61. Nicholas Copernicus According to a later horoscope, nicolaus copernicus was born on February 19,1473, in Torun, a city in northcentral Poland on the Vistula River south of http://www.crystalinks.com/copernicus.html

Nicholas Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus - born Feb. 19, 1473, Torun, Pol. d. May 24, 1543, Frauenburg, East Prussia [now Frombork, Poland] His name in Polish was Mikolaj Kopernik. He was a Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; that the Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow, long-term changes in the direction of this axis account for the precession of the equinoxes. This representation of the heavens is usually called the heliocentric, or "Sun-centred," systemderived from the Greek helios, meaning "Sun." Copernicus's theory had important consequences for later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such major figures as Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton. Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514, and during those years he wrote a manuscript usually called the Commentariolus ("Little Commentary"). However, the book that contains the final version of his theory, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi ("Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs"), did not appear in print until 1543, the year of his death.

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EXPLORE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT HISTORICAL BIRTHDAYS ... home Contents Early Life and Education. Return to Poland. Early 16th-Century Cosmology. The Copernican System and Its Influence. COPERNICUS, Nicolaus earth , spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun . This is called the heliocentric, or sun-centered, system. Early Life and Education. top L Geography of the 2d-century astronomer Ptolemy . Together, the two men observed the occultation (the eclipse by the moon) of the star Aldebaran on March 9, 1497. In 1500 Copernicus lectured on astronomy Return to Poland. top De Hypothesibus Motuum Coelestium a se Constitutis Commentariolus (known as the Commentariolus ), which was not published until the 19th century. In this work he laid down the principles of his new heliocentric astronomy. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Early 16th-Century Cosmology. top The cosmology that was eventually replaced by Copernican theory postulated a geocentric universe in which the earth was stationary and motionless at the center of several concentric, rotating spheres. These spheres bore (in order from the earth outward) the following celestial bodies: the moon Mercury Venus , the sun Mars Jupiter Saturn , and, finally, the finite outermost sphere bearing the so-called fixed stars. (This last sphere was said to wobble slowly, thereby producing the precession of the equinoxes.)

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64. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Library Of Congress Citations 1974 nicolaus copernicus Gesamtausgabe. 1974 Notes His nicolaus copernicus Heading copernicus, nicolaus. Notes His An almanack, for the year of the http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/cit/citlccopern1.htm

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) : Library of Congress Citations The Little Search Engine that Could Down to Name Citations LC Online Catalog Amazon Search Book Citations [First 20 Records] Author: Copernicus, Nicolaus, 1473-1543. Uniform Title: De revolutionibus orbium caelestium. German Title: Nicolaus Coppernicus aus Thorn hUber die kreisbewegungen der weltkhorper. hUbersetzt und mit anmerkungen von dr. C.L. Menzzer. Durchgesehen und mit einem vorwort von dr. Moritz Cantor. Hrsg. von dem Coppernicus-verein fhur wissenschaft und kunst zu Thorn. Published: Thorn, E. Lambeck, 1879. Description: xxii, 363, 66 p. tables, diagrs. 26 cm. LC Call No.: QB41 .C78 Subjects: Solar system. Other authors: Menzzer, C. L. (Carl Ludwig), b. 1816. Cantor, Moritz, 1829-1920. Other authors: Coppernicus-Verein fhur Wissenschaft und Kunst zu Thorn. Control No.: 03003394 //r88 Author: Reichenbach, Hans, 1891-1953. Title: Von Kopernikus bis Einstein; der wandel unseres weltbildes, von dr. Hans Reichenbach ... Published: Berlin, Ullstein [c1927] Description: 121, [1] p. illus. diagrs. 18 cm. Series: Wege zum wissen. [85] LC Call No.: QC6 .R385 Subjects: Relativity (Physics) Astronomy History. Copernicus, Nicolaus, 1473-1543. Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955. Series Entry: Wege zum Wissen ; 85. Control No.: 28010973 //r87

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introduction online exhibition early modern thought rare book library ... contacts ORIGINS OF MODERNITY Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) De revolutionibus orbium caelestium. Basileae : Ex officina Henricpetrina, [1566]. First published in 1543, Copernicus' On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres is one of the classic works in planetary astronomy, presenting the first detailed sun-centred cosmology. Indeed so dramatic was its impact that many historians today speak of the Scientific Revolution as beginning in the year 1543. It was not an immediate success however and it was not until after the work of Kepler and Galileo that the Copernican system came to be widely accepted. The diagram displayed here in the preface belies the complexity of the Copernican system which retained many features of Aristotelian cosmological theory.

