (Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities) (Volume 11)
  2. Aristotelis Ethica Eudemia, Eudemi Rhodii Ethica: Adjecto De Virtutibus Et Vitiis Libello (1884) (Latin Edition) by Aristotle, Eudemus Of Rhodes, 2010-09-10
  3. 370 Bc Births: Eudemus of Rhodes
  4. 300 Bc: 300 Bc Deaths, Eudemus of Rhodes, Callippus, Deidamia I of Epirus
  5. Ancient Rhodian Historians: Eudemus of Rhodes, Sosicrates, Antisthenes of Rhodes, Callixenus of Rhodes
  6. Ancient Rhodian Philosophers: Roman-Era Rhodian Philosophers, Andronicus of Rhodes, Posidonius, Panaetius, Eudemus of Rhodes, Hecato of Rhodes
  7. Peripatetic Philosophers: Aristotle, Dicaearchus, Theophrastus, Aristoxenus, Strato of Lampsacus, Eudemus of Rhodes, Demetrius of Phalerum
  8. Aristotelis Ethica Eudemia, Eudemi Rhodii Ethica: Adjecto De Virtutibus Et Vitiis Libello (1884) (Latin Edition) by Aristotle, Eudemus Of Rhodes, 2010-09-10

81. Pronunciation Guide For Mathematics
eudemus of rhodes fl. c320 BC yoo duh muhs rohdz. Eudoxis of Cnidus 408355yoo dahk suhs ny duhs. Leonard Euler 1707-83 oy ler rhymes with toiler
http://waukesha.uwc.edu/mat/kkromare/up.html
Mathematics Pronunciation Guide
A Megametamathematical Guide, for the Diacritally Challenged, of the Proper American English Pronunciation of Terms and Names This guide includes most mathematicians and mathematical terms that may been encountered in high school and the first two years of college. Proper names are generally pronounced as in the original language.
Some entries are obscure and may be useful only in a game of mathematical trivia, e. g. d'Alembert's
mother, the name of the line in a fraction, or who shot Galois.
I have not had the time to include most definitions or accomplishments. The curious person may try searching the internet for such information. However I have given a few, they are indicated with Move the curser to the symbol and wait a second.
D ates include B.C. or A.D. only if the choice is not obvious from the context.
The Guide is not complete, I will be adding more pronunciations and entries as time permits. (I did not give up my day job.) (The red dates and purple pronunciations are not links.)

82. Vanderbilt University - New Books For Classics - January 2003
eudemus of rhodes / edited by Istvan Bodnar, William M. Fortenbaugh. New Brunswick,NJ Transaction Publishers, c2002. ix, 383 p. ; 24 cm.
http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/central/classics/Classics-Jan03.html
New Books Related to Classical Studies – January 2003 CENTRAL Library
Art
Ferrari, Gloria, 1941- Figures of speech : men and maidens in ancient Greece / Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2002. viii, 352 p., [80] p. of plates : ill. ; 24 cm. Pollini, John. Gallo-Roman bronzes and the process of Romanization : the Cobannus hoard / Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2002. xiii, 103 p., [78] p. of plates : ill, maps ; 29 cm. Monumenta Graeca et Romana, v. 9
Epigraphy
McLean, B. Hudson. An introduction to Greek epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman periods from Alexander the Great down to the reign of Constantine (323 B.C.-A.D. 337) / Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, c2002. xx, 516 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. La collezione epigrafica dell'Antiquarium comunale del Celio : inventario generale, inediti, revisioni, contributi al riordino / a cura di Gian Luca Gregori. Roma : Quasar, 2001. 514 p., [46] leaves of plates : ill. ; 27 cm. Tituli ; 8
History
Ancient history matters : studies presented to Jens Erik Skydsgaard on his seventieh birthday / edited by Karen Ascani ... [et al.]. Roma : L'Erma di Bretschneider, c2002. 333 p. : ill., maps ; 30 cm. Analecta Romana Instituti Danici. Supplementum ; 30

