21. Christopher Clavius, S.J. christopher christopher clavius, SJ and his Gregorian calendar In 1988 onthis 450th anniversary of christopher clavius birth it is fitting to http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/clavius.htm

Christopher Christopher Clavius, S.J. and his Gregorian calendar Christopher Clavius, S.J. Introduction The expression "Jesuit Tradition" stimulates unexpected reactions even among colleagues in our own schools. It intimidates some whose image of the Society came from books like Shogun , so that they see the Society as a kind of fanatical and evil empire. Others are uncomfortable with the idea of being engaged in some form of Christocentric plot in which they seem to be only marginally included. Finally there are those who use the expression to justify academic programs that have nothing to do with Jesuits or Tradition. In 1988 on this 450th anniversary of Christopher Clavius' birth it is fitting to anticipate the 450th anniversary of the Society by recalling a Jesuit mathematician who embodies the Jesuit tradition of scholarship, dedication and service. Unfortunately, we cannot say that he is a typical Jesuit educator, but he is a flesh and blood illustration of what we Jesuits think we are trying to accomplish along with our non-Jesuit colleagues in the educational apostolate. Once a New York Times front page story (7/6/79) related discoveries by astronomers that the sun is shrinking. Their evidence was a ring of light at total eclipse which had been meticulously recorded by the sixteenth century Jesuit astronomer Christopher Clavius, and today that ring is missing. It is this kind of periodic intrusion into the development of astronomy that has earned Clavius a place of esteem in every significant history of science for the past four centuries. His name is inscribed in stone on libraries and universities such as the Sorbonne and portraits of him hang in museums throughout the world. He appears on the tomb of Pope Gregory in the Vatican while one of the largest craters on the moon is named in his honor. His works are described in the earliest editions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

22. The Galileo Project EC Philips, The Correspondence of Father christopher clavius, SI, Archivum 176, E. Knobloch, Sur la vie et oeuvre de christopher clavius, Revue http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/clavius.html

Clavius [Klau], Christoph 1. Dates Born: Bamberg, c. 25 March 1538 Died: Rome, 6 February 1612 Dateinfo: Dates Certain Lifespan: 2. Father Occupation: No Information No information on financial status. 3. Nationality Birth: Germany Career: Italy Death: Italy 4. Education Schooling: Coimbra, Collegio Romano, D.D. Studied for a time at the University of Coimbra (Portugal). One statement indicates that he was there in 1559. From ca. 1563, studied theology at the Collegio Romano in Rome. From subsequent career I assume a B.A., and as a Jesuit who had taken all four vows, he had to have had a degree in theology. 5. Religion Affiliation: Catholic, a Jesuit. He entered the Jesuit order in 1555. 6. Scientific Disciplines Primary: Mathematics, Astronomy 1574: Elements of Euclid, which contained thoughts of his own. Also an Algebra in 1608. Clavius was a supporter of the Ptolemaic system. He was the major technical advisor on the calendar reform. 7. Means of Support Primary: Ecc 1555, Entered Jesuit Order. Secondary: 1565-1612, For All But Two Years On The Faculty Of The Collegio Romano either as Professor of Mathematics or Scriptor. I will list this as an ecclesiastical position, in keeping with my policy on Jesuits in Jesuit institutions.

23. Christopher Clavius 20Aug-01 clavius’ Leaping Facts. http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/educ_school/CI/3m/Christopher Clavius1.htm

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24. Christopher Clavius http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/educ_school/CI/3m/clavius/frame.htm

25. MAUROLYCO, Francesco / [ed. CLAVIUS, Christopher]., Photismi De Lumine & Umbra A Extremely rare first edition, and an interesting copy (with 2 unrecorded cancels)of Maurolyco’s most important work, posthumously published, http://www.polybiblio.com/marta/2060.html

Martayan Lan, Inc. EXCEEDINGLY RARE WITH TWO UNRECORDED CANCELS MAUROLYCO, Francesco / [ed. CLAVIUS, Christopher]. Naples Tarquinio Longi 1611 Extremely rare first edition, and an interesting copy (with 2 unrecorded cancels) of Maurolyco’s most important work, posthumously published, anticipating Kepler in a number of respects. The work contains advances in optics so fundamental for the theory of perspective that it is the very first item in Vagnetti’s bibliography (Aa1). This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Martayan Lan, Inc. ; click here for further details.

26. CLAVIUS, Christoph (1537-1612), S.J., Algebra. - clavius, Christoph (15371612), SJ Algebra. - Roma, Zanetti, 1608 of the 16thcentury to extend the knowledge of mathematics was christopher clavius http://www.polybiblio.com/rappapor/37704.html

