21. L'œuvre Scientifique De Nicole Oresme Translate this page De ce fait, Pierre Duhem doute fort que Nicolas Copernic ait eu 3 duhem pierre. Un précurseur français de Copernic Nicole Oresme (1377). http://www.math.unicaen.fr/lmno/Oresme/Oresme.html

par (ISSN 1164-7582) Fascicule 37, Janvier 1997. Oeuvres en latin longitudino latitudino , poursuit-il, 1 = 1 = 1 fois 1, 1 + 3 = 4 = 2 fois 2, 1 + 3+ 5 = 9 = 3 fois 3, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 4 fois 4, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 5 fois 5, etc...., De proportionibus proportionum (Proportion de proportion) x et y non nuls, il existe toujours un exposant rationnel ou irrationnel e tel que x e y Dans le cas ou x et y e x et de y x et y sont choisis au hasard, il est plus probable que e impetus. mouvement journal (facilement) (besoin) Ethiques comme celle des Politiques et des Economiques; elle donna aussi, et par deux fois le que les manuscrits joignent souvent au Conclusion Bibliographie 1 Meunier Francis. Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages de Nicole Oresme . Paris 1857. 2 Louise Gilbert. Un grand scolastique normand: Nicole Oresme 3 Duhem Pierre. . Paris 1909. 4 Duhem Pierre. Paris 1954. 6 Grant Eward. Nicole Oresme De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes . The university of Wisconsin press Madison 1966. 7 Clagett Marshall.

22. ABU - AUTEUR Pierre Duhem http://abu.cnam.fr/BIB/auteurs/duhemp.html

TEXTES AUTEURS SOMMAIRE Pierre Duhem Liste des textes actuellement disponibles sur le serveur La théorie physique, son objet, sa structure (1906) Recherche d'occurrences Vous pouvez rechercher un mot dans le corpus de l'auteur. Rechercher tous les mots un de ces mots la phrase exacte réponses

23. Research Approaches In Systematic Musicology Notes from David Huron's reading of this philosopher's The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. http://www.music-cog.ohio-state.edu/Music829C/Notes/Duhem.html

Ohio State University School of Music Pierre Duhem Notes by David Huron Music 829 March 31, 2000 Duhem, Pierre. (1905). Translated by P.P. Wiener as: The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954; reprinted New York: Atheneum, 1962, 1977 Conventionalism Pierre Duhem (1861-1916) was a French physicist and devote Catholic who was the principal exponent of a philosophy of knowledge known as conventionalism . Duhem argued that: An external reality exists, but we are only able to study appearances. We can never know whether one or another metaphysical view is correct. The aim of science is not to explain in the sense of identifying which metaphysical view is correct. Science must abandon the idea that it provides explanations in a deep (metaphysical) sense. The goal of science is to discover regularities in the world, and to express these regularities as "laws". Scientific "laws" should not be regarded as identifying "the way things actually are". Scientific "laws" are simply convenient short-hands. Scientific laws can be conveniently expressed using mathematics. However, the mathematical symbols used in such equations do not necessarily correspond to anything real.

24. Passion Of Pierre Duhem Essay by Ernest Brown on duhem's discovery of the medieval roots of general dynamics, and the conspiracy of silence which followed. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/billramey/duhem.htm

