21. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 14731543 Copernicus was the first astronomer to presentan astronomical theory suggesting that the earth and the rest of the http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/copernicus.html

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 1473-1543 F rom ancient times onwards, astronomical research was based on the Ptolemaic theory , which claimed that the earth was static and stood at the center of the cosmos. Copernicus was the first astronomer to present an astronomical theory suggesting that the earth and the rest of the planets circle the sun . This hypothesis was named the heliocentric theory . These changes in astronomical thought were the catalysts for the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries , which is sometimes known as the Copernican revolution. Copernicus was a Renaissance intellectual and clergyman who was involved in a variety of different areas. He held doctorates in medicine and law. He was an astronomer who studied Greek philosophy, mainly Platonic, and was involved in the translation of books from ancient Greek into Latin. Copernicus was born in Torun in Poland . In , he began his studies at the famous university in Cracow. In 1497 he resumed his studies, this time in Italy, where he attended a number of universities - Bologna, Padua and Ferrara. There he received his double doctorate (in medicine and law). Through his meetings with Italian astronomers, Copernicus extended his astronomical knowledge. After six years of study, Copernicus returned to Poland in the year 1503 where he served as a canon of the cathedral of Frauenberg. In addition to his clerical duties, he continued his astronomical research and medical practice. It seems that Copernicus became convinced of the sun's location in the middle of the cosmos already during his stay in Italy. After returning to Poland he wrote a manuscript explaining his new theory. The manuscript was read by many astronomers, and rumors of Copernicus' claim that the earth revolves about the sun spread throughout Europe. Mathematicians and astronomers came to Copernicus in order to learn about his new theory. One of them

22. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 1543 Polish Astronomer. Copernicus is regarded thefounder of modern astronomy. He was born in Torunac, Poland. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons6_n2/copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Polish Astronomer Copernicus is regarded the founder of modern astronomy. He was born in Torunac, Poland. He studied mathematics and optics at Cracow, then canon law at Bologna, before becoming canon of Frombork. Copernicus discovered the mathematically yet unproven heliocentric solar system. In his treatise, 'On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres' he postulated that the planets, including the earth, revolve around the sun, and that the earth revolved around its axis once every day. The work had a hostile reception when it was published (1543), as it challenged the ancient teaching of the Earth as the centre of the universe. In the 1600' Galileo and Kepler began to develop the physics that would prove Copernicus right. Image : The Heliocentric System www link : The Nature of the Universe from Thales to Newton and Einstein From the University of St. Andrews, Scotland School of Mathematics Biography

23. Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus , a Polish astronomer, is best known for his theory that thesun lies near the center of the universe, and that the earth, http://www.newlisbon.k12.wi.us/physicists/copernicus.html

Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus , a Polish astronomer, is best known for his theory that the sun lies near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Torun), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials. Copernicus's maternal uncle, Bishop Lukasz Watzenrode, saw to it that his nephew obtained a solid education at the best universities. Copernicus first showed great interest in geography and astronomy when he began to study canon law at the University of Bologna. During this time, he lived in the home of a mathematics professor, Domenico Maria de Novara. Copernicus' geographical and astronomical interests were greatly stimulated by Domenico Maria, an early critic of the accuracy of the geography of the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy. Together, the two men observed the occultation (the eclipse by the moon) of the star Aldebaran on March 9, 1497. In 1500, Copernicus lectured on astronomy in Rome. The following year he gained permission to study medicine at Padua, the university where Galileo taught nearly a century later. It was not unusual at the time to study a subject at one university and then to receive a degree from another-often less expensive-institution. And so Copernicus, without completing his medical studies, received a doctorate in canon law from Ferrara in 1503 and then returned to Poland. From 1503 to 1510, Copernicus lived in his uncle's bishopric palace in Lidzbark Warminski. There he published his first book, a Latin translation of letters on morals by a 7th-century Byzantine writer

24. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicolaus Copernicus Visit New Advent for the Summa Theologica, Church Fathers, Catholic Encyclopediaand more. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... C > Nicolaus Copernicus A B C D ... Z Nicolaus Copernicus Latinized form of Niclas Kopernik, the name of the founder of the heliocentric planetary theory; born at Torun (Thorn), 19 February, 1473, died at Frauenburg, 24 May, 1543. Early life Whether the family came originally from Silesia or from Poland , certain it is that his father Niclas, a merchant, emigrated from Krakow to Torun, and married the sister of Lucas Watzelrode, later Prince-Bishop of Ermland . Of the four children the oldest and youngest, Andreas and Nicolaus, adopted the clerical career, while the older girl became a Cistercian nun and Abbess of Culm , and the younger married . The whole family belonged to the Third Order of St. Dominic . Nicolaus was hardly ten years old when his father died. His uncle, Lucas, however, took charge of the children and gave the boys a university training. Nicolaus Nicolai de Thorunia was matriculated in Krakow in 1491, where he studied classics, mathematics, drawings, and perspective. Professor Blar, who represented astronomy , belonged to the school of Ptolemy. The

25. Nicolaus Copernicus Museum In Frombork Discovered that the Earth is not in the center of the Universe but it circles the Sun. Facts of life and pictures of the Polish astronomer. http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang02.htm

Life of Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus Back to home page Life of Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus Back to home page

26. MSN Encarta - Copernicus Encyclopedia article provides an overview of the astronomer s early life, hiseducation, and his revolutionary theory that the earth was not the center of http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571204/Copernicus_Nicolaus.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Copernican System, with Sun at the center earlier Ptolemaic system with Earth at center of the Universe more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Copernicus, Nicolaus Search for books and more related to Copernicus, Nicolaus Encarta Search Search Encarta about Copernicus, Nicolaus Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Copernicus, Nicolaus ... Click here Advertisement Copernicus, Nicolaus Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 3 items Article Outline Introduction Early Life and Education Return to Poland Early 16th-Century Cosmology ... The Copernican System and Its Influence I Introduction Print Preview of Section Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. This is called the heliocentric, or sun-centered, system. See Astronomy History of Astronomy Solar System II Early Life and Education Print Preview of Section Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Toruń), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials. Copernicus's maternal uncle, Bishop Łukasz Watzenrode, saw to it that his nephew obtained a solid education at the best universities. Copernicus entered Krak³w Academy (now Jagiełłonian University) in 1491, studied the liberal arts for four years without receiving a degree, and then, like many Poles of his social class, went to Italy to study medicine and law. Before he left, his uncle had him appointed a church administrator in Frauenberg (now Frombork); this was a post with financial responsibilities but no priestly duties. In January 1497 Copernicus began to study canon law at the University of Bologna while living in the home of a mathematics professor, Domenico Maria de Novara. Copernicus's geographical and astronomical interests were greatly stimulated by Domenico Maria, an early critic of the accuracy of the

27. Nicolaus Copernicus Detailed biography examines copernicus' dissatisfaction with the Ptolemaic system of astronomy and his theory that the earth actually revolved around the sun. Also includes portrait. http://www.phy.bg.ac.yu/web_projects/giants/copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Click here for full size picture Introduction A major contribution to Western thought was the publication in 1543 of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, libri VI (Eng. trans., On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, 1952; Latin reprint, 1965) by Copernicus, Polish astronomer, who is noted for the Copernican theory of the heavens. By attributing to the Earth a daily motion around its own axis and a yearly motion around the stationary Sun, Copernicus developed an idea that had far-reaching implications for the rise of modern science. Henceforth, the Earth could no longer be considered the centre of the cosmos; rather, as one celestial body among many, it became subject to mathematical description. Early life and education Copernicus' fame as an industrious student of astronomy rapidly increased, and in 1514 he was invited to give his opinion on calendar reform, which was then being considered by the Lateran Council, a general meeting of the church authorities. He refused to express any firm views, for he felt that the positions of the Sun and Moon were not known with sufficient accuracy to permit a proper reassessment. Dissatisfaction with the Ptolemaic system Copernicus concluded that, in view of the many circles and their displacements from the center of the Earth that the Ptolemaic system required to account for the observed motions of heavenly bodies, a simpler, alternative explanation might be possible. In consequence, he read the works of many original Greek authors and found that, indeed, heliocentric ideas had been suggested. The idea of a moving Earth seemed absurd at first, but, when Copernicus applied this assumption, the result was an aesthetically superior, although not much simpler, system, even though, as might be expected, he still believed that the planets moved with uniform circular motion. After many years of mathematical calculations, he became convinced that his new idea was true, yet he made no attempt to publish.

