21. Ferdinand Eisenstein - Wikiquote Ferdinand gotthold Max eisenstein (16 April 1823 11 October 1852) was a German The life of gotthold Ferdinand eisenstein by M.Schmitz (PDF format) http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Eisenstein

Wikimedia needs your help in its US$200,000 fund drive. See our fundraising page for details. Ferdinand Eisenstein From Wikiquote Ferdinand Gotthold Max Eisenstein (16 April 1823 - 11 October 1852) was a German mathematician. edit Sourced As a boy of six I could understand the proof of a mathematical theorem more readily than that meat had to be cut with one's knife, not one's fork. Curriculum Vitae - an autobiographical statement written when Eisenstein was 20, often referred to as his "Autobiography" (1843) What attracted me so strongly and exclusively to mathematics, apart from the actual content, was particularly the specific nature of the mental processes by which mathematical concepts are handled. This way of deducing and discovering new truths from old ones, and the extraordinary clarity and self-evidence of the theorems, the ingeniousness of the ideas... had an irresistible fascination for me. Beginning from the individual theorems, I grew accustomed to delve more deeply into their relationships and to grasp whole theories as a single entity. That is how I conceived the idea of mathematical beauty... Curriculum Vitae edit Quotes of others about Eisenstein There have been only three epoch-making mathematicians: Archimedes Newton , and Eisenstein Carl Friedrich Gauss As any reader of Eisenstein must realise, he felt hard pressed for time during the whole of his short mathematical career... His papers, although brilliantly conceived, must have been written by fits and starts, with the details worked out only as the occasion arose; sometimes a development is cut short, only to be taken up again at a later stage. ~ Andr© Weil in

22. Gauß, Eisenstein, And The ``third'' Proof Of The Quadratic Reciprocity Theorem: gotthold eisenstein, 21year old mathematics student at the Friedrich-WilhelmsUniversity in Berlin. eisenstein. ``Already early in my youth I was http://math.nmsu.edu/~history/schauspiel/schauspiel.html

Next: EPILOGUE Reinhard C. Laubenbacher - David J. Pengelley Department of Mathematical Sciences New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM 88003 [Mathematical Intelligencer 16 (1994), 67-72] The year: The characters: Gotthold Eisenstein, 21-year old mathematics student at the Friedrich-Wilhelms University in Berlin. Eisenstein: ``Already early in my youth I was attracted by the beauty of a subject which differs from other subjects not only in its content but, most importantly, in the nature and variety of its methods. In it, it is not enough to just lay out the consequences of a single idea in a long sequence of deductions; almost each step requires one to conquer new difficulties and apply new principles. Eisenstein (continuing): You, Herr Direktor, have described so eloquently the strange attractions of this science, and have given several proofs of its Fundamental Theorem. The theorem which we have called in sec. 4 of the Disquisitiones Arithemeticae the Fundamental Theorem, natural proof has not been produced. I leave it to the authorities to judge whether the following proof which I have recently been fortunate enough to discover deserves this description.'' [ The Quadratic Reciprocity Theorem compares the quadratic character of two primes with respect to each other. The quadratic character of

23. Introduction gotthold eisenstein stands with Abel and Galois as another nineteenth centurymathematical genius with a tragic and short life 3,9. http://math.nmsu.edu/~history/eisenstein/node1.html

