1. Rene Descartes Rene Descartes. (15961650). Rene Descartes is labelled as the first modernphilosopher. Born in La Haye in Central France he was left an annual income for http://www.mystical-www.co.uk/descarte.htm

Mystical World Wide Web Rene Descartes Rene Descartes is labelled as the first modern philosopher. Born in La Haye in Central France he was left an annual income for life by his father who was a prosperous lawyer. His early education was from the Jesuits which he then went on to gain degrees in Civil and Church law at the University of Poitiers. He is most famous for his statement of principal of certainty and validity, "I think therefore I am." His main argument was that God did not create people with unreliable senses, which we conclude Descartes believed "sense" information is an individuals only accurate depiction of the environment. Descartes always maintained that the role of the brain was to be a transitional agent between spiritual energies of the mind and physical forces of bodily mechanics. When he died in 1663 all his books were placed in The Index of Forbidden Books by the church. Cartesian dualism (the interaction between Mind and Body) asserts all human activity excluding thinking and feeling come under the heading of Bodily Physiology and can be said to be the study of the psychophysilogical. He is credited for directly stimulating the founding of psychology which in turn now gives us the discipline known as parapsychology. Although many psychologists have difficulty in applying some of the theories of parapsychology to psychology, as both of them rely heavily on scientific (statistical) data. BACK 2 MAIN SUBJECT GRID BACK 2 Alternative Theories Grid This page was brought to you by Mystical World Wide Web

2. Descartes Rene Descartes, René (15961650) Rene Descartes pioneered a new approach to humanknowledge, based on a faith in the ability of reason to benefit humanity. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/D/descartes/a29.

French philosopher and scientist Popularly known as the father of modern philosophy, Rene Descartes pioneered a new approach to human knowledge, based on a faith in the ability of reason to benefit humanity. The son of a French nobleman, his gift for mathematics emerged during his Jesuit education. In 1619 he dreamed of reworking knowledge on a more rational basis, and after ten years of travel in Europe he chose a secluded life in the Netherlands to pursue his goal. In his "Meditations," written in French, not Latin, to allow a wider readership, Descartes began by doubting all knowledge, finding certainty only in the statement "I think, therefore I am." He went on to argue that everything should be categorized as either mind or matter, and that all that is matter functions mechanically. He also helped to found coordinate geometry and made major contributions to optics. In 1649 Descartes went to Stockholm to instruct Queen Christina of Sweden in philosophy. Accustomed to meditating in bed until 11 a.m., he fell into bad health when the queen insisted on taking her lessons at 5 a.m. He died of pneumonia one year later.

3. Rene Descartes Quotations Famous quotations. Quotes for Descartes, Rene. QuotationsBook.com FamousQuotations - Descartes, Rene. 43060 quotations by 7960 authors in 1328 http://www.quotationsbook.com/authors/1992/Rene_Descartes

Authors A B C D ... Z Subject A B C D ... Z Subject Publishing and Publishers Author Hartley, Leslie P. Quotations by Subject by Author Fortunes by Collection Proverbs by Origin Feeds Quotes of the Day Background Contact Link to us Links ... Use our quotes 11 quotations by Descartes, Rene Learn More about Rene Descartes To know what people really think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say. Behavior Go to this quotation The reading of all good books is like a conversation with all the finest men of past centuries. Books - Reading Go to this quotation Nothing is more fairly distributed than common sense: no one thinks he needs more of it than he already has. Common Sense Go to this quotation If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things. Doubt Go to this quotation Whenever anyone has offended me, I try to raise my soul so high that the offense cannot reach it. Insults Go to this quotation It is not enough to have a good mind, the main thing is to use it well. Mind Go to this quotation There is nothing so strange and so unbelievable that it has not been said by one philosopher or another.

4. RENE DESCARTES Rene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher.He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/descartes.html

RENE DESCARTES (1595-1650) "I am thinking therefore I exist." (Latin: Cogito ergo sum) from the Discourse on Method Rene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher. He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious effort to defeat skepticism. His views about knowledge and certainty, as well as his views about the relationship between mind and body have been very influential over the last three centuries. Regulae or Rules for the Direction of Mind written in 1628-9 but not published until 1701. This work shows Descartes interest in method which he shared with many sixteenth and seventeenth century scientists, mathematicians and philosophers. One source of this interest in method was ancient mathematics. The thirteen books of Euclid's Elements was a model of knowledge and deductive method. But how had all this been achieved? Archimedes had made many remarkable discoveries. How had he come to make these discoveries? The method in which the results were presented (sometimes called the method of synthesis) was clearly not the method by which these results were discovered. So, the search was on for the method used by the ancient mathematicians to make their discoveries (the method of analysis). Descartes is clearly convinced that the discovery of the proper method is the key to scientific advance. For a more extended and detailed discussion of these methods, see John Cottingham , The Rationalists