Wisdom's Children The Passion of Pierre Duhem by Ernest Brown "Silence is the greatest persecution." Pascal In reality, science as a discipline was stillborn in Greece after Aristotle's death, long before Christianity came on the scene. If any discipline has been "flawed" due to religious reasons, it's the history of science. You see, the information about Buridan and Oresme was suppressed for years at the behest of certain elements of the French government, because it indicated a Christian origin of science. The case was notorious in France in the 50's, (when the info was finally released) and my philosophy advisor (an atheist and Marxist scholar) told me that it was used in French universities of the time as a prime example of government censorship (after I brought it up in class). Here's the story ... Despite the fact that he was one of France's greatest scientists at the turn of the 20th century, if not its greatest, Pierre Duhem's masterwork Le Systeme du Monde Although he was a Roman Catholic, and thus not entirely disposed to regard the Middle Ages as a wasteland, he shared the general belief that one had "to jump well over a thousand years from Archimedes or Ptolemy to Galileo" (Jaki, 178) to do the history of science. In doing a series of articles on the history of the science of statics, he jumped from Archimedes to Stevin and Cardanus. I'll let Jaki continue: But in reading Cardanus, Duhem found a cryptic reference to a certain Jordanus, a name noticed during the previous ten or so years by several historians of science, who, unlike Duhem, had not cared to track down that elusive figure whom Cardanus seemed to credit with an important scientific insight. The task, involving a search for half-a-millennium-old medieval manuscripts and the deciphering of their quasi-cryptic scripts, would have been shunned by all theoretical physicists and by most historians of science, who at that time were still few and far between. Duhem's heroic effort paid a most unexpected dividend. He found that in speaking of the laws of balance Jordanus, who turned out to have flourished around 1320, enunciated the law of virtual velocities which is the cornerstone of general dynamics. (Jaki, 178)

25. PhilSci Archive - Motivational Realism: The Natural Classification For Pierre Du Paper from 2002 by Karen Merikangas Darling, addressing the conflict between realist and antirealist readings of duhem. Full text available in Microsoft Word format. http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001061/

About Browse Search Register ... Help Motivational Realism: The Natural Classification for Pierre Duhem Darling, Karen Merikangas (2002) Motivational Realism: The Natural Classification for Pierre Duhem. Full text available as: Microsoft Word - Requires a viewer, such as Microsoft Word Viewer Abstract This paper addresses a central interpretive problem in understanding Pierre Duhem`s philosophy of science. The problem arises because there is textual support for both realist and antirealist readings of his work. I argue that his realist and antirealist claims are different. For Duhem, scientific reasoning leads straight to antirealism. But intuition (reasons of the heart) motivates, without justifying, a kind of realism. I develop this idea to suggest a motivational realist interpretation of Duhem`s philosophy. Keywords: Realism/Anti-Realism, Philosophers of Science, History of Philosophy of Science, General Philosophy of Science Conferences and Volumes: Philosophy of Science Assoc. 18th Biennial Mtg - PSA 2002 PSA 2002 Contributed Papers ID Code: Deposited By: Program Committee,

26. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pierre De Maricourt Article on this 13thcentury theorist of optics and magnetism, written by pierre duhem. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12079e.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... P > Pierre de Maricourt A B C D ... Z Pierre de Maricourt Surnamed PETER THE PILGRIM ( Petrus Peregrinus A physician of the Middle Ages . Under the name of "Magister Petrus de Maharne-curia, Picardus", he is quoted by Roger Bacon in his "Opus Majus" as the only author of his time who possessed an exact knowledge of perspective. According to Bacon (done in camp during the siege of Luceria), whence we know that the author was in the army of Charles of Anjou, who, in 1269, laid siege to the city of Lucera or Nocera, the only detail of his life known. The sobriquet "Pilgrim" would lead us to suppose, in addition, that he was a crusader , The "Epistola de magnete" is divided into two parts. The first, a model of inductive reasoning based on definite experiences correctly interpreted, sets forth the fundamental laws of magnetism. His part seems to have been, not the discovery of these laws, but their presentation in logical order. In the second division less admirable, an attempt is made to prove that with the help of magnets it is possible to realize perpetual motion, From medieval times A. D.

27. Duhem, Pierre --  Encyclopædia Britannica duhem, pierre French physicist, mathematician, and philosopher of science who emphasized a history of modern science based on evolutionary metaphysical http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031386

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Pierre Duhem Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Duhem, Pierre(-Maurice-Marie)  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1 Pierre Duhem born June 10, 1861, Paris, Fr. died Sept. 14, 1916, Cabrespine French physicist, mathematician, and philosopher of science who emphasized a history of modern science based on evolutionary metaphysical concepts. He maintained that the role of theory in science is to systematize relationships rather than to interpret new phenomena. Duhem, Pierre...