28. Torun Centre For Astronomy Of The Nicolaus Copernicus University Centre was created by a merger of Torun Radio Astronomy Observatory and Institute of Astronomy (optical telescopes). Its radio telescopes are part of the Very Long Baseline Interferometry global network. Real time updates on operations of its 32 m radio telescope. http://www.astri.uni.torun.pl/index-en.html

ul. Gagarina 11, 87-100 Torun, Poland Phone: +48 (56) 611 30 02, Fax: 611 30 08 Torun Centre for Astronomy (TCfA) is a part of the Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics of the Nicolaus Copernicus University . It was created by an union of Torun Radio Astronomy Observatory (TRAO) and Institute of Astronomy (IA) on January 1st 1997. It is located at Piwnice , 15 km north of Torun Poland CENTRE FOR ASTRONOMY: Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics Department of Radio Astronomy Management Seminar (PL) ... Local Weather ANNOUNCEMENT: Offers of postdoc practice and permanent positions in: Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics e-mail contact: Prof. Dr. Andrzej Woszczyk Department of Radio Astronomy e-mail contact: Prof. Dr. Andrzej Kus THE FACULTY: About the Faculty Institute of Physics Dep. of Computer Methods News ... Addresses and phones OTHER INTERESTING SITES: Polish Astronomical Society Nicolas Copernicus Astronomical Center (Warsaw) Nicolas Copernicus Astronomical Center (Torun) PTMA - Torun ... Foundation for Polish Science Webmaster: Gracjan Maciejewski Last modified: April 6, 2005.

29. Nicolaus Copernicus 19, 1473, in Thorn (Torun), Poland, nicolaus copernicus was destined to become,through the publication of his heliocentric theory 70 years later, http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xcopern.html

Nicolaus Copernicus By May 1514 Copernicus had written and discreetly circulated in manuscript his Commentariolus, the first outline of those arguments eventually substantiated in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543). This classic work challenged the geocentric cosmology that had been dogmatically accepted since the time of Aristotle. In direct opposition to Aristotle and to the 2d-century astronomer Ptolemy, who enunciated the details of the geocentric system based on the celestial phenomena, Copernicus proposed that a rotating Earth revolving with the other planets about a stationary central Sun could account in a simpler way for the same observed phenomena of the daily rotation of the heavens, the annual movement of the Sun through the ecliptic, and the periodic retrograde motion of the planets. These aspects of the Copernican treatise do not mitigate the novelty or the impact of the final theory, or the author's firm conviction that his system was an accurate representation of physical reality. Rather, they indicate the scope of the work that lay ahead and that was effectively addressed in the next century when Kepler determined the ellipticity of planetary orbits, Galileo formulated his new concept of motion, and Newton espoused his theory of universal gravitation.

30. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Was The Polish Astronomer Who nicolaus copernicus (14731543) was the Polish astronomer who revolutionizedscience and the conception of the universe with his heliocentric theory of http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/copernic.html

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was the Polish astronomer who revolutionized science and the conception of the universe with his heliocentric theory of planetary movement, published as De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543). Biography

