81. Euclid's Geometry: Alexandria In Egypt Only in a university setting such as alexandria would euclid have had access tothe works of so many mathematicians before him. http://mathforum.org/geometry/wwweuclid/alexandria.htm

2. Alexandria in Egypt Alexandria was founded in 332 B.C.E. by Alexander the Great on the site of a small fishing village. The story is that Alexander himself picked the site and even took part in the planning of the city. A "mole," a mass of earth and rocks, was built out to the island of Pharos, just offshore, forming a nice harbor. The Great Lighthouse was built on the island. Alexandria soon became a major international city. Bell (51) describes it as Egypt's "principal port and greatest commercial and manufacturing city." As an example of how international the city became at its peak, he notes that "Asoka, the Buddhist emperor of India sent to the King his missionaries with their tidings of deliverance." The complex of buildings that formed the Library and Museum are of the most interest to us, for it made Alexandria one of the most important centers in the mediterranean and Near Eastern worlds for science, philosophy and scholarship. Bell (53) describes it as a combination of something like a modern academy and a university. Here were established a number of scholars, scientists, and literary men who enjoyed free board and lodging and were exempt from taxation. For their use the Ptolemies collected a vast library of books, which eventually contained something like half a million rolls. In order to enrich the collection Ptolemy III issued an order that all travellers disembarking at Alexandria must deposit any books contained in their baggage, which, if required, were taken by the Library, the owner receiving in exchange an official certified copy. It is also recorded that he borrowed from Athens the state copies of the works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides in order to have transcripts made from them, paying as a guarantee of return the large sum of fifteen talents, but that he preferred forfeiting this sum to the return of the originals, in place of which he sent to Athens only copies.

82. Euclid: Definition And Much More From Answers.com It is similar to a thirdcentury (AD) work by Heron of alexandria, except euclid swork characteristically lacks any numerical calculations. http://www.answers.com/topic/euclid

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Science Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Euclid Dictionary Eu·clid yÅ« klÄ­d , Third century B.C. Greek mathematician who applied the deductive principles of logic to geometry, thereby deriving statements from clearly defined axioms. Encyclopedia Euclid yÅ« klÄ­d ) , fl. 300 B.C. , Greek mathematician. Little is known of his life other than the fact that he taught at Alexandria, being associated with the school that grew up there in the late 4th cent. B.C. He is famous for his Elements, a presentation in thirteen books of the geometry and other mathematics known in his day. The first six books cover elementary plane geometry and have served since as the basis for most beginning courses on this subject. The other books of the Elements non-Euclidean geometry were deduced, one by Nikolai I. Lobachevsky (1826) and independently by J¡nos Bolyai (1832) and another by Bernhard Riemann (1854). A few modern historians have questioned Euclid's authorship of the Elements

83. Euclid Geometry Elements Euclid's Century Alexandria euclid Geometry Elements euclid s Century alexandria Economy. http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Euclid.htm

var GLB_RIS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_RIR='/cincshared/external';var GLB_MMS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_MIR='/site/image';GLB_MML='/'; document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); A1('s',':','html'); Non User A B C ... Home First Prev [ 1 Next Last Euclid of Alexandria Greek Eukleides ) (circa BC) was a Greek mathematician , now known as "the father of geometry ". His most famous work is the Elements , widely considered to be history's most successful textbook. Within it, the properties of geometrical objects and integer s are deduced from a small set of axiom s, thereby anticipating (and partly inspiring) the axiomatic method of modern mathematics . Although many of the results in the Elements originated with earlier mathematicians, one of Euclid's major accomplishments was to present them in a single, logically coherent framework. He also provided some missing proof s. The text also includes sections on number theory and three-dimensional geometry. He is called the father of geometry. The geometrical system described in the Elements was long known simply as "the" geometry. Today, however, it is often referred to as

84. The Physics Evolution euclid was based in alexandria, which maintained Aristotle s legacy Archimedes studied in alexandria and would have studied with euclid s successors http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/physics/iop/biogs/biogs1.html