83. The Thought Of P. D. Ouspensky
12 In Western thought the doctrine is associated by reference to Pythagorusthrough the commentaries of eudemus of rhodes, by Archytas of Tarentum,
http://www.sumeria.net/cosmo/ouspensky.html
A Brief Overview of Certain Aspects of
The Thought of Petyr Demianovich Ouspensky by Michael Presley This document may be copied, quoted, and freely distributed as long as the above attribution is retained. Any comments regarding the content of the document are welcome. Send replies to: mpresley@bellsouth.net INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW EPISTEMOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS
    Upon our very first steps towards cognition, writes Ouspensky, certain conditions determine both our usual way of thinking and understanding. Much of what we take as known and familiar in our daily lives is, in reality, far from certain and when pondered remains exceedingly enigmatic. The question of time and its relation to space, problems associated with the mysteries of life and death along with man's various conceptions of God remain distant and, as it were, obscured from unaided reason. Yet, recognition of these problems as enigmas along with attempts at possible solutions remains fundamental to any comprehensive understanding of the world. Generally we believe in the progress of ideas; we believe we are able to know both ourselves and the world and to a lesser or greater degree we also believe that whatever remains unknown must eventually be revealed through the application of the logic of scientific discovery. But what with certainty can we say we know? Our two primary intuitions of being relate to the division between internal (or personal) subject and external object. Beyond this, that is, beyond the immediate, intuitive recognition of our inner life contrasted with a world "outside", all phenomenal knowledge must be discovered and subsequently validated by way of reason in conjunction with a strict empirical methodology.

84. Estudios Clásicos
eudemus of rhodes. New Brunswick etc., 2002. 001069361 MFilol. NEB 621/H-44.Higbie, Carolyn. The Lindian chronicle and the Greek creation of their
http://www.csic.es/cbic/BGH/0408cla.htm
Frammenti e testimonianze : sulla natura. Milano, 2002.
M-Filol. NEB Anaxagoras-6
Bacchylidis Carmina cum fragmentis. [Leipzig], 2003.
M-Filol. NEB Bacchylides-12 Bilingualism in ancient society : language contact and the written word. Oxford, 2002.
M-Filol. NEB 624/B-53 Brill's companion to Herodotus. Leiden, 2002.
M-Filol. NEB 611/H-40 Caminiata, Juan
Eis ten Alosintes Thessalonikes. Atenas, 2000.
M-Filol. NEB GB/Io. Caminiata 2 Cleomedes
Cleomedes' lectures on astronomy : a translation of the heavens. Berkeley, 2004.
Crates de Males
I framenti. La Spezia, 2001. M-Filol. NEB Crates Pergamenus-3 Eudemus of Rhodes. New Brunswick [etc.], 2002. M-Filol. NEB 621/H-44 Higbie, Carolyn. The Lindian chronicle and the Greek creation of their past. Oxford, 2003. M-Filol. NEB Chron.Lind.-1 Index verborum in Aristotelis Historiam animalium. Hildesheim, 2004. M-Filol. NEB 627/A-56 I M-Filol. NEB 627/A-56 II Lettres M-Filol. NEB Chio-2

85. Bibliography 2000-2004
eudemus of rhodes. New Brunswick, NJ Transaction Publishers, 2002 (RutgersUniversity Studies in Classical Humanities 11). 383 pp.
http://www.gltc.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=57&c=356

86. Humboldt Network Events Humboldt Associations Humboldt Kolleg
Translate this page 75 - 90. Istvan M. Bodnar, William W. Fortenbaugh (eds.) eudemus of rhodes.New Brunswick, NJ - London Transaction, 2002, ix + 383 pp.
http://www.humboldt-foundation.de/automat_db/pub_humboldtiana2.humboldtiana_inde