Libreria Antiquaria C. E. Rappaport CLAVIUS, Christoph (1537-1612), S.J. Algebra. - Roma, Zanetti, 1608 4to. Late 17th century vellum, ms. title on spine. Some woodcut diagrams in the text. (36), 383, (1) pp.; a few marginal ink annotations; lower blank margin of title repaired; a few minor stains and occasional light foxing but generally a good copy. Rare first edition of one of the most important works by the German Jesuit, who was a friend of Galileo and professor of mathematics and astronomy in Rome where he passed the later years of his life. He promoted the reform of the Gregorian Calendar and introduced the signs plus (+) and minus (-) into Italy, which appear here for the first time in a book printed in Italy! DSB III, 311. Smith, Hist. of Maths, I, 334: «Probably the man who did the most of all the German scholars of the 16th century to extend the knowledge of mathematics... was Christopher Clavius His algebra appeared in 1608 and was one of the best textbooks on the subject that had been written up to that time... ». This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Libreria Antiquaria C. E. Rappaport

27. Christopher Clavius -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article christopher clavius. Categories 1612 deaths, 1538 births, Jesuits christopherclavius, born Christoph Clau, (March 25, 1538 – February 12, 1612) was a (A http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/c/ch/christopher_clavius.htm

Christopher Clavius [Categories: 1612 deaths, 1538 births, Jesuits] Christopher Clavius (A person of German nationality) German (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician and (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer who was the main architect of the modern (The solar calendar now in general use, introduced by Gregory XIII in 1582 to correct an error in the Julian calendar by suppressing 10 days, making Oct 5 be called Oct 15, and providing that only centenary years divisible by 400 should be leap years; it w) Gregorian calendar . In his last years he was probably the most respected astronomer in (The 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles) Europe Clavius, born in (Click link for more info and facts about Bamberg) Bamberg , joined the (A member of the Jesuit order) Jesuit order in 1555 and later moved to (Capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire) Rome , where he taught at the order's Collegium Romanum for the rest of his life. In 1579 he was assigned to compute the basis for a reformed calendar that would stop the slow process in which the Church's holidays were drifting relative to the seasons of the year. This calendar was adopted in 1582 in Catholic countries by order of

28. Christoph Clavius The Jesuit mathematician and astronomer christopher clavius Clau (15371612) . Lattis, J. 1994, Between Copernicus and Galileo christopher clavius and http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/clavius.html

NCAR UCAR UOP Home About Research Observatories Instruments Education ... Solar Physicists : Christoph Clavius Christoph Clavius (1537-1612) www HAO only all of NCAR/UCAR/UOP The Jesuit mathematician and astronomer Christopher Clavius [Clau] (1537-1612). Born in Bamberg in 1537, Clavius joined the Jesuit order in 1555, and studied at Coimbra. Clavius was one of the major architect of the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582, and remained professor of mathematics at the Jesuit's Collegio Romano until his death on February 6 1612. In 1570 Clavius wrote what was to become one of the most influential textbook on astronomy of its days, in the form of a commentary on the so-called Spheres of Sacrobosco. In the catholic world, this was the textbook for three generations of astronomers, including Galileo , and most particularly for Jesuit astronomers throughout the world. In later editions of his book Clavius pronounced himself relatively favorably on the Copernican system as a mathematical model, but to the end of his life rejected its physical reality. Until Galileo's condemnation in 1633, this was also the official position of the Roman ecclesiastic authorities. Clavius was chief astronomer at the Jesuit's Collegio Romano at the time of Galileo's first telescopic discoveries, and was still quite active despite his advancing age. He pronounced himself favorably concerning the physical reality of most of these telescopic observations. His doing so effectively silenced the first wave of opposition to Galileo. He did not agree with all of Galileo's interpretations however, and in particular remained staunchly opposed to the notion of mountains on the Moon.

29. Christopher Clavius clavius grew up during the initial stages of the Protestant Reformation in a region christopher clavius and the Scientific Scene in Rome in GV Coyne, http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/110/inside_out/vu1/Galileo/People/clavius.html

Christopher Clavius (1537-1612) Nothing is known of Clavius's early life, except that he was born in Bamberg in the German region. We do not even know his German name, although various possibilities have been suggested. Clavius grew up during the initial stages of the Protestant Reformation in a region of Germany, Franconia, that remained Catholic. Three years after he was born, Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuit order with ten initial members; its membership had reached about a thousand by 1555, when Clavius was admitted to the order in Rome, a month before his seventeenth birthday. In 1556 he was sent to the university of Coimbra in Portugal, where the Jesuits had founded their own college. Here he took the normal university curriculum but excelled in the mathematical subjects, and his observation of the total solar eclipse of 1560 made him decide that astronomy would be his life's work. In 1560 he returned to Rome and began his study of theology at the Collegio Romano . He was ordained in 1564 while still pursuing his theological studies. In 1575 he became a full member of the order. He began teaching the mathematical subjects at the college as early as 1564 and, except for a two-year stay in Naples, he was on the faculty of the Collegio Romano until his death in 1612. As the foremost mathematician of the Jesuit order, Clavius wrote a number of textbooks, all of which went through numerous editions during his life. These include his version of Euclid's