Physics Evolution Ancients Arabic and Chinese Renaissance Enlightenment ... Flash movie of timeline Page 1 of 7. The Ancient Philosophers 3500 BC to 350 BC During the Bronze Age, the first civilisations grew up in The Middle East. Later, in the Iron Age, The Persians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans spread this culture through conquests and trade. Meanwhile, the Chinese were observing the heavens and starting their own culture and science. Sumerians (c. 3500 BC to 2000 BC) City builders and arithmeticians. The Sumerians lived in Mesopotamia . This region of fertile plains between the Tigris and the Euphrates is now mostly in modern Iraq. Here the Sumerians built the first advanced civilisation in great cities with administrations, legal systems and irrigation. They developed methods of writing and counting - in base 60. In around 2300 BC, the Sumerians were invaded by the Akkadians. Between them, they invented the abacus and a basic arithmetic with addition, subtraction and versions of multiplication and division. The Sumerians were displaced by the Babylonians in around 2000 BC. But they passed on their systems of counting and arithmetic. The Ancient Egyptians picked up Sumerian ideas on numbers.

85. Hellenistic World, Alexandria, Introduction To Euclid Day 18 Hellenistic world, alexandria, introduction to euclid. Summary. The riseof Macedonia in the fourth century under Philip II. http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/323/Day18.html

Day 18: Hellenistic world, Alexandria, introduction to Euclid Summary The rise of Macedonia in the fourth century under Philip II. Alexander and the Hellenistic world, comparison with city-states. Rapid rise of Alexandria. Textual issues on Euclid. Introduction to Euclid and the Elements. Reading R. Calinger, Classics of Mathematics D. Burton, History of Mathematics , Section 4.1. Links Map of Hellenistic World Outline of the Elements Homework Prepare assigned propositions from Elements I. On to Day 19 Up to Ancient and Classical Mathematics Last modified: 29 October 2003 Duncan J. Melville Comments to dmelville@stlawu.edu

86. Euclid Little is known of euclid s life except that he taught at alexandria in Egypt.The Elements was a compilation of geometrical knowledge that became the http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~physics/reference/physicist/Euclid.html

Euclid of Alexandria about 300 BC - Worked in Alexandria. Welcome page Instructions Birthplace map Mathematicians of the day ... Previous (Chronologically) Next Chronological Index Previous ( Alphabetically) Next Alphabetical Index Euclid is the most prominent mathematician of antiquity best known for his treatise on geometry The Elements Little is known of Euclid's life except that he taught at Alexandria in Egypt. The Elements was a compilation of geometrical knowledge that became the centre of mathematical teaching for 2000 years. Probably no results in The Elements are due to him but the organisation of the material and its exposition are his. The Elements begins with definitions and axioms, including the famous fifth, or parallel, postulate that one and only one line can be drawn through a point parallel to a given line. Euclid's decision to make this an axiom led to Euclidean geometry. It was not until the 19th century that this axiom was dropped and non-euclidean geometries were studied. The Elements is divided into 13 books. Books 1-6, plane geometry: books 7-9, number theory: book 10

87. Library At Alexandria The original library at alexandria in Egypt was one of the wonders of the Thucydidies, Sophocles, Euripedes, Hippocrates and euclid just a few of the http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/alexand.html