87. St. Olaf College Libraries | Periodicals Title List: EO-EZ
eudemus of rhodes Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities, Online,Jan 2002-Jan 2002, Academic Search Premier
http://www.stolaf.edu/library/research/periodicals/EO-EZ.html
CALENDAR NEWS PEOPLE A-Z ... HOME
YOU ARE HERE: Home Research Resources Periodicals Title List EO-EZ Periodical Name Location Holdings Collection Bridge Record Eos Carleton College v. 50 no.4- 1969- INC; Recent issues shelved in Current PeriodicalsScience, alphabetically by title
Bridge Record
EPA Journal Online Jan 1990-Mar 1995 Academic Search Premier
EPA Journal Online Jan 1990-Mar 1995 Business Source Premier
EPA Journal Online Jan 1990-Mar 1995 MasterFILE Premier
Epidemiology of drug abuse , The Rolvaag Library Library has bound with periodical American journal of public health, 1974.
Bridge Record
Epilepsia Online Jan 2001- (delayed 12 months) Academic Search Premier
Epilepsy Currents Online Jan 2003- (delayed 12 months) Academic Search Premier
Epilepsy Monitor (Current Medical Literature) Online Feb 2003- Academic Search Premier
Episodes Carleton College v. 10- 1987-; Recent issues shelved in Current PeriodicalsScience, alphabetically by title.
Bridge Record
EPM Weekly Bulletin Online Feb 2002- Academic Search Premier EPPO Bulletin Online Mar 1998- (delayed 12 months) Academic Search Premier EPRI journal Carleton College v. 11-25 no.1, 25 no.3-26 no.1 1986-2001

88. Petyr Demainovich Ouspensky
certain influential reviewers.12 In Western thought the doctrine is associatedby reference to Pythagorus through the commentaries of eudemus of rhodes,
http://erg.ucd.ie/arupa/ouspensky.html
A Brief Overview of Certain Aspects of the Thought of Petyr Demianovich Ouspensky by Michael Presley
Books Music Enter keywords...
This document may be copied, quoted, and freely distributed as long as the above attribution is retained. Any comments regarding the content of the document are welcome. INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW EPISTEMOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS Upon our very first steps towards cognition, writes Ouspensky, certain conditions determine both our usual way of thinking and understanding. Much of what we take as known and familiar in our daily lives is, in reality, far from certain and when pondered remains exceedingly enigmatic. The question of time and its relation to space, problems associated with the mysteries of life and death along with man's various conceptions of God remain distant and, as it were, obscured from unaided reason. Yet, recognition of these problems as enigmas along with attempts at possible solutions remains fundamental to any comprehensive understanding of the world. Generally we believe in the progress of ideas; we believe we are able to know both ourselves and the world and to a lesser or greater degree we also believe that whatever remains unknown must eventually be revealed through the application of the logic of scientific discovery. But what with certainty can we say we know? Our two primary intuitions of being relate to the division between internal (or personal) subject and external object. Beyond this, that is, beyond the immediate, intuitive recognition of our inner life contrasted with a world "outside", all phenomenal knowledge must be discovered and subsequently validated by way of reason in conjunction with a strict empirical methodology.

89. History Of Astronomy: Roughly Sorted Links - Biographies (1)
Erastus, Thomas Eratosthenes Of Cyrene Essen, Louis Essen, Louis Yearin Review 1997 Obituary Euclid eudemus of rhodes Eudoxus Of Cnidus
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/unsorted/rough_bio_01.html
History of Astronomy Unsorted and roughly sorted links
Roughly sorted links - Biographies (1)
Please note that the links were found some time ago and may be outdated meanwhile. This list is not a permanent one. Any link may be moved or deleted without special announcement, and also this file may be deleted.
Alexander Friedmann
Jahrbuch fuer die Fortschritte der Mathematik
Dirk Frimout (in German)
Dirk Frimout (in French) ...
? Raleigh, Sir Walter
navigation
Ramsden, Jesse
Reber, Grote
Regiomontanus
Reichenbach, Georg von ...
Wolfgang R. Dick . Created: 20 Aug 2001. Latest update: 29 July 2002

90. Math-History Timeline
Birth of Eudemuseudemus of rhodes (350 BCE 290 BCE) A course in the history ofmathematics cannot overlook eudemus of rhodes for he seems to have been the
http://www.math.wichita.edu/~richardson/timeline.html
A Time-line for the History of Mathematics
(Many of the early dates are approximates)
This work is under constant revision, so come back later. Please report any errors to me at richardson@math.wichita.edu.
It should be noted that the brief descriptions given are just that "brief." Their purpose is to hopefully instill a little curiosity and encourage the reader to seek out further knowledge on these people and topics.
50,000 B.C.E.
Evidence of counting 50,000 B.C.E.
Neanderthal man 25,000 B.C.E.
Primitive geometrical designs 25,000 B.C.E.
Paleolithic art: Cro-Magnon man
4000 B.C.E.
Use of metals 3500 B.C.E. Writing 3000 B.C.E. Hieroglyphic numerals in Egypt 3000 B.C.E. Use of wheeled vehicles Wheeled vehicles first appeared in Mesopotamia (the region between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers ) around 3000 B.C.E. They were originally four-wheel vehicles drawn by slow-moving animals. The wheels on the earliest vehicles were fixed to the axles rather than rotating around a hub. The axles themselves were held in place with wooden pegs on each side of the axle. The axle rotated against the bed of the vehicle and this probably helped round the axles. 2773 B.C.E. Likely introduction of the Egyptian calendar (Some hypothesize 4241 B.C.E. as the origin.)