Next: Eisenstein's Proof Up: Eisenstein's Misunderstood Geometric Proof Previous: Eisenstein's Misunderstood Geometric Proof Introduction The Quadratic Reciprocity Theorem has played a central role in the development of number theory, and formed the first deep law governing prime numbers. Its numerous proofs from many distinct points of view testify to its position at the heart of the subject. The theorem was discovered by Euler, and restated by Legendre in terms of the symbol now bearing his name, but was first proven by Gauss. The eight different proofs Gauss published in the early 1800s, for what he called the Fundamental Theorem, were followed by dozens more before the century was over, including four given by Gotthold Eisenstein in the years 184445. Our aim is to take a new look at Eisenstein's geometric proof, in which he presents a particularly beautiful and economical adaptation of Gauss' third proof, and to draw attention to all the advantages of his proof over Gauss', most of which have apparently heretofore been overlooked. It is hard to imagine today the sensation caused by Eisenstein when he burst upon the mathematical world. In the autumn of 1843, at age twenty, this self-taught mathematician had barely received his high school certificate and entered the Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Berlin, when he produced a flood of publications, instantly making him one of the leading mathematicians of the early nineteenth century. On July 14, 1844, Gauss wrote to C. Gerling, saying ``I have recently made the aquaintance of a young mathematician, Eisenstein from Berlin, who came here with a letter of recommendation from Humboldt. This man, who is still very young, exhibits

24. Ferdinand Eisenstein -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article Ferdinand gotthold Max eisenstein (April 16, 1823 October 11, 1852) was a (Aperson of German nationality) German (A person skilled in mathematics) http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/f/fe/ferdinand_eisenstein.htm

Ferdinand Eisenstein [Categories: 1852 deaths, 1823 births, Number theorists, 19th century mathematicians, German mathematicians] Ferdinand Gotthold Max Eisenstein (April 16, 1823 - October 11, 1852) was a (A person of German nationality) German (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician Like (French mathematician who described the conditions for solving polynomial equations; was killed in a duel at the age of 21 (1811-1832)) Galois and ((Old Testament) Cain and Abel were the first children of Adam and Eve born after the Fall of Man; Abel was killed by Cain) Abel , Eisenstein died before the age of 30, and like Abel, his death was due to (Infection transmitted by inhalation or ingestion of tubercle bacilli and manifested in fever and small lesions (usually in the lungs but in various other parts of the body in acute stages)) tuberculosis . He was born and died in (Capital of Germany located in eastern Germany) Berlin (A republic in central Europe; split into East German and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990) Germany (Click link for more info and facts about Peter Gustav Dirichlet) Peter Gustav Dirichlet was his teacher.

25. Collected Works In Mathematics And Statistics gotthold eisenstein, Paul Erdös, Euclid, Leonhard Euler eisenstein, Ferdinandgotthold Max, 18231852, Mathematische Werke, 2, QA 3 E55 1975, Killam http://www.mathstat.dal.ca/~dilcher/collwks.html

Collected Works in Mathematics and Statistics This is a list of Mathematics and Statistics collected works that can be found at Dalhousie University and at other Halifax universities. The vast majority of these works are located in the Killam Library on the Dalhousie campus. A guide to other locations is given at the end of this list. If a title is owned by both Dalhousie and another university, only the Dalhousie site is listed. For all locations, and for full bibliographic details, see the NOVANET library catalogue This list was compiled, and the collection is being enlarged, with the invaluable help of the Bibliography of Collected Works maintained by the Cornell University Mathematics Library. The thumbnail sketches of mathematicians were taken from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive at the University of St. Andrews. For correction, comments, or questions, write to Karl Dilcher ( dilcher@mscs.dal.ca You can scroll through this list, or jump to the beginning of the letter: A B C D ... X-Y-Z A [On to B] [Back to Top] N.H. Abel

26. Food For Thought: Biographies eisenstein, Ferdinand gotthold Max (German mathematician), 18231852. eisenstein,Sergey Mikhaylovich (Russian film director), 1898-1948 http://www.junkfoodforthought.com/bio/bio_E.htm