31. Copernicus Biography of nicolaus copernicus (14731543) nicolaus copernicus is the Latinversion of the famous astronomer s name which he chose later in his life. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Born: 19 Feb 1473 in Torun, Poland Died: 24 May 1543 in Frauenburg (now Frombork), Poland Click the picture above to see fifteen larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Nicolaus Copernicus is the Latin version of the famous astronomer's name which he chose later in his life. The original form of his name was Mikolaj Kopernik or Nicolaus Koppernigk but we shall use Copernicus throughout this article. His father, also called Nicolaus Koppernigk, had lived in Krakow before moving to Torun where he set up a business trading in copper. He was also interested in local politics and became a civic leader in Torun and a magistrate. Nicolaus Koppernigk married Barbara Watzenrode, who came from a well off family from Torun, in about 1463. They moved into a house in St Anne's Street in Torun, but they also had a summer residence with vineyards out of town. Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk had four children, two sons and two daughters, of whom Nicolaus Copernicus was the youngest. You can see a picture of the house in which Copernicus was born When young Nicolaus was ten years old his father died. His uncle Lucas Watzenrode, who was a canon at Frauenburg Cathedral, became guardian to Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk's four children.

32. Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) copernicus Kopernik; Koppernigk; wrongly also Kopernikus, nicolaus PolishMikolaj; sometimes also Nicolas or Nicholas. Born 19 February 1473, http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_copernicus.html

History of Astronomy Persons Persons (C) Deutsche Fassung Copernicus [Kopernik; Koppernigk; wrongly also Kopernikus], Nicolaus [Polish: Mikolaj; sometimes also: Nicolas or Nicholas] Born: 19 February 1473, Torun (Thorn), Poland Died: 24 May 1543, Frauenburg (Frombork), Poland Astronomer, clergyman External documents Biographies, bibliographies and references Biographical data and references , by Richard S. Westfall Biography and references (Encycl. Brit.) Biography and references Biography (in German) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography and extended bibliography (in German) Short biography and references (in German) Short biography (11 Feb 1998: disappeared) Short biography , by Robert S. Westman Short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Short biography Short biography Short biography , by J. G. Hagen From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Short biography Short biography Short biography Short biography (in German) Short biography (in German) Short biography (written for children) Short biography (in Polish) Very short biography and references Very short biography Very short biography Very short biography ... Copernicus-Forschungsstelle (in German) Deutsche Nicolaus-Copernicus-Gesamtausgabe (in German) Bibliography Bibliographies Library of Congress entries (1) Library of Congress entries (2) (See also this entry and this entry (misspelled).)

33. Torun Polar Station A polar station located on northwestern Spitsbergen owned by nicolaus copernicus University, Poland. Publications, maps and photo gallery. http://www.uni.torun.pl/~geopolar/stacja/english.htm

N.Copernicus University Polar Station CONTACT: Ireneusz Sobota Department of Cryology and Polar Research Institute of Geography Fredry Str. 6/8 87-100 Toruñ, POLAND irso@geo.uni.torun.pl Svalbard-Spitsbergen-Kaffioyra General Informations N N icolaus Copernicus University Polar Station is northenmost polish scientific institution. Its goegraphical location is 78. 41' North and 11.51'East. It is situated on northern part of the Kaffiyora, close to the Aavatsmarka glacier. This station was used by 13 expeditions and 70 people so far. Effects of these expeditions are shown in 250 publications and on topographic and thematic maps. I n 1995 we started to do a sistematic study of mass balance of the Waldemarbreen. This quite small glacier with area of about 3 square kilometres lies 4,5 km from station. Like many other Spitsbergen's glaciers it has a negative mass balance. This trend maintains from the beginning of the XX century. The intensity and the run of this glacier's recession against a background of a climate conditions with geomorphological consequences of glacier's recession are the matter of a detailed study. In 1997 close to snout of the glacier a small glaciological station was built to widen a measurment work. N CU Polar Station is suitable to whole year work. It has three independent sources of energy (fuel engine, wind power station and sun battery ). Means of transport are: fibre glass, rubber motor boats and snow scooters. Radio communication is ensured by FM radiostation with its call signal LH3MB.

34. Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) nicolaus polnischMikolaj; gelegentlich auch Nicolas oder Nicholas. Geb. 19. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_copernicus-d.html

Geschichte der Astronomie Personen Personen (C) English Version (with much more links!) Geb.: 19. Februar 1473, Torun (Thorn), Polen Gest.: 24. Mai 1543, Frauenburg (Frombork), Polen Astronom, Geistlicher Externe deutschsprachige Dokumente Biographien, Bibliographien and Literaturhinweise Biographie Kurzbiographie und Literaturhinweise Kurzbiographie Kurzbiographie ... Deutsche Nicolaus-Copernicus-Gesamtausgabe Orte Copernicus-Denkmal , Niederkassel, Deutschland Benennungen Nicolaus-Copernicus-Planetarium hier Kopernikus-Oberschule Berlin-Steglitz , Deutschland Nikolaus-Kopernikus-Schule Leipzig , Deutschland Kopernikus-Gymnasium Walsum , Duisburg, Deutschland , Deutschland Copernicus-Gymnasium Philippsburg , Deutschland (Siehe auch hier Nikolaus-Kopernikus-Gymnasium , Weissenhorn, Deutschland Kopernikus-Gymnasium , Wissen, Deutschland Upstalsboom Hotel Kopernikus , Berlin Weitere Verweise (Suche mit Alta Vista) Wolfgang R. Dick

35. Nicolaus Copernicus Museum In Frombork Information about this museum in Frombork. http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm

General information Nicolaus Copernicus Museum Frombork General information Nicolaus Copernicus Museum Frombork ... WORLD VIEW NETWORK

36. MSN Encarta - Copernicus Editors picks for copernicus, nicolaus Search for books and more related tocopernicus, nicolaus. Encarta Search. Search Encarta about copernicus, http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571204/Copernicus.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Copernican System, with Sun at the center earlier Ptolemaic system with Earth at center of the Universe more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Copernicus, Nicolaus Search for books and more related to Copernicus, Nicolaus Encarta Search Search Encarta about Copernicus, Nicolaus Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Copernicus, Nicolaus ... Click here Advertisement Copernicus, Nicolaus Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 3 items Article Outline Introduction Early Life and Education Return to Poland Early 16th-Century Cosmology ... The Copernican System and Its Influence I Introduction Print Preview of Section Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. This is called the heliocentric, or sun-centered, system. See Astronomy History of Astronomy Solar System II Early Life and Education Print Preview of Section Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Toruń), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials. Copernicus's maternal uncle, Bishop Łukasz Watzenrode, saw to it that his nephew obtained a solid education at the best universities. Copernicus entered Krak³w Academy (now Jagiełłonian University) in 1491, studied the liberal arts for four years without receiving a degree, and then, like many Poles of his social class, went to Italy to study medicine and law. Before he left, his uncle had him appointed a church administrator in Frauenberg (now Frombork); this was a post with financial responsibilities but no priestly duties. In January 1497 Copernicus began to study canon law at the University of Bologna while living in the home of a mathematics professor, Domenico Maria de Novara. Copernicus's geographical and astronomical interests were greatly stimulated by Domenico Maria, an early critic of the accuracy of the

37. Frombork - Muzeum Tourist information, facilities, section on copernicus (biography, work, portraits). http://www.frombork.art.pl/

Join us at: Muzeum Miko³aja Kopernika we Fromborku - 2005

38. MSN Encarta - Copernicus Encyclopedia article provides an overview of the astronomer's early life, his education, and his revolutionary theory that the earth was not the center of the universe. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArtContent.aspx?refid=761571204

39. Archival Information For "Nicolaus Copernicus" copernicus, nicolaus Encyclopædia Britannicacopernicus, nicolaus Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have theSun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=copernicus

40. Copernicus, Nicolaus --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia copernicus, nicolaus (1473–1543). The Polish astronomer nicolaus copernicus isoften considered the founder of modern astronomy. His study led to his theory http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9273801

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Nicolaus Copernicus Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Copernicus, Nicolaus  Student Encyclopedia Article Page 1 of 1 Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus, Nicolaus... (75 of 239 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Copernicus, Nicolaus." Britannica Student Encyclopedia http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9273801

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