91. HJG: Online Reviews Index: Secondary Sources: Books: B
Translate this page eudemus of rhodes. Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities 11.New Brunswick Transaction Publishers, 2002. Reviewed by Robert B. Todd,
http://www.history-journals.de/reviews/hjg-revbook-b012.html
The History Journals Guide
by Stefan Blaschke Search Contact New Reviews Contents: Home Arts Collections Computer ... Others Online Reviews Index Secondary Sources : Books : B A B C D ... Z
  • Boch, Rudolf, ed. Geschichte und Zukunft der deutschen Automobilindustrie: Tagung im Rahmen der "Chemnitzer Begegnungen" 2000 . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001.
    Reviewed by , published by H-Soz-u-Kult (October, 2002).
  • Bock, Gisela. . Europa bauen. Munich: Beck, 2000.
    Reviewed by Erik Eichholz
  • Bock, Gisela. Women in European History . Translated by Allison Brown. The Making of Europe Series. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
    Reviewed by Tammy Proctor , published by H-Women (December, 2002).
  • Bock, Hans Manfred, ed. . Frankreich-Studien 7. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 2003.
    Reviewed by
  • Bock, Hans-Michael, Wiebke Annkatrin Mosel, and Ingrun Spazier, eds. Die Tobis 1928-1945: Eine kommentierte Filmografie . Munich: edition text + kritik, 2003.
    Reviewed by Christoph Wahl , published by IASLonline (July 15, 2004).
  • Bocken, Inigo. Waarheid en Interpretatie: Perspectieven op het conjecturele denken van Nicolaus Cusanus 1401-1464 . Publications of the Cusanus Study Centre Nijmegen. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing, 2002.
  • 92. Liste Des Nouvelles Acquisitions, Bibliothèque Des Lettres Et Sciences Humaines
    Translate this page eudemus of rhodes / editors, Istvan Bodnar, William M. Fortenbaugh. ADRESSE BIBL .New Brunswick, NJ Transaction Publishers, c2002.
    http://www.bib.umontreal.ca/CA/gen_nacq/SS/actives/LNacq_SS_05-06-2005.html
    Nouvelles acquisitions
    Semaine du 5 juin 2005
    TITRE NORMALISE. Annuaire (Conférence des évêques catholiques du Canada) TITRE........... Annuaire / Conférence des évêques catholiques du Canada = Directory / Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops.
    ADRESSE BIBL.... Ottawa, Ont. : Conférence des évêques catholiques du Canada, 1977-
    DESCRIPTION..... v. TITRE........... Annuaire ; comptes rendus des cours et conférences / Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales.
    COLLECTIVITE.... École des hautes études en sciences sociales
    ADRESSE BIBL.... [Paris] : École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1976-
    DESCRIPTION..... v. TITRE........... Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord.
    ADRESSE BIBL.... Paris : Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique,
    DESCRIPTION..... v. : ill. TITRE........... Annuaire de l'U.R.S.S.: droit, économie, sociologie, politique, culture.
    DESCRIPTION..... v. TITRE........... Annuaire de l'Église catholique au Canada = Canadian Catholic Church directory. ADRESSE BIBL.... Montréal. Publicité B.M., 1983- DESCRIPTION..... v. : ill. LOCALISATION: REF-B