5. Literature.org - The Online Literature Library HTML edition of descartes Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting theReason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences . http://www.literature.org/authors/descartes-rene/reason-discourse/

Search Literature.org By This Author Discourse on... Literature.org Contact Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences Rene Descartes Preface ... Chapter 6 Bibliographic Details Origin Project Gutenberg Source File etext93/dcart10.txt (1996/12/20, 141533 bytes) The Online Literature Library is sponsored by Knowledge Matters Ltd. Last updated Monday, 23-May-2005 15:56:05 GMT

6. René Descartes [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] Entry on descartes from the Encyclopedia. Includes an assessment of his philosophy. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/descarte.htm

René Descartes (1596-1650) René Descartes (1596-1650) is one of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. During his lifetime, Descartes was just as famous as an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician. But it is as a highly original philosopher that he is most frequently read today. He attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction. For example, his philosophy refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic traditions that had dominated philosophical thought throughout the Medieval period; it attempted to fully integrate philosophy with the "new" sciences; and Descartes changed the relationship between philosophy and theology. Such new directions for philosophy made Descartes into a revolutionary figure. The two most widely known of Descartes' philosophical ideas are those of a method of hyperbolic doubt, and the argument that, though he may doubt, he cannot doubt that he exists. The first of these comprises a key aspect of Descartes' philosophical method. As noted above, he refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers - but he also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses. In the search for a foundation for philosophy, whatever could be doubted must be rejected. He resolves to trust only that which is clearly and distinctly seen to be beyond any doubt. In this manner, Descartes peels away the layers of beliefs and opinions that clouded his view of the truth. But, very little remains, only the simple fact of doubting itself, and the inescapable inference that something exists doubting, namely Descartes himself.

7. Serendip Search By Robert H. Wozniak, Bryn Mawr College. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/Table.html

MIND AND BODY: Robert H. Wozniak Bryn Mawr College Modified from the Catalogue Accompanying an Exhibition of Books from the Collections of the National Library of Medicine, Held in Honor of the Centennial Celebration of the American Psychological Association, August 7 to December 15, 1992 The original exhibition was sponsored by National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland; and the American Psychological Association, Washington D.C. 1992 A translation into Spanish has been prepared and made available by Miguel Angel de la Cruz Vives. Acknowledgements TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The 17th Century: Reaction to the Dualism of Mind and Body The 18th Century: Mind, Matter, and Monism The 19th Century: Mind and Brain ... Biological Consciousness and the Experience of the Transcendent: William James and American Functional Psychology [By Eugene Taylor, Harvard University Medical School] CATALOGUE OF THE EXHIBIT REFERENCES AND TITLES CONSULTED Citation: Wozniak, Robert H. " " http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/; Bryn Mawr College, Serendip

8. Descartes, Rene Notatka o Kartezjuszu i jego osiÄ gnięciach. http://www.ids.edu.pl/bielsko/users/stefan/matematycy/kartezjusz.html