Eadfrid (or Eadfrith) (Anglo-Saxon prelate) d.721 Eadie, John (Scottish Presbyterian theologian, scholar) Eadmer (or Edmer) (English monk, historian) c.1060-c.1128 Eadread (or Edred) (English king) d.955 Eadric Streona (or Edric Streona) (Alderman of the Mercians) d.1017 Eads, James Buchanan (American engineer, inventor) Eakins, Thomas Cowperthwait (American painter, sculptor) Ealdred (or Aldred) (Anglo-Saxon prelate) d.1069 Eames, Charles (American designer) Eanes, Gil (Portuguese mariner) 15th cent. Earhart, Amelia Mary (American aviator) Earle, Alice Morse (American author) Earle (or Earles), John (English Anglican clergyman, writer) Earlom, Richard (English mezzotint engraver) Early, Jubal Anderson (American Confederate general) Early, Stephen Tyree (American journalist) Earnshaw, Thomas (English watchmaker) Earp, Wyatt Berry Stapp (American lawman, gunfighter) East, Sir Alfred (English landscape painter, etcher) East, Edward Murray (American geneticist) East, Thomas (English music printer) c.1540-1609 Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock (English painter, art critic) Eastlake, Charles Lock (English art critic; nephew of Sir C.)

27. BSHM: Abstracts -- L One of eisenstein’s four proofs (18445) of Gauss’s great quadratic reciprocity geometric methodology —and the 21-year-old student gotthold eisenstein. http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/abstracts/L.html

The British Society for the History of Mathematics HOME About BSHM BSHM Council Join BSHM ... Search BSHM Abstracts A B C D ... Z These listings contain all abstracts that have appeared in BSHM Newsletters up to Newsletter 46. BSHM Abstracts - L Lacki, Jan, ‘The early axiomatizations of quantum mechanics: Jordan, von Neumann and the continuation of Hilbert’s program’, Archive for history of exact sciences When Hilbert’s axiomatization of physical theories faced the rise of quantum mechanics, the novelty of the mathematics was matched by its lack of physical interpretation. Von Neumann, the most outstanding of Hilbert’s heirs, continued his programme and pushed it to the limit, blending axiomatic rigour with interpretative commitment. Lam Lay Yong, ‘Jiu zhang suanshu (Nine chapters on the mathematical art): an overview’, Archive for history of exact sciences Jiu zhang suanshu is one of the earliest and most important Chinese texts, and is built on a rod-numeral system with conceptually the same decimal place-value structure (albeit with alternating orientation) as our own. It encompassedprobably most of Chinese mathematical knowledge at the beginning of the second century AD, and had a great influence. Archive for history of exact sciences Langermann, Y. Tzvi, ‘Mediaeval hebrew texts on the quadrature of the lune’

28. Is Math A Young Man's Game? - No. Not Every Mathematician Is Washed Up At 30. By Evariste Galois, gotthold eisenstein, and Niels Abel—mathematicians of such rareimportance that their names, like Kafka s, have become adjectives—were all http://slate.msn.com/id/2082960

placeAd(1,'slate.news/slate') Print E-mail Discuss Newsletters ... About Us Search Slate Advanced Search placeAd(3,'slate.homepage/slate') placeAd(6,'slate.homepage/slate'); do the math A mathematician's guide to the news. Is Math a Young Man's Game? No. Not every mathematician is washed up at 30. By Jordan Ellenberg Posted Friday, May 16, 2003, at 7:39 AM PT Last month at MIT, mathematician Grigori Perelman delivered a series of lectures with the innocuous title "Ricci Flow and Geometrization of Three-Manifolds." In the unassuming social universe of mathematics, the equally apt title "I Claim To Be the Winner of a Million-Dollar Prize" would have been considered a bit much. Perelman claims to have proved Thurston's geometrization conjecture, a daring assertion about three-dimensional spaces that implies, among other things, the truth of the century-old Poincar© conjecture. And it's the Poincar© conjecture that, courtesy of the Clay Foundation, carries a million-dollar bounty . If Perelman is correct—and many in the field would bet his way—he's made a major and unexpected breakthrough, brilliantly using the tools of one field to attack a problem in another. There's only one problem with this story. Perelman is almost 40 years old.