28. Duhem Biography with extensive bibliography, from the MacTutor History of Mathematics. Compiled by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Duhem.html

Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem Born: 10 June 1861 in Paris, France Died: 14 Sept 1916 in Cabrespine, France Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Pierre Duhem When Hadamard Hadamard wrote in [17]:- Hermite , or that of , whose works he followed better than most of us could I mean the most specialised in mathematics ! But in a general way, all the great mathematical ideas, all the one which were truly fruitful, were familiar to him. From this time I owe him revelations, insights how broad, how disdainful of details to the profit of that which was really essential! which for me, effortlessly and as if unconsciously, replaced long months of study. Duhem knew he was right and boldly published the rejected thesis in 1886. This certainly did not help his relations with Berthelot, as one might imagine, and the bad news for Duhem was that Berthelot became French Minister of Education in 1886. Duhem meanwhile worked on a second thesis, this time wisely choosing a mathematical topic which was less likely to be affected by the fate of his first thesis. His mathematical work on magnetism was accepted in 1888 but he suffered all his life because of Berthelot. In spite of having grown aware of Duhem's scientific triumph over him, Berthelot could not bring himself to acknowledge this to the extent of letting him obtain a chair in Paris. At stake was the renown of the theoretical interpretation which Berthelot gave to his vast and most valuable experimental researches. It was all too human of Berthelot to protect that interpretation from Duhem's devastating criticism which, if delivered from a chair in Paris, would have forced Berthelot into the open. Herein lies the clue to the slighting which affected Duhem for thirty years, from his first doctoral dissertation to his very death, that is his whole academic career. Without a careful look at it a presentation of Duhem's life would not appear that poignant drama which it actually was.

29. Histoire De La Chimie Notice sur la contribution de ce savant   la chimie. http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/DUHEM.htm

Les biographies sont en cours de modifications, merci de votre compréhension

30. Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem duhem, pierre Maurice Marie , 1861–1916, French physicist and philosopher and historian of science. After studying at the École Normale Supérieure he taught http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0816266.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites 2006 TFK Almanac Quiz: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory SpongeBob Lemony Snicket ... Fantasy Books Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Encyclopedia Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie Pronunciation Key Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (2 vol., 1911) aimed at a generalized, abstract thermodynamics that subsumed classical mechanics. His major philosophical work, (1906; tr. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, 1954), depreciates pictorial models in favor of an axiomatic approach, according to which a physical theory is not an explanation, but a system of mathematical propositions that represents experimental laws. As a historian Duhem discovered important currents of medieval thought in physics, cosmology, and astronomy, which he saw as precursors of the 17th-century scientific revolution. He set forth this material, hitherto almost unknown, in See study by A. Lowinger (1941). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Page Tools: Cite Print See more Encyclopedia articles on: Physics: Biographies AD AD AD ADS Business Cards Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search ... Privacy Brought to you by: Information Please

31. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicole Oresme Article by pierre duhem on this medieval scientific thinker. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11296a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... O > Nicole Oresme A B C D ... Z Nicole Oresme Avignon , denouncing the ecclesiastical disorders of the time. Several of the French and Latin works attributed to him are apocryphal or doubtful. Of his authentic writings, a Christological treatise, "De communicatione idiomatum in Christo", was commonly used as early as the fifteenth century by the theological Faculty of Paris. But Oresme is best known as an economist, mathematician, and a physicist. His economic views are contained in a Commentary on the Ethics of Aristotle , of which the French version is dated 1370; a commentary on the Politics and the Economics of Aristotle , French edition, 1371; and a "Treatise on Coins". These three works were written in both Latin and French; all three, especially the last, stamp their author as the precursor of the science of political economy, and reveal his mastery of the French language. The French Commentary on the Ethics of Aristotle His most important contributions to mathematics are contained in "Tractatus de figuratione potentiarum et mensurarum difformitatum", still in manuscript. An abridgment of this work printed as "Tractatus de latitudinibus formarum" (1482, 1486, 1505, 1515), has heretofore been the only source for the study of his mathematical ideas. In a quality, or accidental form, such as heat, the Scholastics distinguished the intensio (the degree of heat at each point) and the extensio (e.g., the length of the heated rod): these two terms were often replaced by