RENE DESCARTES (Kartezjusz) (1596 - 1650) Rene Descartes jest w³aœciwie bardziej znany jako wielki filozof ni¿ matematyk. Niemniej by³ pionierem nowoczesnej matematyki i zas³ugi jego w tej dziedzinie s¹ znaczne. Urodzi³ siê on we Francji, w ma³ym miasteczku La Haye w Touraine. Po ukoñczeniu jezuickiego kolegium dla arystokratów studiowa³, id¹c œladami swego brata, prawo. Maj¹c 22 lata Kartezjusz opuszcza Francjê i s³u¿y jako oficer-ochotnik w wojskach ró¿nych europejskich wodzów, bior¹cych udzia³ w wojnie trzydziestoletniej. W ten sposób przemierza Wêgry, Czechy i Austriê. Kartezjusz g³osi³ racjonalistyczne idee o potêdze rozumu ludzkiego i z tego wzglêdu spotka³ siê z przeœladowaniem ze strony koœcio³a katolickiego. Klatego te¿, chc¹c znaleŸæ warunki umo¿liwiaj¹ce mu pracê naukow¹ osiedli³ siê w 1629 roku w Holandii, g dzie spêdzi³ prawie ca³¹ resztê swego ¿ycia. Tutaj Kartezjusz napisa³ wszystkie swoje prace z filozofii, matematyki, fizyki, kosmologii i fizjologii. Swój dorobek w dziedzinie matematyki zebra³ w jednym dziele "Geometria" (1637). Przedstawi³ w nim podstawy geometrii analitycznej i algebry. Po ra z pierwszy wprowadzi³ pojêcia zmiennej oraz funkcji. Zauwa¿y³ przy tym, ¿e linie krzywe na p³aszczyŸnie mo¿na opisaæ za pomoc¹ równania wi¹¿¹cego wspó³rzêdne punktu na tej krzywej. Linie krzywe daj¹ce opisaæ siê równaniami algebraicznymi podzieli³ na klas y, w zale¿noœci od najwy¿szej potêgi zmiennej wystêpuj¹cej w równaniu. Wprowadzi³ znak "+" i "-" dla oznaczenia liczb dodatnich i ujemnych, oznaczenie potêgi x * x = x

9. Serendip Search By Robert H. Wozniak, Bryn Mawr College. History of philosophical and scientific reactions to the Cartesian impasse . Spanish translation available. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exhibitions/Mind/

MIND AND BODY: Robert H. Wozniak Bryn Mawr College Modified from the Catalogue Accompanying an Exhibition of Books from the Collections of the National Library of Medicine, Held in Honor of the Centennial Celebration of the American Psychological Association, August 7 to December 15, 1992 The original exhibition was sponsored by National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland; and the American Psychological Association, Washington D.C. 1992 A translation into Spanish has been prepared and made available by Miguel Angel de la Cruz Vives. Acknowledgements TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The 17th Century: Reaction to the Dualism of Mind and Body The 18th Century: Mind, Matter, and Monism The 19th Century: Mind and Brain ... Biological Consciousness and the Experience of the Transcendent: William James and American Functional Psychology [By Eugene Taylor, Harvard University Medical School] CATALOGUE OF THE EXHIBIT REFERENCES AND TITLES CONSULTED Citation: Wozniak, Robert H. " " http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/; Bryn Mawr College, Serendip

10. Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) René descartes (1596 1650). From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4thedition, René descartes was born near Tours on March 31, 1596, http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Descartes/RouseBall/RB_Descartes.htm

From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. We may consider Descartes as the first of the modern school of mathematics. was born near Tours on March 31, 1596, and died at Stockholm on February 11, 1650; thus he was a contemporary of Galileo and Desargues. His father, who, as the name implies, was of good family, was accustomed to spend half the year at Rennes when the local parliament, in which he held a commission as councillor, was in session, and the rest of the time on his family estate of Les Cartes He resigned his commission in the spring of 1621, and spent the next five years in travel, during most of which time he continued to study pure mathematics. In 1626 we find him settled at Paris, ``a little well-built figure, modestly clad in green taffety, and only wearing sword and feather in token of his quality as a gentleman.'' During the first two years there he interested himself in general society, and spent his leisure in the construction of optical instruments; but these pursuits were merely the relaxations of one who failed to find in philosophy that theory of the universe which he was convinced finally awaited him. In 1628 Cardinal de Berulle, the founder of the Oratorians, met Descartes, and was so much impressed by his conversation that he urged on him the duty of devoting his life to the examination of truth. Descartes agreed, and the better to secure himself from interruption moved to Holland, then at the height of his power. There for twenty years he lived, giving up all his time to philosophy and mathematics. Science, he says, may be compared to a tree; metaphysics is the root, physics is the trunk, and the three chief branches are mechanics, medicine, and morals, these forming the three applications of our knowledge, namely, to the external world, to the human body, and to the conduct of life.

11. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rene Descartes Visit New Advent for the Summa Theologica, Church Fathers, Catholic Encyclopediaand more. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04744b.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... Z (Renatus Cartesius), philosopher and scientist, born at La Haye France, 31 March, 1596; died at Stockholm, Sweden, 11 February 1650. He studied at the Jesuit Galileo frightened Descartes who preferred to avoid all collision with ecclesiastical authority. He deferred the publication of this clever work without, however, losing hope of eventually bringing it out. In 1649, yielding to the entreaties of Queen Christina, he went to Sweden, and died at Stockholm of inflammation of the lungs. Descartes' work is important rather because of its quality than of its quantity. Let us see first of all wherein his method is new. He observed, as Bacon Aristotle Bacon Bacon ... Baconian method (letter to Mersenne, 1631), and acts accordingly. He put himself in touch with all the experimental work of his day (letter, April, 1632), urged others to take up research (letter to Mersenne, 1632), and carried on experiments of his own that covered a wide range of subjects: the weight of air (letter, 2 June, 1631), the laws of sound and light (letter, 1633); the essential differences between oils, spirits, eaux-de-vie, common waters, aquafortis, and salts. He dissected the heads of various animals to show the workings of memory and imagination (cf. letters to Mersenne, 1633 April, 1637; 13 November, 1639; 4 January, 1643, ed. Cousin, Paris, 1826). There was hardly a fact that escaped this apologist of Reason nor anything into whose hidden nature he did not inquire; even the "Chasse de Pan" he followed with his accustomed ardour.

12. Descartes, Rene. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 descartes, rene. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://www.bartleby.com/65/de/Descarte.html

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13. Sorry - We Can't Find That Page The Thirteenth Floor begins with a quote from rene descartes, I think therefore I am. Large ideas are not the things this movie ends up wrestling though, and they're not the things I ended up wrestling with either. http://infoculture.cbc.ca/archives/filmtv/filmtv_05311999_thirteenfloor.html

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14. René Descartes Een virtueel interview in de hel met rene descartes door Herman Philipse. http://www.leidenuniv.nl/mare/arx/lustrum/21.html

René Descartes (1596 -1650) Go To: Hell Een virtueel interview met de wijsgeer René Descartes Door Herman Philipse en zijn maîtresse Beatrice Plaats: De Hel Datum: 8 februari 2000 Er komt een leeftijd dat je rijp wordt voor buitenechtelijke escapades. Ik ontsnap niet aan deze wetmatigheid maar omdat de realiteit vaak weerbarstig is, heb ik me een fictieve maîtresse aangeschaft. Ze is jong en bevallig, ze heet Beatrice, en ze heeft een passie voor de wijsbegeerte, vooral voor het werk van René Descartes (1596-1650). Het kostte Beatrice en mij geen moeite het eens te worden over de bestemming van onze virtuele wittebroodsweken. We wilden ons idool Descartes te spreken krijgen. De vraag was alleen: waar zouden we hem kunnen treffen? De zoekmachine Altavista bracht ons op een idee. Bij het commando ‘go’ vonden we ergens de bestemming ‘to Hell’. ‘Ecco’, riep Beatrice uit, ‘daar moet René D. zitten. Zijn werk werd toch in 1663 op de index geplaatst?’ Dus klikten we op ‘to Hell’. Het duurde eindeloos voordat de heftig snorrende computer de volgende tekst op het scherm wist te toveren (in het Italiaans): ‘In het midden van de reis door ons leven Hervond ik mijzelf in een duister woud

15. Literature.org - The Online Literature Library Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth inthe Sciences rene descartes. Chapter 2 http://www.literature.org/authors/descartes-rene/reason-discourse/chapter-02.htm

Search Literature.org Literature.org Authors Contact This Book Contents Previous Chapter Next Chapter Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences ... Rene Descartes Chapter 2 Chapter 2 But like one walking alone and in the dark, I resolved to proceed so slowly and with such circumspection, that if I did not advance far, I would at least guard against falling. I did not even choose to dismiss summarily any of the opinions that had crept into my belief without having been introduced by reason, but first of all took sufficient time carefully to satisfy myself of the general nature of the task I was setting myself, and ascertain the true method by which to arrive at the knowledge of whatever lay within the compass of my powers. The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such; that is to say, carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice, and to comprise nothing more in my judgement than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of doubt. The second, to divide each of the difficulties under examination into as many parts as possible, and as might be necessary for its adequate solution.