29. Eisenstein, Ferdinand (1823-1852) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific B Rudio, F. (Ed.) Eine Autobiographie von gotthold eisenstein. In eisenstein, G.Mathematische Werke, Band II. New York Chelsea, pp. 879904. 1975. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Eisenstein.html

Branch of Science Mathematicians Nationality German ... Barile Eisenstein, Ferdinand (1823-1852) Portions of this entry contributed by Margherita Barile German mathematician who was Gauss's favorite disciple. Eisenstein took the Cauchy-Riemann equations as the starting point for a theory of complex functions. He also made advances in Abelian and hypergeometric functions as well is in contributions to number theory, including the so-called Eisenstein integers which are members of the imaginary quadratic field , and the Eisenstein series At the end of the curriculum vitae that he presented for his school-leaving examination in 1843, Eisenstein wrote, "It is poor of achievements, deeds and merits, but perhaps it is not poor of good substance: it contains the resolutions and intentions for my future life and the germs of all good and all beauty that will unfold one day" (Rudio 1975). Gauss is reported to have said, "There have been but three epoch-making mathematicians, Archimedes Newton , and Eisenstein" (Bell 1986, p. 237). Placing Eisenstein in the same league with Archimedes and Newton seems curious, but because Eisenstein died very young, it is possible

30. Gotthold Eisenstein Université Montpellier II Translate this page gotthold eisenstein (1823-1852). Cette image et la biographie complète en anglaisrésident sur le site de l’université de St Andrews Écosse http://ens.math.univ-montp2.fr/SPIP/article.php3?id_article=1097

31. Jewish Science And Technology Books Personalities Ferdinand gotthold, eisenstein. Leading 19th century mathematician. Born Berlin,1823, died Berlin, 1852. His Jewish parents converted to become Protestants http://www.jewish-sci-tech-books.com/personalities.htm

more- more- more- more- ... more- SUPPORTING ISRAEL WHERE JEWS ARE REBUILDING THEIR OFT-INVADED ANCESTRAL HOMELAND SITE NAVIGATOR click for... sales catalogue personalities prisms links ... MAP Contact: admin@jewish-sci-tech-books.com Compiled by Roger Shlomo Harris URL: http://www.jewish-sci-tech-books.com/personalities.htm Personalities Most of us build on the achievements of those who have gone before us - this list of Jewish scientists and technicians is based upon Jews mentioned in ... Dictionary of Jewish Biography by Geoffrey Wigoder (ISBN: 0-13-210105-X) History In Their Hands - A Book of Jewish Autographs by Harvey Lutske (ISBN: 1-56821-290-9) Vallentine's Jewish Encyclopaedia The Jewish 100 by Michael Shapiro (ISBN: 0-684-81934-1) The Jewish Contribution to Civilization The Jewish Encyclopedia Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , by D.G. Felder and D. Rosen (ISBN: 0-8065-2443-X) Jewish Life and Thought among Greeks and Romans , ed. by Louis Feldman and Meyer Reinhold, (ISBN: 0-567-08525-2) The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia , edited by David Crystal, published by Cambridge University Press, 1998 (ISBN: 0-521-63099-1) The Mammoth Book of Great Inventions (ISBN: 1-84119-903-6) Internet search engine reports have provided rich seams of original and additional information.

32. April 16 - Today In Science History Ferdinand gotthold Max eisenstein. Born 16 Apr 1823; died 11 Oct 1852. Germanmathematician whose work on the theory of elliptic functions and on quadratic http://www.todayinsci.com/4/4_16.htm