web hosting domain names photo sharing Alexander's library rises from the ashes The Egyptian government is trying to recreate the "Bibliotheca Alexandrina" on the site of one of the seven wonders of the world. Alan Philps and Alasdair Palmer The original library at Alexandria in Egypt was one of the wonders of the ancient world. Founded by Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC,built and enlarged by Ptolemy I,Alexander's successor,the city's library comprised perhaps as many as 700,000 manuscripts - the whole corpus of knowledge accumulated by ancient philosophers,scientists and poets.And it was all contained in a building thought by the ancients to have been of surpassing beauty,not a trace of which survives . Now the Egyptians are building a successor to Alexander the Great's library,a building that Professor Mohasen Zahran,the man in charge of construction, believes will rival the ancient original. It is not based around an elegantly colonnaded portico,as the original seems to have been.Instead,it is a 10-storey concrete cylinder,a third of it below sea level,inclined at an angle of eight degrees.Without windows,it has walls studded with 4,600 carved granite panels.As Jack Thompson,the Englishman who is building it,says,"It is a most unusual building." And its sole purpose will be to house objects that the internet threatens to make obsolete:books. Ptolemy's original library certainly had that effect on Alexandria.A cultivated Greek soldier who was handed the city (along with the rest of Egypt) as a reward for his role in Alexander the Great's campaigns,he was depressed by the ignorance of the "barbarians" he found himself ruling. In 306 BC, he began collecting the works of the greatest Greek scholars of the time,in order both to educate his people and to start a "universal synthesis" of knowledge.He happened to be living during one of the most intellectually creative periods of humankind when Greeks were writing the books that would become the foundations of Western philosophy,mathematics,science,medicine,history and literature.

88. Euclid's Elements, Euclid Little is known about euclid s actual life. He was living in alexandria about300 BCE based on a passage in Proclus Commentary on the First Book of http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/Euclid.html

Euclid Little is known about Euclid's actual life. He was living in Alexandria about 300 B.C.E. based on a passage in Proclus' Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements. Indeed, much of what is known or conjectured is based on what Proclus says. After mentioning two students of Plato, Proclus writes All those who have written histories bring to this point their account of the development of this science. Not long after these men came Euclid, who brought together the Elements, systematizing many of the theorems of Eudoxus, perfecting many of those of Theatetus, and putting in irrefutable demonstrable form propositions that had been rather loosely established by his predecessors. He lived in the time of Ptolemy the First, for Archimedes, who lived after the time of the first Ptolemy, mentions Euclid. It is also reported that Ptolemy once asked Euclid if there was not a shorter road to geometry that through the Elements, and Euclid replied that there was no royal road to geometry. He was therefore later than Plato's group but earlier than Eratosthenes and Archimedes, for these two men were contemporaries, as Eratosthenes somewhere says. Euclid belonged to the persuasion of Plato and was at home in this philosophy; and this is why he thought the goal of the Elements as a whole to be the construction of the so-called Platonic figures. (Proclus, ed. Friedlein, p. 68, tr. Morrow)

89. Introduction To The Works Of Euclid 3 Thus it is generally accepted that euclid flourished at alexandria in around300 BC and established a mathematical school there. http://www.obkb.com/dcljr/euclid.html

An Introduction to the Works of Euclid with an Emphasis on the Elements (first posted to the web in 1995) jump to: outline of paper text of paper suggestions for further study bibliography ... anchor here Outline of paper Introduction I. The Life of Euclid II. The Works of Euclid Other than the Elements ... Bibliography About this paper This is a paper I wrote in college for a History of Science course (although I've taken the liberty of modifying it slightly from time to time since I put it online). I know it's not publishable or anything, but it's still one of my favorite papers because it was so difficult to do. (I wrote it on a computer with about 12K of free RAM and only a cassette tape drive for storage!) In fact, the whole History of Science course was quite an experience. Students wishing to use this paper for their own reports on Euclid should know how to avoid plagiarism and how to cite online sources . In addition, I urge students to seek out the original printed sources yes, that means going to the library and not rely merely on what I say in this paper. (I'm always surprised by the number of junior high and high school students who e-mail me saying they can't find any information about Euclid!) Note that is used to denote square roots and all Greek letters used as symbols ( alpha beta , ...) are spelled out. Superscripts are implemented by using the appropriate HTML tags and may not display properly in some browsers. In this case, hopefully the meaning will be clear from the context.