16. Descartes A brief discussion of the life and works of rene descartes, with links to electronic texts and additional information by Garth Kemerling. http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/desc.htm

Philosophy Pages F A Q Dictionary ... scholastic philosophy and troubled by skepticism of the sort expounded by Montaigne , Descartes soon conceived a comprehensive plan for applying mathematical methods in order to achieve perfect certainty in human knowledge. During a twenty-year period of secluded life in Holland, he produced the body of work that secured his philosophical reputation. Descartes moved to Sweden in 1649, but did not survive his first winter there. Although he wrote extensively, Descartes chose not to publish his earliest efforts at expressing the universal method and deriving its consequences. The Regulae ad directionem ingenii Rules for the Direction of the Mind ) (1628) contain his first full statement of the principles underlying the method and his confidence in the success of their application. In Le Monde The World ) (1634), Descartes clearly espoused a Copernican astronomy, but he withheld the book from the public upon learning of Galileo's condemnation. Descartes finally presented (in French) his rationalist vision of the progress of human knowledge in the Discourse on Method ) (1637). In this

17. Serendip Search René descartes. 1. René descartes. Figure 1 While the great philosophicaldistinction between mind and body in western thought can be traced to the Greeks http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/Descartes.html

The 17th Century: Reaction to the Dualism of Mind and Body The 18th Century: Mind, Matter, and Monism The 19th Century: Mind and Brain Mind, Brain, and Adaptation: the Localization of Cerebral Function ... Trance and Trauma: Functional Nervous Disorders and the Subconscious Mind De homine was completed in Holland about 1633, on the eve of the condemnation of Galileo. When Descartes' friend and frequent correspondent, Marin Mersenne, wrote to him of Galileo's fate at the hands of the Inquisition, Descartes immediately suppressed his own treatise. As a result, the world's first extended essay on physiological psychology was published only well after its author's death. In this work, Descartes proposed a mechanism [see figure 2] for automatic reaction in response to external events. According to his proposal, external motions affect the peripheral ends of the nerve fibrils , which in turn displace the central ends. As the central ends are displaced, the pattern of interfibrillar space is rearranged and the flow of animal spirits is thereby directed into the appropriate nerves. It was Descartes' articulation of this mechanism for automatic, differentiated reaction that led to his generally being credited with the founding of reflex theory.

18. Rene Descartes biographies of computer pioneers in the history of computing. http://www.thocp.net/biographies/descartes_rene.htm

31 March, 1596, La Haye ,v Touraine, France 11 February, 1650 , Stockholm, Sweden principal papers Discours de la methode Meditationes Principia Philosophiae hardware software keyords discours, methode related subjects Achievement Descartes wrote "Discours de la méthode" a paper that for this time radically broke with Romanticism and preluded the Rationalistic period which period pushed the envelop for sciences and industry. Though his study was not regarded as important or widely read it still is a valuable document reflecting the "Zeitgeist": the way of thinking of that period. In later essays he further explored geometry and he may be considered as the first of the modern school of mathematics. Biography He resigned his commission in the spring of 1621, and spent the next five years in travel, during most of which time he continued to study pure mathematics. In 1626 we find him settled at Paris, a little well-built figure, modestly clad in green taffety, and only wearing sword and feather in token of his quality as a gentleman.'' During the first two years there he interested himself in general society, and spent his leisure in the construction of optical instruments; but these pursuits were merely the relaxations of one who failed to find in philosophy that theory of the universe which he was convinced finally awaited him.

19. René Descartes INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH TEAMS WIN rene descartes PRIZES. CALL FOR PROPOSALSFOR descartes PRIZE.(rene descartes prizes)(Brief Article) (Tech Europe) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0815249.html

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20. BBC - Radio 4 - In Our Time - Greatest Philosopher - Rene Descartes In Our Time s Greatest Philospher vote with rene descartes biography. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_rene_descarte

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index 1 September 2005 Text only BBC Homepage BBC Radio Radio 4 PROGRAMME FINDER: A-Z Directory Listen Again What's On Listings Presenters PROGRAMME GENRES: Arts and Drama Science History Factual TOP PROGRAMMES THIS WEEK: The Archers In Our Time Today Programme Woman's Hour ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! IN OUR TIME'S GREATEST PHILOSOPHER VOTE MISSED A PROGRAMME? Go to the Listen Again page GREATEST PHILOSOPHER Rene Descartes (1596-1650) advocated by Robert Kaplan Listen to Robert Kaplan say why you should vote for Rene Descartes 'I think, therefore I am.' Rene Descartes is often called the father of modern philosophy because he rejected Aristotle's idea that knowledge is derived from the senses and promoted a 'new science' grounded in reason, observation and experiment. His greatest works are his Discourse on Method (1637) and The Meditations (1641) in which he outlined a body of vastly influential ideas know as Cartesian ideas. Descartes founded his thinking on a pungent scepticism. His famous declaration - "I think therefore I am" - was a result of his search to find a statement which could not be doubted. Descartes argued that thinking about our own existence proves that we exist, for how could we have thoughts if we do not?

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