Visit our new gallery of Perpetual Motion Machines through the centuries APRIL16 - BIRTHS Jerzy Neyman (source) Born 16 Apr 1894; died 5 Aug 1981. Russian-American mathematician Donald Forsha Jones (source) Born 16 Apr 1890; died 19 Jun 1963. American geneticist Wilbur Wright Born 16 Apr 1867; died 30 May 1912. American aviation pioneer, who with his brother Orville , invented the first powered airplane, Flyer , capable of sustained, controlled flight ( 17 Dec 1903 ). Orville made the first flight, airborn for 12-sec. Wilbur took the second flight, covering 853-ft (260-m) in 59 seconds. By 1905, they had improved the design, built and and made several long flights in Flyer III , which was the first fully practical airplane (1905), able to fly up to 38-min and travel 24 miles (39-km). Their Model A To Conquer the Air : The Wright Brothers and the Great Race for Flight , by James Tobin Sidney Gilchrist Thomas (source) Born 16 Apr 1850; died 1 Feb 1885. British metallurgist and inventor who developed (1875), with his cousin Percy Gilchrist , the Thomas-Gilchrist process that eliminates the phosphorus impurity of certain iron ores in the Bessemer converter. Phosphorus causes steel to be brittle and of little use. Yet most iron ores from British, French, German, and Belgian sources was phosphoric. Thomas conceived the idea of incorporating lime (or magnesia or magnesian limestone with similar basic chemical properties), as the lining of the Bessemer converter. Gilchrist, an industrial chemist at a large ironworks

33. April 16 Birth of Ferdinand gotthold eisenstein in Berlin, Germany. eisenstein was aprofessor of mathematics at the University of Berlin. eisenstein s work led to http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/paschons/language_http/calendar/april16.html

April 16 © 1997, 1998 by Paul A. Schons April 16, 1817 Birth of Martin Rudolph von Delbrück in Berlin, Germany. He forged the Prussian free-trade policy in cooperation with Otto von Bismark and was instrumental in convincing the southern German states to join the empire in 1870/71. April 16, 1820 Birth of Georg Curtius in Lübeck, Germany. Curtius was a scholar of Greek language. He was a professor of classics at the universities of Prague, Kiel and Leipzig. His most noted work was, Grundzüge der griechischen Etymologie. April 16, 1823 Birth of Ferdinand Gotthold Eisenstein in Berlin, Germany. Eisenstein was a professor of mathematics at the University of Berlin. Eisenstein's work led to theorems for quadratic and biquadratic residues, a reciprocity theorem for cubic residues, cyclotomy and quadratic partition of prime numbers. April 16, 1831 Heinrich Seuse is canonized a saint. Born on March 21, 1295: Heinrich Seuse (also spelled Suso in some texts) (original name Heinrich von Berg) in Konstanz, Germany. Seuse, a Dominican, was one of the outstanding mystics in German religious history. He studied under another great mystic, Meister Eckehart in Cologne. He came under criticism and attack when he held to the positions of Meister Eckehart even when Eckehart was condemned by the Pope in 1329. Seuse's most influential and lasting work is Büchlein der ewigen Weisheit (1328). Seuse was beatified by Pope Gregory XVI in 1831.

34. October 11 Death of Ferdinand gotthold eisenstein in Berlin, Germany. eisenstein was aprofessor of mathematics at the University of Berlin. eisenstein s work led to http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/paschons/language_http/calendar/oct11.html

October 11 © 1997, 1998 by Paul A. Schons October 11, 1491 Death of Blessed Jakob Griesinger. Little is known of Jakob Griesinger, also known as Jakob von Ulm and as Alemannus. He was born in Ulm, Germany in 1407 and trained as a glass blower. He undertook a trip to the holy sites in Rome and on the return trip stooped to pray at the grave of St. Dominic. He then entered the Dominican order in Bologna. He became the glass maker for the order there and achieved note for the fine glass works and stained glass windows he produced. His remains are preserved in a glass shrine in Bologna. He was beatified in 1825 by Pope Leo XII. His feast day is designated as October 11. October 11, 1531 Ulrich Zwingli dies in Sankt Gallen, Switzerland. Zwingli was the most influential church reformer in the development of Swiss Protestantism. He studied at the Universities of Vienna and Basel. He was ordained a priest in 1506. In his early years Zwingli criticized some of the abuses of the church of those times and in a minor way was involved in the questioning of the practice of indulgences. By 1522, however, his views had developed sufficiently to lead to controversy in the church. He questioned fasting and the celibacy of priests. In 1523 he published his 67 Artikel.