    93. Eudemus
    Name eudemus. Occupation. From rhodes. Son of only known relatives are abrother Boethus and his son (ie Eudemos s nephew) Pasikles. Occupation
    http://www.swan.ac.uk/classics/staff/ter/grst/People/Eudemos.htm
    Name : Eudemus Occupation: From : Rhodes. Son of: only known relatives are a brother Boethus and his son (i.e. Eudemos's nephew) Pasikles Occupation: Dates : c. 350-300 BC Brief biography : Became student of Aristotle when latter at Assos, or Mytilene, or Athens. Very close to Aristotle, who named the Eudemian Ethics after him. He and Theophrastos were known as Aristotle's companions, and he was T's only rival for the scholarchate on Aristotle's departure. When Theophrastos was chosen, Eudemos left Athens and set up his own school, perhaps at Rhodes. Edited Aristotle's writings. Wrote on physics and logic. Father of the history of science: wrote a history of arithmetic, a history of geometry, and a history of astronomy. The last two are cited extensively by later authors, the first only once. Context Works References : I Bulmer-Thomas DSB
    T E Rihll
    Last modified: 11 March 2003

    94. Emery SA - Rhodian Wine [ History Of Rhodian Wine ]
    There were two candidates – Theophrastus from Lesbos, and eudemus from rhodes . One of these refers to rhodes “The potions named Rhodian are used in
    http://www.emery.gr/en/history.htm
    History Of Rhodian Wine
    WINE TRADE IN ANTIQUITY Rhodes, the island of the sun, is famous not only for its natural beauties, tourist sites and attractions, but also for its quality wines whose fame goes back to ancient times. Wine is part of our cultural heritage in Rhodes as well as in the rest of Greece. It is an indispensable element found in Greek history, art, and folklore, and it is one of the manifestations of a distinct way of life which has evolved but not drastically changed with the passing of the centuries. Wine in Greece has been praised as a living god - smart, humane, elegant. It has been personified as Dionysus, portrayed in exquisitely carved statues depicted on vases of unsurpassed craftsmanship. Ancient Rhodians who were also followers of Hermes Kerdoos - the god of profit - knew the value of trade. A fact corroborated by ancient sources. Thanks to Rhodes location near the mainland of Asia, its importance in the Hellenic world being a pivotal point of contact for the Greeks and the civilizations of the Orient, was disproportionate to its size. Rhodes was one of the first islands in the Aegean to adopt the cultivation of the grape vine and the vinification process. Aided by its powerful naval forces, Rhodes was undoubtedly the foremost merchant of wines and crops by the mid 7th century B.C. Rhodes was also able to undertake cereal trade on a massive scale, which brought incredible wealth to the island, thanks to its maritime power, which may also have been developed mainly thanks to the wine trade.

    95. Bryn Mawr Classical Review: Index By Reviewers: T
    Todd, Robert B.; 2003.11.10 István Bodnár, William W. Fortenbaugh, eudemus ofRhodes. Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities, XI.
    http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/by_reviewerT.html
    Index by Reviewers: T Go to reviewers beginning with:
    A
    B C D ... X-Y-Z
    Talalay, Lauren E.:
  • : Marija Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses
  • Talbert, Richard:
  • : Trevor Murphy, Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia
  • Talboy, Thomas H. J. U.:
  • : Paul Woodruff (trans.), Sophocles' Antigone
    : Clifford Ashby, Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject
  • Tamm, John:
  • : J. Malitz, Gnomon. Bibliographische Datenbank. Internationales Informationssystem fuer die Klassische Altertumswissenschaft. CD-ROM. : R. Biering, V. Brinkmann, DYABOLA (CD database): Elekronisch Sachkataloge zu den ALtertums-und Kunstswissenschaft : Biering, R., Brinkmann, V., Dyabola. Elektronische Sachkataloge zu den Altertums- und Kunstwissenschaften : Kenneth S. Painter, The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii. Vol. IV: The Silver Treasure : Harald Mielsch, Barbara Niemeyer,
  • Tarrant, Harold:
  • : Gretchen J. Reydams-Schils (ed.), Plato's Timaeus as Cultural Icon : G.R. Boys-Stones, Post-Hellenistic Philosophy: A Study of its Development from the Stoics to Origen : Jean-Marie Bertrand
  • 96. Jahrbuch-CD Der MPG 2003 - Eudemus' Unmoved Movers: Fr

    http://www.mpg.de/forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrb
    Publikation Beteiligte Max-Planck-Institute MPI f¼r Wissenschaftsgeschichte Autoren Bodn¡r, I. Publikationstyp Beitrag im Sammelband Titel Quelle Eudemus of Rhodes, 171-189 (2002) Erschienen in Eudemus of Rhodes
    Herausgeber: Bodn¡r, Istv¡n
    ; Fortenbaugh, William W.
    Transactions Publishers, New Brunswick Sprache English