90. Euclid - Books I-IX According to another version Hypsicles, a pupil of euclid at alexandria, offeredto the king and published Books XIV. and XV., it being also stated that http://www.headmap.org/unlearn/euclid/before/tradition.htm

@import url(../../../ul-css/3-col-nn4-new-main.css); the teS Euclids elements BOOKS I-IX translated by T.L. Heath BACKGROUND euclid and the traditions about him. euclid's other works. greek commentators on the elements ... modern algebraic interpretations [see also: equations - Diophantus; conics - Appolonius] HEADMAP home unlearning EUCLID BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV ... BOOK IX OVERVIEW book 1, triangles book 2, quadratics books 3 and 4, circles book 5, theory of proportion book 6, geometry and the theory of proportion books 7, 8 and 9 ,number theory GEOMETRICAL ALGEBRA book II identities gemetrical solution of quadratics application of areas transformation of areas ... Book V notes Book VII notes Book VIII notes Book IX notes Volume 1 [p. 1] CHAPTER I. EUCLID AND THE TRADITIONS ABOUT HIM. As in the case of the other great mathematicians of Greece, so in Euclid's case, we have only the most meagre particulars of the life and personality of the man. Most of what we have is contained in the passage of Proclus' summary relating to him, which is as follows “Not much younger than these (sc. Hermotimus of Colophon and Philippus of Medma) is Euclid, who put together the Elements, collecting many of Eudoxus' theorems, perfecting many of Theaetetus', and also bringing to irrefragable demonstration the things which were only somewhat loosely proved by his predecessors. This man lived

91. Pythagoras Euclides Euclid Geometrica Meetkonst Moll Wiskunde 2) euclid van alexandria. 3) DBNL (Digitale Bibliotheek voor de NederlandseLetteren). 4) Bertrand Russel, Geschiedenis der Westerse Wijsbegeerte. http://www.euronet.nl/users/warnar/demostatistiek/meth/euclides.htm

Home Dodecaeder Isocaeder Meetbare grootheden Newton-Einstein Pentagon Plato Priemgetal Proklos Pythagoras Sectio aurea Teerlinck Vooght 2004 Warnar Moll. [Down] Referenties Euclides van Alexandrië Euclid, "The Elements", first translation in Dutch by Claas Jansz Vooght and published in 1695, Amsterdam Euclides, "De Elementen", voor het eerst in het Nederlands vertaald door Claas Jnsz Vooght en uitgegeven in 1695 EUCLIDIS BEGINSELEN der MEETKONST, Vervaat in 15 Boeken Begrijpende de Beginselen, op dewelke de gant- sche Wiskonst rust, Daarom ook te recht genaamt BEGINSELEN der WISKONST. Eerst in onze nederduytse taal met alle omsightigheid, kort- heyd en klaarheyd opgesteld door Claas Jansz. Vooght Geometra, Geswooren Landmeter en Leermeester, in de Wiskonst, als Stuur- manskonst enz. tot Amsterdam. By Johannes van Keulen, Boek- en Kaart verkoper,by de Nieu-

92. PORCELAINia/Alexandria/807 euclid , alexandria the most prominent mathematician of antiquity. Of allthe great names connected with alexandria, that of euclid is the best known. http://www.porcelainia.com/807.html

PORCELAINia HOME PROCESS SERIES STYLE ... Site Map "Euclid" Alexandria Series Height 4.3 in Mass 482 g Fired High Glaze None Started Finished Style Santa Barbara Series Alexandria The piece is named for Euclid (365 BC - 300 BC), the most prominent mathematician of antiquity. Of all the great names connected with Alexandria, that of Euclid is the best known. He compiled all of the geometrical knowledge up to his time with proofs in his famous 13-volume treatise, "The Elements." This geometry text is still in use today. His influence on mathematics of both the ancient and contemporary world is without parallel.