35. OEUVRES Translate this page eisenstein, gotthold, Mathematische Werke Vol. 1 (1989). eisenstein, gotthold,Mathematische Werke Vol. 2 (1989). Fourier, M. Oeuvres de Fourier Vol. http://www.iecn.u-nancy.fr/~eguether/bibliotheque/MotCle/node9.html

suivant: PHILOSOPHIE monter: MotCle HISTOIRE OEUVRES Abel, Niels Henrik Abel, Niels Henrik Adams, J. Frank The selected works of J. Frank Adams Vol. 1 (1991) Adams, J. Frank The selected works of J. Frank Adams Vol. 2 (1991) Artin, Emil The collected papers of Emil Artin (1965) Atiyah, Michael Collected works Vol. 1 (1988) Atiyah, Michael Collected works Vol. 2 (1988) Atiyah, Michael Collected works Vol. 3 (1988) Atiyah, Michael Collected works Vol. 4 (1988) Atiyah, Michael Collected works Vol. 5 (1988) Atiyah, Michael Collected works Vol. 6 (2004) Badrikian, Albert Oeuvres scientifiques (1990) Banach, Stefan Oeuvres Vol. 2 (1979) Bellman, Richard E. The Bellman continuum (1986) Bernoulli, Jakob Die Werke von Jakob Bernoulli Vol. 1 (1969) Bishop, Errett Selected papers (1986) Bochner, Salomon Selected mathematical papers of Salomon Bochner (1969) Bolzano, Bernard Bernard Bolzano's Schriften Vol. 1 (1930) Borel, Armand Oeuvres Vol. 1 (1983) Borel, Armand Oeuvres Vol. 2 (1983) Borel, Armand Oeuvres Vol. 3 (1983) Borel, Armand Oeuvres Vol. 4 (2001)

36. (AUTO)BIOGRAPHIE Translate this page eisenstein, gotthold, Mathematische Werke Vol. 1 (1989). Ewald, William, From Kantto Hilbert Vol. 1 (1996). Ewald, William, From Kant to Hilbert Vol. http://www.iecn.u-nancy.fr/~eguether/bibliotheque/MotCle/node3.html

suivant: CAPES et CAPESA monter: MotCle AGREGATION (AUTO)BIOGRAPHIE Inventeurs et scientifiques. Dictionnaire de biographies. (1994) Akivis, M. A. Elie Cartan (1869-1951) (1993) Alexanderson, Gerald L. The random walks of George Polya (2000) Artin, Emil The collected papers of Emil Artin (1965) Atiyah, Michael Francis Collected works Vol. 1 (1988) Oeuvres scientifiques (1990) Beaulieu, Liliane Belhoste, Bruno Cauchy 1789-1857 (1985) Bellman, Richard E. The Bellman continuum (1986) Bishop, Errett Selected papers (1986) Borel, Armand Oeuvres Vol. 1 (1983) Bottazzini, Umberto Brelot, Marcel Calaprice, Alice The expanded quotable Einstein (2000) Cantor, Georg Georg Cantor gesammelte Abhandlungen (1962) Cardan 1501-1576 (1991) Cartan, Henri Oeuvres Vol. 1 (1979) Casacuberta, Carles Mathematical research today and tomorrow (1992) Chowla, S. The collected papers of Sarvadaman Chowla, Vol. I, 1925-1935 (1999) Chowla, S. The collected papers of Sarvadaman Chowla, Vol. II, 1936-1961 (1999) Chowla, S. The collected papers of Sarvadaman Chowla, Vol. III, 1962-1986 (1999) Nicolas Bourbaki (1995) Cohen, Morton N.

