1. The Scientists Nicolas Copernicus. The most important aspect of Copernicus' work is that it forever changed the place of man in the cosmos; no longer could man legitimately think his http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. Nicolaus Copernicus Born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Thorn (Torun), Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus was destined to become, through the publication of his heliocentric theory 70 http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Copernicus Biography of Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. Copernicus, Nicolaus Nicolaus Copernicus. Latinized form of Niclas Kopernik, the name of the founder of the heliocentric planetary theory; http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Click here for full size picture Introduction http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. The Galileo Project Science Here you can find records of the other scientists and scientific institutions of Galileo's time, as well as information about Galileo's astronomical http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Centrum Astronomiczne Im. M. Kopernika PAN Instytucja naukowobadawcza Polskiej Akademii Nauk, kt rej zakres badan obejmuje astronomie, astrofizyke i kosmologie. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika Informacje o uczelni, kierunkach studi w, warunkach rekrutacji, pracownikach i absolwentach, wsp lpracy miedzynarodowej. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Nicolaus Copernicus Museum In Frombork Life of Nicolaus Copernicus. De Revolutionibus. Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus. Back to home page http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. Niclaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Torun (Thorn), 19 February, 1473,. Frauenburg, 24 May, 1543Poland Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543). Polish astronomer. http://www.thocp.net/biographies/copernicus_nicolaus.htm

Nicolaus Copernicus Torun (Thorn), 19 February, 1473, Frauenburg, 24 May, 1543 Poland principal papers hardware software keyords related subjects Achievement Phylosopher and astronomer Biography Kopernik, Nikolaj, Lat. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). Polish astronomer. Canon of cathedral of Frauenburg (1497); studied canon law, medicine in Italy; adviser and secretary to uncle, Lucas Waczenrode, bishop of Ermeland (1503-12). Made astronomical observations of orbits of sun, moon, planets (from 1497); gradually abandoned accepted Ptolemaic system of astronomy and worked out heliocentric system in which Earth rotates daily on axis and, with other planets, revolves around sun; circulated manuscript argument privately but was reluctant to publish theory; at urging of student Rhaeticus published at last De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) explaining new system, which in winning acceptance in scientific world constituted a revolutionary step. The five-hundredth anniversary of Copernicus' birth was celebrated throughout the world in 1973. Various governments issued commemorative stamps in his honor; the second of two orbiting astronomical observatories, launched by NASA in 1972, was named

11. Nicolaus Copernicus Museum In Frombork 19.II.1473. Nicolaus Copernicus born at Torun, Poland 1483 Copernicus' father dies 1489 http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

12. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Thorn, Poland on February 19, 1473. He was theson of a wealthy merchant. After his father s death, he was raised by his http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Cool! Nicolaus Copernicus died more than 450 years ago but is still considered the founder of modern astronomy! Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Thorn, Poland on February 19, 1473. He was the son of a wealthy merchant. After his father's death, he was raised by his mother's brother, a bishop in the Catholic Church. Copernicus studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Krakow. Through his uncle's influence Copernicus was appointed a canon (church official) of the Catholic Church. He used the income from the position to help pay for additional studies. Copernicus studied law and medicine at the universities of Bologna, Padua, and Ferrara in Italy. While he was studying at the University of Bologna, his interest in astronomy was stimulated. He lived in the home of a mathematics professor who influenced him to question the astronomy beliefs of the day. After his return to Poland, Copernicus lived in his uncle's bishopric palace. While there he performed church duties, practiced medicine and studied astronomy. In Copernicus' time most astronomers believed the theory the Greek astronomer Ptolomy had developed more than 1,000 years earlier. Ptolomy said the Earth was the center of the

13. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543) was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473, the youngest of four http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change APR The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. Disturbed by the failure of Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe to follow Aristotle's requirement for the uniform circular motion of all celestial bodies and determined to eliminate Ptolemy's equant, an imaginary point around which the bodies seemed to follow that requirement, Copernicus decided that he could achieve his goal only through a heliocentric model. He thereby created a concept of a universe in which the distances of the planets from the sun bore a direct relationship to the size of their orbits. At the time Copernicus's heliocentric idea was very controversial; nevertheless, it was the start of a change in the way the world was viewed, and Copernicus came to be seen as the initiator of the Scientific Revolution. 1. Life and Works

14. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus, was born in Torun, Poland, in 1473. His Polish name wasMikolaj Kopernik. His father, a copper merchant, died when Copernicus was only http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/copern.html

Nicolaus Copernicus, was born in Torun, Poland, in 1473. His Polish name was Mikolaj Kopernik. His father, a copper merchant, died when Copernicus was only ten years old. His uncle, Lukasaz Watzenrode, who later became a powerful bishop in the Catholic church, took care of him. Uncle Watzenrode sent Copernicus to the University of Carcow, and later to Italy where he could study law at the University of Bolagna. Bishop Watzenrode also sent Copernicus to study medicine at the University of Ferrara. His uncle planned for Copernicus to help in the administrative work at the Frombork Catherdral in Poland, headquarters of the Church in the district of Warmia, and to also work as a doctor. Copernicus obeyed his uncle, even though astronomy remained his favorite subject. In 1501 he returned to Poland where he became involved in politics, worked as a doctor among the poor, and served as his uncle's secretary and assistant. In his spare time, he continued to study the stars. For years, Copernicus took careful notes on the movement of the stars and planets. He compared his figures with that of previous astronomers, dating all the way back to Ptolemy who lived in Egypt in the second century. He concluded that, either all the stars and planets had moved, or the earth had moved. In those days, people believed the earth was the center of the universe, not the sun. At the end of his life, Copernicus published a book entitled On the Revolution of the Heavenly Shperes . His book explained his theory that the earth revolved around the sun and that the sun did not revolve around the earth. Few astronomers took his theory seriously until Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and Galileo (1564-1642).

15. Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Nicolaus Copernicus. Main article De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. Copernicus was honoured by Poland when the Nicolaus Copernicus University in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$140,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Nicolaus Copernicus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin Polish Mikołaj Kopernik German Nikolaus Kopernikus February 19 May 24 ) was a Polish astronomer mathematician and economist who developed the heliocentric Sun -centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. His main occupations and services rendered were in Royal Prussia as church canon , governor and administrator, jurist astrologer and as a doctor. Astronomy was actually a byproduct, a hobby of his. His theory about the Sun as the center of the solar system , turning over the traditional geocentric theory (that placed Earth at the center of the Universe ), is considered one of the most important discoveries ever, and is the fundamental starting point of modern astronomy and modern science itself (it inaugurated the scientific revolution ). His theory affected many other aspects of human life as well, opening the door to young astronomers everywhere to challenge the dogmas and never take anything at face value.

16. COPERNICUS Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who is commonly acknowledged as the Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn, Poland, http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/renaissance/copernicus.html

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer. INTRODUCTION Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who is commonly acknowledged as the founder of modern astronomy. BACKGROUND Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn, Poland, an important European trading center. His real name was Nikals Kopenik and it was Latinized to Nicolaus Copernicus. He came from a middle class background. When Nicolaus Copernicus was 10 his father died and he was raised by his uncle. His uncle gave him a good education. He studied mathematics, philosophy, astronomy and astrology at the universities of Bologna and Padua. He took a degree at the university. ACCOMPLISHMENTS Nicolaus Copernicus was a true Renaissance man. He also was a lawyer, tax collector, a doctor, military governor, judge, vicar-general of canon law and a Polish astronomer. Nicolaus Copernicus said that the earth was not stationary. He also said the earth turned on its axis once a day and he doubted the earth lay in the middle of the universe. He claimed that the sun was the center of the universe and all the planets revolved around the sun. He also published a book on the revolution of the heavenly bodies. His book De Revolutions was his most famous piece of work.

17. COPERNICUS Nicolaus Portraits Index of Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543) Portraits Index des portraits de NicolasCopernic (1473-1543) About Octavo Editions Nicolaus Copernicus. http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Ptolemy/Copernic/Torun/16e.html