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Temple of Nicolaus Copernicus About Cagliostro Links Images Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. See Astronomy; Solar System. II Life Born in Thorn (now Torun) Copernicus went to Italy about 1495 to study medicine and law. In 1497 he began to study canon law at the University of Bologna while living in the home of a mathematics professor, who greatly stimulated Copernicus's geographical and astronomical interests. In 1500 Copernicus lectured on astronomy in Rome. He received a doctorate in canon law from Ferrara in 1503 and returned to Poland. Sometime between 1507 and 1515, he completed a short astronomical treatise, De Hypothesibus Motuum Coelestium a se Constitutis Commentariolus (known as the Commentariolus), not published until the 19th century, in which he laid down the principles of his new astronomy. After moving to Frauenburg in 1512, Copernicus began his major work, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, finished by 1530 but not published until just before his death in 1543. III The Copernican System and Its Influence As well as arguing that the earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves yearly around the sun, Copernicus held that the planets also circle the sun, and that the earth precesses on its axis, wobbling like a top, as it rotates. The Copernican system retained many features of the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, including solid, planet-bearing spheres and a finite outermost sphere bearing the fixed stars. Copernicus's calculations of astronomical positions were neither decisively simpler nor more accurate than those of his predecessors, and parts of his theory were adopted, while the radical core was ignored or rejected.

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73. Understanding The Universe - DiscoverySchool.com nicolaus copernicus 14731543 Before the 16th century, the common belief was thatthe sun and all the other planets revolved around the Earth. http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/universe/stargazers/copernicus.html

postionList = "compscreen,hedthick,admedia,tower,nuiad,interstitial"; OAS_RICH("interstitial"); OAS_RICH("admedia"); Nicolaus Copernicus Before the 16th century, the common belief was that the sun and all the other planets revolved around the Earth. This theory had been developed by the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy around A.D. 150, but the Polish astronomer Copernicus found that the Ptolemaic system could not explain the observed motions of the planets. In 1543, he published a book called The Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs , which argued that the Earth was not the center of the universe but was one of the planets and, like them, revolved around the sun. This model of the solar system is known as the Copernican system. Copernicus also said that the Earth spins on its axis once per day, which accounts for why the sky appears to revolve around the Earth. retrograde Back Next: Tycho Brahe Home It's Awesome ... Feedback Discovery Education is a Division of Discovery Communications, Inc.

74. Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus Was Born In Torun, Poland Into A nicolaus copernicus. (14731543). Poland (1973), No. 1956. Poland (1973), No. 1957 nicolaus copernicus (1473-1543). United States (1973), No. 1488 http://www.math.wfu.edu/~kuz/Stamps/Copernicus/Copernicus.htm

Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus was born in Torun, Poland into a middle class family. He started his study of science and mathematics at the University of Cracow, which was a well-respected scientific center. He furthered his scientific studies in Italy, and after teaching for a period of time in Rome, he returned to Poland to serve as Canon of Frauenburg. He was to serve in this administrative position for the rest of his life. He published his revolutionary (many authors have failed to resist this pun) work De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543, the year of his death. It is said that he received the first copy of the book on his deathbed. It was the culmination of forty years of work. Of necessity, the book contains many sections devoted to new results in trigonometry together with previously published trigonometric results; most of Copernicus' mathematical contributions are in this field. The mathematical content made the work difficult to understand for many readers; this possibility is recognized in the preface where Copernicus states that the book is intended for mathematically adept readers. Copernicus was deeply religious and had no heretical intent in espousing his heliocentric theory. In fact, one purpose of his astronomical studies was to make calculations for the Church's liturgical calendar. Copernicus' belief in the heliocentric theory was not based on empirical results, but rather on its simpler, superior mathematical structure. Empirical support for the heliocentric theory had to wait for Kepler's modifications and Galileo's observations. There is a famous quote from the twentieth century physicist James Jeans that says, "From the intrinsic evidence of his creation, the Great Architect of the Universe now begins to appear as a pure mathematician." This could easily have been said five hundred years earlier by Copernicus; it certainly states his beliefs. Indeed, Copernicus believed that God designed and created the universe. He further believed that God's design was mathematical with the everywhere appearing symmetry of nature supporting this belief.