37. Math Lessons - Ferdinand Eisenstein Ferdinand eisenstein. Ferdinand gotthold Max eisenstein (April 16, 1823 October11, 1852) was a German mathematician. Like Galois and Abel, http://www.mathdaily.com/lessons/Ferdinand_Eisenstein

Search Mathematics Encyclopedia and Lessons Lessons Popular Subjects algebra arithmetic calculus equations ... more References applied mathematics mathematical games mathematicians more ... 1852 deaths Ferdinand Eisenstein Ferdinand Gotthold Max Eisenstein April 16 October 11 ) was a German mathematician Like Galois and Abel , Eisenstein died before the age of 30, and like Abel, his death was due to tuberculosis . He was born and died in Berlin Germany Gauss is said to have claimed, "There have been only three epoch-making mathematicians: Archimedes Newton , and Eisenstein". Gauss's choice of Eisenstein, who specialized in analysis , seemed strange to many, but Gauss may have thought that had Eisenstein lived longer, he would have fulfilled his true potential. External link Categories German mathematicians 19th century mathematicians Number theorists ... 1852 deaths Last updated: 08-31-2005 19:08:43 algebra arithmetic calculus equations ... mathematicians

38. Mathematicians -- E Ferdinand gotthold eisenstein (18231852). Born in Germany. He defined the ordinaland generic characteristics of quadratic forms of an uneven determinant. http://www.innvista.com/science/math/mathians/e.htm

E Home About Us Contact Us Home ... Mathematicians Search innvista.com Our Notice Board E Ferdinand Gotthold Eisenstein Born in Germany. He defined the ordinal and generic characteristics of quadratic forms of an uneven determinant. He assigned the weight of any order or genus. He showed that the possibility of representing a number as the sum of squares is limited to eight squares. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (ca. 276 BCE - ca. 195 BCE) Born in Libya. He devised a "sieve," which was a simple technique of finding prime numbers in a straightforward, algorithmic manner. He devised a method to determine the circumference of the earth. He provided the solution of the Delian problem of doubling the cube. Euclid (fl. ca. 295 BCE) Born in ? He is the most celebrated mathematician of all time. His Elements , which was studied down to modern times, is a collection of thirteen books of 465 propositions from plane and solid geometry and from number theory. He presented the old mathematics in a clear, organized, and logical fashion. Eudoxus of Cnidos (ca. 400 BCE)

39. Jewish History 18231852 FERDINAND gotthold eisenstein (Germany). One of the most notedmathematicians of his day, especially in the field of algebra. http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/1820.htm

1820 March 4, ALEXANDER I (Russia) Prohibited the employment of Christian servants by Jews. 1820 March 9, SPAIN A royal decree officially abolished the Spanish Inquisition , though in reality it was actually only brought to an end on July 15, 1834. 1820 GRODNO (Poland) Ritual murder libel was provoked by the Jesuits. 1820-1880 SECOND WAVE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO AMERICA (USA) The Jewish population of the United States rose from 10,000 to 250,000. (From 1830-1870 mostly German Jews arrived.) 1820–1899 (5 Av 5659) AZRIEL HILDESHEIMER (Germany) Rabbi, educator, and leader of Orthodox Jewry. Hildesheimer was one of the few Orthodox rabbis to have both a secular and religious education. After studying Semitics, philosophy, and history he received his doctorate in 1846 from the University of Halle. He served as a Rabbi in Eisenstadt where he was criticized for establishing a school which also taught secular subjects. Though a strong opponent of the Reform movement , Hildesheimer tried to find common ground between the Reform and Orthodox movements in Hungary but eventually gave up in frustration. Moving to Berlin he became Rabbi of congregation Adass Jisroel and founded the first rabbinical seminary in Germany where he implemented the philosophies of his friend, Samson Rafael Hirsch . Hildesheimer was an active supporter of Jewish life in Eretz Israel and helped improve educational standards there as well as establishing an orphanage in 1879. He was the author of numerous responsa as well as a new edition of

40. TITLE Gauss, Eisenstein, And The Third Proof Of The Quadratic ABSTRACT Carl Friedrich Gauss, the most prominent mathematician of the 19thcentury, will square off against gotthold eisenstein, 21year old mathematics http://www.math.uu.se/~ernstdie/Pengelley_Abstract.txt

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