Ptolemy Ptolemaeus 2nd Century A.D. - Iconography of Ptolemy's Portrait Index of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Portraits Index des portraits de Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543) beginning 16th century? Torun Town Hall Anonymous, NICOLAVS COPERNICVS, beginning 16th century?, oil? on wood?, ? x ? cm, Torun (Poland), Town Hall. Anonyme, NICOLAVS COPERNICVS, "Portrait in the town hall of Torun, Copernicus' birthplace." About Octavo Editions: Nicolaus Copernicus. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, Libri VI "In 1501 he stayed briefly in Frauenburg but soon returned to Italy to continue his studies, this time at the University of Padua, where he pursued medical studies between 1501 and 1503. At this time medicine was closely allied with astrology, as the stars were thought to influence the body's dispositions. Thus, Copernicus's astrological experience at Bologna was better training for medicine than one might imagine today. Copernicus later painted a self-portrait; it is likely that he acquired the necessary artistic skills while in Padua, since there was a flourishing community of painters there and in nearby Venice." Source Torun, architecture and history

18. COPERNICUS Nicolaus Portraits Translate this page Index of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Portraits Bry, Theodor de (1528-1598),Nicolaus Copernicus Tornaeus Borussus. Mathemat. Nat. http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Ptolemy/Copernic/Bry.html

Ptolemy Ptolemaeus 2nd Century A.D. - Iconography of Ptolemy's Portrait Index of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Portraits Index des portraits de Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543) circa 1597? Bry Bry, Theodor de (1528-1598), , circa 1597?, engraving, dimensions unknown, collection unknown. Bry, Theodor de (1528-1598), , vers 1597 ?, gravure, dimensions inconnues, collection inconnue. Web Nicholas Copernicus Museum in Frombork (Poland) Ptolemy Ptolemaeus Index of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Portraits Index des portraits de Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543)

19. Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikiquote From Wikiquote. Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 24 May 1543) astronomerand mathematician; proponent of the heliocentric cosmic model. http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus

Wikimedia needs your help in its US$200,000 fund drive. See our fundraising page for details. Nicolaus Copernicus From Wikiquote Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 - 24 May 1543) astronomer and mathematician ; proponent of the heliocentric cosmic model. Contents Sourced De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543 ) Attributed Quotes of others about Copernicus ... edit Sourced edit De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543 ) For I am not so enamored of my own opinions that I disregard what others may think of them. I am aware that a philosopher's ideas are not subject to the judgement of ordinary persons, because it is his endeavor to seek the truth in all things, to the extent permitted to human reason by God. Yet I hold that completely erroneous views should be shunned. Those who know that the consensus of many centuries has sanctioned the conception that the earth remains at rest in the middle of the heaven as its centre would, I reflected, regard it as an insane pronouncement if I made the opposite assertion that the earth moves. Introduction For when a ship is floating calmly along, the sailors see its motion mirrored in everything outside, while on the other hand they suppose that they are stationary, together with everything on board. In the same way, the motion of the earth can unquestionably produce the impression that the entire universe is rotating.

20. The Online Planetarium Show: The Life Of Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Torün, Poland on February 19, 1473 as NiklasKoppernigk a name which he would later Latinize into Nicolaus Copernicus. http://library.thinkquest.org/3461/copern_m.htm

T he L ife of N icolaus C opernicus Undoubtedly one of astronomy's founding fathers and easily one of the most recognized names in the history of the field, Copernicus lived in the 16th century and was the first astronomer in recent times to write a major work suggesting that the earth revolves around the sun. This idea of a solar system was his greatest contribution, and it provides the basis for our present-day concept of the universe. Photo. The Sun . Courtesy NASA. Early Life and Education After his father died, Copernicus attended the University of Cracow, studying primarily medicine at the time and becoming fascinated by astronomy, and then in 1496 began ten years of studying law at the University of Bologna in Italy. It is interesting to note that, while Copernicus developed an interest in astronomy and was one of the most influential astronomers of all time, he never majored in astronomy and was never a professional astronomer. Elected a canon of Frauenburg Cathedral in 1497, to a great degree influenced by his uncle, Copernicus almost immediately left the church to complete his doctorate in canon law at the University of Ferrara. With his master's from the University of Bologna, Copernicus would later return to Frauenburg when his uncle fell ill in 1506. Astronomy in his Day The ancient Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos had actually devised theories which proposed that Earth and other large planets orbited around the sun. Yet by the 16th century, when Copernicus burst upon the astronomical scene, these theories had long since been rejected, and the 1,400 year-old assertion of Ptolemy that the earth was the stationary center of the universe remained the astronomical explanation. Thus turned the wheels of so-called scientific progress in astronomy!

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