    97. History Of Greek Philosophy
    Under his direction Theophrastus wrote the history of natural philosophy, Eudemusof rhodes that of mathematics and astronomy and Meno that of medicine.
    http://phoenixandturtle.net/excerptmill/Zeller.htm
    Zeller, Eduard. Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy New York: Meridian Books, 1958. (excerpted by Clifford Stetner IV. ARISTOTLE AND THE PERIPATETIC SCHOOL Aristotle’s life Aristotle of Stageira (384-322) was the son of Nicomachus the physician-in-waiting of the Macedonian king Amyntas. The philosophic development and the works of Aristotle The pedagogical works, which originally formed merely the basis of Aristotle’s lectures in the Lyceum and were in various states of completion, where first made known to the public in the edition of Andronicus of Rhodes (c. 60-50 B.C.). from this edition the whole of later antiquity drew its material… …(1) the Platonic period, when he attended the Academy, (2) the Transition period, when he was engaged in independent teaching in Assus, Mitylene and later at the Macedonian court, (3) the time of his second stay in Athens as the head of the Lyceum. The Period of the Academy, 367-347 Eudemus, or On the Soul …corresponds to Plato’s Phaedo Aristotle shows himself in his metaphysics still completely dominated by the influence of Plato. He shares the doctrine of recollection and the perception of the ideas in pre-existence.

    98. Greek Philosophy
    The followers of Aristotle, known as Peripatetics (Theophrastus of Lesbos, Eudemusof rhodes, Strato of Lampsacus, etc.), to a great extent abandoned
    http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/greek/greek_philosophy.html
    Ancient Greece, history, Minoan Crete
    Sparta, Athens, Peloponessian war
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    Greek Philosophy
      Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE.
    Philosophy was first brought into connection with practical life by Pythagoras of Samos (about 582-504 BCE), from whom it received its name: "the love of wisdom".
    Regarding the world as perfect harmony, dependent on number, he aimed at inducing humankind likewise to lead a harmonious life. His doctrine was adopted and extended by a large following of Pythagoreans, including Damon, especially in Lower Italy.
    A new period of philosophy opened with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE).
    Socrates made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point; Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs. He tried to find the definitions of the virtues, such as courage and justice, by cross-examining people who professed to have knowledge of them.
    His method of cross-examining people, the elenchus, did not succeed in establishing what the virtues really were, however; they simply exposed the ignorance of his interlocutors.

    99. Zurvanism - The Varieties Of Zurvanism
    Now, this would appear to be almost exactly the theory of creation which Eudemusof rhodes attributed to the Magi; for, according to him, the Magi called
    http://www.farvardyn.com/zurvan1.php
    FAQs What's new Site Map Awards ... Home Search this site:
    Menok and Geteh
    The pahlavi words for 'spiritual' and 'material' are, in this context, menok and geteh , and they derive from the Avestan words mainyu and gaethya. Mainyu derives from the same root as Latin mens and our own mind : it is what thinks, chooses, and wills-what distinguishes the purely spiritual gods as well as man from all the rest of creation. Gaethya derives from a root gay-, jay- , meaning 'to live'; it means anything that is possessed of physical life, and since all material things were regarded by the Zoroastrians of the 'catholic' period as being in some sense alive, gaethya came to mean 'material'. The two words, then, corresponded exactly to what is called 'spiritual' and 'material' in other Near Eastern religions. With the introduction of Aristotelian terminology, however, these simple religious concepts became confused. 'Matter', for Aristotle, was of itself so nebulous a concept that it could hardly be said to exist at all until it received 'form'. Thus the classic pair of opposites is, for him, not matter and spirit, but matter and form. It is true that the Iranians found suitable words other than menok and geteh to express these ideas, but they re-deifined

    100. ?——

    http://www.ntsf.edu.cn/dy/qita/qita5.htm

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