32. Philosophy: Philosophers: D: Duhem-pierre Spirit And Sky Motivational Realism The Natural Classification for pierre duhem pierre duhem. pierre duhem. Notes from David Huron s reading of this philosopher s The http://www.spiritandsky.com/philosophy/philosophers/d/duhem-pierre/

Home philosophy philosophers d : duhem-pierre Web www.spiritandsky.com Home Search Suggest a Site Submission Guidelines ... d : duhem-pierre Links: Motivational Realism: The Natural Classification for Pierre Duhem Motivational Realism: The Natural Classification for Pierre Duhem Paper from 2002 by Karen Merikangas Darling, addressing the conflict between realist and anti-realist readings of Duhem. Full text available in Microsoft Word format. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113440 Nicole Oresme Nicole Oresme Article on this 14th-century critic of Aristotelianism, written by Duhem for the Catholic Encyclopedia. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113442 Pierre de Maricourt Pierre de Maricourt Article on this 13th-century theorist of optics and magnetism, written by Duhem for the Catholic Encyclopedia. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113441 Pierre Duhem Pierre Duhem Biography with extensive bibliography, from the MacTutor History of Mathematics. Compiled by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson. (Added: Thu Jan 01 2004) ID 113437 Pierre Duhem Pierre Duhem Notes from David Huron's reading of this philosopher's The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory.

33. Erreur C©l¨bre essai de pierre duhem. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-2427

34. Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 duhem, pierre Maurice Marie. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://www.bartleby.com/65/du/Duhem-Pi.html

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35. Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (1861-1916) Forum Frigate duhem, pierre Maurice Marie (18611916) Discussion Deck. http://carolinanavy.com/fleet2/f2/zphilosophy/Duhem,PierreMauricehall/shakespear

Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (1861-1916) Forum Frigate PHILOSOPHY FLEET Post Message The Jolly Roger One Page Version //Required //var site = '681666'; //var mnum = '139010'; //Not Required var max_words = 3; var max_links_per_word = 4; var link_color = '0107A1'; var boxbg_color = 'FFFAEA'; var boxtitle_color = 'black'; var boxdesc_color = 'black'; var boxurl_color = 'red'; DR. ELLIOT'S NORTH AMERICAN GREAT BOOKS TOURCOMING TO A BOOK STORE NEAR YOU WRITER S WORD.COM: Open Source CMS for Writers][ ... Physics T-shirts The are at booksliterature.com and jollyrogerwest.com Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (1861-1916) Forum Frigate PHILOSOPHY FLEET Carolinanavy.com Quarterdeck Classicals.com ... hatteraslight.com Welcome to the Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (1861-1916) Forum Frigate. Post yer opinion, a link to some of yer work, or yer thoughts regarding the best books and criticisms concerning Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (1861-1916). We'd also like to invite ye to sail on by the Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie (1861-1916) Live Chat , and feel free to use the message board below to schedule a live chat. And the brave of heart shall certainly wish to sign their souls aboard The Jolly Roger If ye long for truth and the honest sea

36. Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie Philosophy Forum Frigate If ye would like to captain the duhem, pierre Maurice Marie Forum Frigate, We d also like to invite ye to sail on by the duhem, pierre Maurice Marie http://carolinanavy.com/fleet2/f2/zphilosophy/Duhem,PierreMauricehall/mobydick.h

Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie Forum Frigate PHILOSOPHY FLEET Carolinanavy.com If ye would like to captain the Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie Forum Frigate, please drop becket@jollyroger.com a line. //Required //var site = '681666'; //var mnum = '139010'; //Not Required var max_words = 3; var max_links_per_word = 4; var link_color = '0107A1'; var boxbg_color = 'FFFAEA'; var boxtitle_color = 'black'; var boxdesc_color = 'black'; var boxurl_color = 'red'; DR. ELLIOT'S NORTH AMERICAN GREAT BOOKS TOURCOMING TO A BOOK STORE NEAR YOU WRITER S WORD.COM: Open Source CMS for Writers][ ... Physics T-shirts The are at booksliterature.com and jollyrogerwest.com Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie Forum Frigate PHILOSOPHY FLEET Carolinanavy.com Quarterdeck Classicals.com ... hatteraslight.com Welcome to the Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie Forum Frigate. Post yer opinion, a link to some of yer work, or yer thoughts regarding the best books and criticisms concerning Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie. We'd also like to invite ye to sail on by the Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie Live Chat , and feel free to use the message board below to schedule a live chat. And the brave of heart shall certainly wish to sign their souls aboard The Jolly Roger If ye long for truth and the honest sea