93. Index Of Ancient Greek Philosophers-Scientists euclid (alexandria, 4th 3rd century BC). alexandrian mathematician. Author ofElements, a set of twelve volume that portrayed the geometric thought of the http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/hellinistic_period.html

Hellinistic/Alexandrian period (4th century B.C. - 5th century A.D.) This period marking advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Hellinistic refers to the Greeks and others who lived after Alexander the Great's conquests, during which there existed a mixture of civilizations. Important schools of this period include Epicurianism, Stoiciscm , and Skeptisicm Philosophers-Scientists Epicurus of Samos (341-270 B.C.). Founder of the philosophical school of Epicurianism which, similar to the Atomists, believed that atoms are fundamental parts of the real world. Believed that fate was governed by laws of nature and not some mysterious gods. Straton (Lambsacus, 340-290 B.C.). Greek physicist. Conducted experiments leading him to discover that bodies accelerate when they fall. However, erroneously, he also believes that heavier bodies fall faster. Also studied the lever, but does not find it's law. His work emphasizes the use of experimentation for scientific research. Lived in Alexandria, then moved to Athens to head the Aristitle's Lyceum after Theophrastos. Zenon of Citius (4th century B.C.).

94. Adventures In CyberSound: Euclid euclid, Greek Eucleides (fl. c. 300 BC, alexandria), the most prominent mathematicianof GrecoRoman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/EUCLID_BIO.html

A D V E N T U R E S in C Y B E R S O U N D Euclid (alt: Euklid, Eucleides) : 365 - 300 BC Euclid's The Optics is the earliest surviving work on geometrical optics, and is generally found in Greek manuscripts along with elementary works on spherical astronomy. There were a number of medieval Latin translations, which became of new importance in the fifteenth century for the theory of linear perspective. This technique is beautifully illustrated in the miniature of a street scene in this elegant manuscript from the library of the Duke of Urbino. It may once have been in the possession of Piero della Francesca, who wrote one of the principal treatises on perspective in painting. Source: The Vatican Library Euclid , Greek Eucleides (fl. c. 300 BC, Alexandria), the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the Elements Life and work Of Euclid's life it is known only that he taught at and founded a school at Alexandria in the time of Ptolemy I Soter , who reigned from 323 to 285/283 BC. Medieval translators and editors often confused him with the philosopher

95. History Of Alexandria: The Ptolemaic Legacy Elements at the alexandria Mouseion during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus?In his Elements, euclid provided a comprehensive analysis of geometry, http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Alexandria/History/legacy.html

The Ptolemaic Legacy The Mouseion / Library When Ptolemy Soter assumed power, he asked Demitrius Phalerus , a follower of Aristotle , to found a library system at Alexandria that would rival that of Athens. The Alexandrian Mouseion , however, far superseded its Greek prototype to become an intellectual and scientific institution; a university system rather than a bibliotheca. It was here, in the third century BC, that Archimedes invented the pump still in use today and known as Archimedes' screw , and, in the second century BC, that Hypsicles first divided the circle of the zodiac into 360 degrees. Ancient historians claim that the library's 500,000 book collection was so comprehensive that no manuscript was available in any library worldwide that was not available in Alexandria. Mathematics Have you ever heard of Euclidean Geometry? Did you know that Euclid lived, developed his theories, and wrote Elements at the Alexandria Mouseion during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus? In his Elements , Euclid provided a comprehensive analysis of geometry, proportions, and theory of numbers. His other notable contribution

96. History Of ALEXANDRIA euclid and Archimedes 3rd century BC. euclid teaches in alexandria during thereign of Ptolemy. No details of his life are known, but his brilliance as a http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa03

97. Euclid euclid din alexandria. Autor mad_girl, Data trimiterii 200212-13. Calitate,Downloaded 7033. Acorda o nota referatului mai jos http://www.referat.ro/referate/Euclid--Euclid-din-Alexandria_2249.htm

window.resizeTo(556,495); window.status = "CLICK 'download' pentru referat"; Titlu referat : Euclid Clasa Marime(kb) Alte detalii Euclid din Alexandria Autor : Data trimiterii : 2002-12-13 Calitate Downloaded : Acorda o nota referatului mai jos : Daca vrei sa te abonezi la newsletter introdu adresa de e-mail t_rid="ditzigoro"; Trafic.ro - Clasament si statistici

98. Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: Re: [HM] Was Euclid T euclid s pupils in alexandria. Whether he had good authority in this, or testimony explicitly linking euclid to alexandria, and it doesn t actually http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/jan00/0099.html