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76. Octavo Store: Product Detail copernicus, nicolaus De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium 1891788-14-0, 1 CD,US $40.00. Commentary by Owen Gingerich, astronomy and science professor at http://www.octavo.com/store/product.php?product=coprev-ode

77. Copernicus - Books, Journals, Articles @ The Questia Online Library copernicus in his prime by Philip Morrison nicolaus copernicus is the Latinatename of The Scientific Revolution Reshapes the World nicolaus copernicus http://www.questia.com/search/Copernicus

Questia The World's Largest Online Library Primary Navigation Skip Home Page Search Page Read Page ... Subscribe Page Secondary Navigation Skip About Questia Subscribe Requirements ... Login Search the Library: Advanced Search Put exact phrases in quotes Search within Results by media type: Books Journals Magazines Newspapers Encyclopedia Research Topics We searched for: Copernicus we found: results by media type: books: journal articles: magazine articles: newspaper articles: encyclopedia articles: Research Topics on: Copernicus List All Research Topics Nicholas Copernicus Tycho Brahe books on: Copernicus - 3221 results More book Results: Nicholas Copernicus, 1543-1943 Book by Stephen Mizwa P. ; Kosciuszko Foundation, 1943 Subjects: Copernicus, Nicolaus1473-1543 ...excellent expression in this portrayal of Copernicus , as no other artist could depict so...so much meaning. THE SYMBOLISM Copernicus is represented here as a churchman and...of his native city Torun. NICHOLAS COPERNICUS Three Copernican Treatises: The Commentariolus of Copernicus, the Letter against Werner, the Narratio Prima of Rheticus Book by Georg Joachim Rheaticus Edward Rosen ; Columbia University Press, 1939

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Questia The World's Largest Online Library Primary Navigation Skip Home Page Search Page Read Page ... Subscribe Page Secondary Navigation Skip About Questia Subscribe Requirements ... Login Search the Library: Advanced Search Put exact phrases in quotes Search within Results by media type: Books Journals Magazines Newspapers Encyclopedia Research Topics We searched for: theory AND copernicus we found: results by media type: books: journal articles: magazine articles: newspaper articles: encyclopedia articles: Research Topics on: theory copernicus List All Research Topics Nicholas Copernicus books on: theory copernicus - 3165 results More book Results: Nicholas Copernicus, 1543-1943 Book by Stephen Mizwa P. ; Kosciuszko Foundation, 1943 Subjects: Copernicus, Nicolaus1473-1543 ...Pittsburgh has a Copernicus classroom in the...acceptance of his theory . We shall outline...favor of his pet theory that Copernicus was a Teuton...is on Nicholas Copernicus . Despite its numerous...the Copernican Theory of the Universe... A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction Book by Linda Hutcheon ; Routledge, 1988

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Harvard University Harvard@Home Post.Harvard Home ... Donate In This Issue November-December 2003 Contents E-mail Updates Join our e-mail list to receive Editor's Highlights November-December 2003 More features... Features The Copernicus Quest How an astrophysicist with a "collecting gene" became the world's authority on a revolutionary, allegedly unread book by Christopher Reed Owen Gingerich, Ph.D. '62, Copernicus looks over the shoulder of Gingerich, who has spent decades chasing the great one's work and has now chronicled the hunt in a sprightly book. The hunter's passport, along with evidence, discovered in his office, of a fondness for gastropods. Portrait and photographs of shells by Jim Harrison. Photomontage by Bartek Malysa Gingerich retired from teaching at the end of 1999 and took his farewell ride on the rocket cart at a reunion of former teaching fellows the next spring. But he is still obsessed by the book, as he has been for more than 30 years. It is the revolutionary work of Polish astronomer and cleric Nicolaus Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri sex

80. Teylers Museum copernicus, nicolaus Pools astronoom (1473 1543) . nicolaus copernicus is degrondlegger van de moderne astronomie; hij kwam tot de conclusie dat de http://www.teylersmuseum.nl/museum/persons.jsp?view=/xsl/html&pageName=museum_co

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