37. Duhem Biography of pierre duhem (18611916) pierre duhem s father was pierre-Joseph duhem, a commercial traveller, and his mother was Alexandrine Fabre. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Duhem.html

Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem Born: 10 June 1861 in Paris, France Died: 14 Sept 1916 in Cabrespine, France Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Pierre Duhem When Hadamard Hadamard wrote in [17]:- Hermite , or that of , whose works he followed better than most of us could I mean the most specialised in mathematics ! But in a general way, all the great mathematical ideas, all the one which were truly fruitful, were familiar to him. From this time I owe him revelations, insights how broad, how disdainful of details to the profit of that which was really essential! which for me, effortlessly and as if unconsciously, replaced long months of study. Duhem knew he was right and boldly published the rejected thesis in 1886. This certainly did not help his relations with Berthelot, as one might imagine, and the bad news for Duhem was that Berthelot became French Minister of Education in 1886. Duhem meanwhile worked on a second thesis, this time wisely choosing a mathematical topic which was less likely to be affected by the fate of his first thesis. His mathematical work on magnetism was accepted in 1888 but he suffered all his life because of Berthelot. In spite of having grown aware of Duhem's scientific triumph over him, Berthelot could not bring himself to acknowledge this to the extent of letting him obtain a chair in Paris. At stake was the renown of the theoretical interpretation which Berthelot gave to his vast and most valuable experimental researches. It was all too human of Berthelot to protect that interpretation from Duhem's devastating criticism which, if delivered from a chair in Paris, would have forced Berthelot into the open. Herein lies the clue to the slighting which affected Duhem for thirty years, from his first doctoral dissertation to his very death, that is his whole academic career. Without a careful look at it a presentation of Duhem's life would not appear that poignant drama which it actually was.

38. References For Duhem References for the biography of pierre duhem. SL Jaki, Uneasy genius the life and work of pierre duhem (DordrechtBoston, 1984). http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Duhem.html

References for Pierre Duhem Version for printing Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. available on the Web Books: P Brouzeng, Duhem, 1861-1916 : science et providence (Paris- Berlin, 1987). S L Jaki, Uneasy genius : the life and work of Pierre Duhem (Dordrecht-Boston, 1984). O Manville, L'oeuvre scientifique de Pierre Duhem (Paris, 1928). R N D Martin, Pierre Duhem : philosophy and history in the work of a believing physicist V Maz'ya and T Shaposhnikova, Jacques Hadamard, a universal mathematician (London, 1998). Articles: R Ariew and P Barker (eds.), Pierre Duhem : historian and philosopher of science I: Duhem as historian of science, Synthese (2) (Dordrecht, 1990), 177-323. R Ariew and P Barker (eds.), Pierre Duhem: historian and philosopher of science II: Duhem as philosopher of science, Synthese (2) (Dordrecht, 1990), 325-453. (Berlin, 1996), 389-396; 584. A A Brenner, Holism a century ago: the elaboration of Duhem's thesis, in Pierre Duhem : historian and philosopher of science II

39. Duhem, Pierre (Norwegian Writers' Web) duhem, pierre. Etext Bibliothèque Universelle Text. Short biography. SEARCH FOR duhem, pierre. SEARCH IN. E-text Bibl. Universelle National Library http://www.litteraturnettet.no/d/duhem.pierre.asp?lang=gb&type=

40. Duhem, Pierre (Litteraturnettet) duhem, pierre. Etekst Bibliothèque Universelle Tekst. Kort biografi. SØK ETTER duhem, pierre. SØK I. E-tekst Bibl. Universelle Nasjonalbibliotek http://www.litteraturnettet.no/d/duhem.pierre.asp?lang=&type=

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