Re: [HM] Was Euclid trained by a pupil of Plato? Subject: Re: [HM] Was Euclid trained by a pupil of Plato? From: Alexander Jones ( ajones@chass.utoronto.ca Date: Wed Jan 12 2000 - 09:29:35 EST Next message: John Conway: "Re: [HM] symbol for infinity" Previous message: Karen Dee Michalowicz: "Re: [HM] symbol for infinity" In reply to: Ralph Gainey: "[HM] Was Euclid trained by a pupil of Plato?" Next in thread: Ivo Schneider: "Re: [HM] Was Euclid trained by a pupil of Plato?" Reply: Alexander Jones: "Re: [HM] Was Euclid trained by a pupil of Plato?" Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] ... http://www.drury.edu/faculty/ess/philsci/Alexandria1.html > "Among the first to be called to the Alexandrian Academy was > [my caps] by a pupil of Plato." No. Nothing in Singer's notice is well established; in fact we really don't *know* anything about Euclid except that he is earlier than, or conceivably contemporary with, Apollonius (active about 200 B.C.) since Apollonius cites his work on the "locus on three and four lines" in the preface to the conics. Pappus alleges in Collection Book 7 that Apollonius studied with

99. Nabataean Travel: Alexandria Eudoxis of Cnidus, euclid s pupil, probably worked out of alexandria, and isknown for developing an early method of integration, studied the uses of http://nabataea.net/alex.html

Alexandria, Center of Trade The ancient city of Alexandria was founded in 332-331 BC by Alexander the Great. From it's inception it was intended to be an important port for Egypt, for it would serve as a link between Egypt and the civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea. Up to the time of Alexander the Great, Egypt lacked permanent, suitable harbors on its northern coast. Most Egyptian - Mediterranean trade passed up the Nile River or through landing-places located on the mouths of various branches of the Nile Delta. The best known of these were the Canopus and Pelusium, but they were of a temporary nature at best. These shallow landing spots were at the mercy of the Nile flood and its annual silt deposits. Every few years they had to be rebuilt as the silt accumulated. The only permanent Egyptian harbor on the Mediterranean was the one on the island of Pharos, which had no direct access to the mainland. ( Hecateus of Abdera, Diod.I.31; Eratosthenes, Strabo 17.1.19 Strabo, 17.1.7 ) Through this complex system of harbors and canals, maritime shipping at Alexandria was linked to the inland waterways of Egypt, thereby greatly increasing the possibilities of transport and trade. According to Ps. Call, it was on the advice of Hyponomos, the brother of Numenius, the stone-mason that a network of channels and drains running into the sea were constructed. 'Such canals were called Hyponomos after him.

100. Euclid In the first proposition, Proposition 1, Book I, euclid shows that, Since youprobably know or will believe many of the results that euclid develops, http://alpha.furman.edu/~jpoole/mth15hp/mathematicians/euclid.htm

Euclid The Elements , Books I - IV Book I Definitions Postulates and Common Notions Propositions Book II Definitions Propositions Book III Definitions Propositions Book IV Definitions Propositions Using the text of Sir Thomas Heath's translation of The Elements , I have graphically glossed Books I - IV to produce a reader friendly version of Euclid's Plane Geometry. The four books contain 115 propositions which are logically developed from five postulates and five common notions . In the first proposition, Proposition 1, Book I, Euclid shows that, using only the postulates and common notions, it is possible to construct an equilateral triangle on a given straight line. In the hundred fifteenth proposition, Proposition 16, Book IV, he shows that it is possible to inscribe a regular 15-gon in a circle. And along the way he develops many beautiful, interesting, captivating, and pleasing results. You are invited to read this part of one of the world's great books. This presentation grew out of material developed for a mathematics course, Ideas in Mathematics , offered for liberal arts students at Furman. Every interested person, ninth grade student to ninety year old retiree, should be able to read most, if not all, of the material; that is the intended audience.

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