30. Autoclave & Clavius Roots Of Words At Bill Casselman's Canadian Word Of The Day christopher clavius entered the Jesuit Order in 1555 and received his educationwithin the Order. He attended the University of Coimbra in Portugal. http://www.billcasselman.com/wording_room/clavis_c.htm

hybrid word: a silly term Page 3 of English Words from Latin Clavis Several medical words derive from Latin locking device used to sterilize instruments by means of steam pressure. Autoclaving, also called steam sterilization Autoclaves do not remove chemical contamination. autos Greek, self + clavis Latin, key. HYBRID WORD: A SILLY TERM 'Auto' is of Greek origin, and so the root for key ought to have been from Greek too. An autoclave would have been more properly then an *autokleididion *ipsoclaviculator . What a bunch of nincompoops these hybridists are! Words are born as they are born: exquisitely formed, crippled, lop-eared, web-footed, street-smudged, cross-eyed. If users find new terms inappropriate or awkward to use, history has shown such clumsy inventions disappear quickly. English has the entire world and history of languages to borrow from, and we shall continue to be the great thief of tongues. That is the glory of our vocabulary, the largest word-stock of any language on earth. The hybrid-labelers are purveyors of poppycock and twaddle, people with no real lives of their own, who attempt to fill their empty days schoolmarming to death other people's use of language. Naturally, the criticism of the use of the term hybrid by your humble author does not constitute an admission that he has no life!

31. Christopher Clavius Father christopher clavius, SJ (15381612) The Euclid of the Sixteenth Century clavius was born in Bamberg just before the founding of the Jesuits. http://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/1_Clavius.htm

HOME INDEX Father Christopher Clavius, SJ The Euclid of the Sixteenth Century PREVIOUS NEXT VATICAN CITY, 1982, the 4th centenary of the Gregorian Calendar, Scott 716 Clavius was born in Bamberg just before the founding of the Jesuits. He entered the order at age 17, and studied at Coimbra in Portugal and later at the Roman College , excelling in mathematics and astronomy. Clavius taught mathematics at the Roman College from 1564 until 1612. He published profusely — his writings affected the teaching of mathematics in Jesuit schools all over the world — and was the chief mathematician on the commission that led to the Gregorian reform of the calendar. Pope Sixtus V said, "Had the Jesuit order produced nothing more than this Clavius, on this account alone the order should be praised." The image on the stamp is from the tomb of Pope Gregory XIII in St. Peter's Basilica. The tomb, the work of Camillo Rusconi, includes a relief showing Clavius kneeling before the Pope, presenting his work as the Pope promulgates the new calendar in 1582. More The souvenir sheet of the above stamp, Scott 717a

32. Christopher Clavius (1537-1612) christopher clavius (15371612). Slide 1 of 11. Slide 1. TOC Next. http://www.d.umn.edu/~aroos/HTMLtrial/slide1.html

Christopher Clavius (1537-1612) Slide 1 of 11

33. Journals From Cambridge University Press The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum , christopher clavius, And The Study Of MathematicalSciences In Universities (pp 447 457) Dennis C. Smolarski Abstract http://www.cambridge.org/uk/journals/journal_toc.asp?mnemonic=SIC&vol=15&issue=3

34. Christopher Clavius Summary A brief biography of christopher clavius (15371612). christopherclavius and the Scientific Scene in Rome in Gregorian Reform of the http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11958/latest/

Christopher Clavius By: Albert Van Helden Summary: A brief biography of Christopher Clavius (1537-1612). Figure 1: Christopher Clavius Nothing is known of Clavius's early life, except that he was born in Bamberg in the German region. We do not even know his German name, although various possibilities have been suggested. Clavius grew up during the initial stages of the Protestant Reformation in a region of Germany, Franconia, that remained Catholic. Three years after he was born, Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuit order with ten initial members; its membership had reached about a thousand by 1555, when Clavius was admitted to the order in Rome, a month before his seventeenth birthday. In 1556 he was sent to the university of Coimbra in Portugal, where the Jesuits had founded their own college. Here he took the normal university curriculum but excelled in the mathematical subjects, and his observation of the total solar eclipse of 1560 made him decide that astronomy would be his life's work. In 1560 he returned to Rome and began his study of theology at the Collegio Romano . He was ordained in 1564 while still pursuing his theological studies. In 1575 he became a full member of the order. He began teaching the mathematical subjects at the college as early as 1564 and, except for a two-year stay in Naples, he was on the faculty of the Collegio Romano until his death in 1612.

35. Christopher Clavius Van Helden, A. christopher clavius, Connexions Web site. christopher clavius.Retrieved from the Connexions Web site http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11958/latest/content_info

Christopher Clavius By: Albert Van Helden Metadata Name: Christopher Clavius ID: Abstract: A brief biography of Christopher Clavius (1537-1612). Keywords: Clavius Collegio Romano Copernican System Galileo Gregorian calendar Jesuit Jupiter Moon Ptolemaic System Document Type: -//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5//EN License: Creative Commons Attribution License Authors: Albert Van Helden helden@rice.edu Albert Van Helden helden@rice.edu Maintainers: Albert Van Helden helden@rice.edu Robert Ahlfinger ahlfing@rice.edu Version: history Created: May 18, 2004 9:12 am GMT-5 Revised: May 24, 2004 2:39 pm GMT-5 How to cite this content Choose the citation style appropriate to your needs: American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide: Van Helden, A. Christopher Clavius, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11958/1.2/, May 24, 2004. American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style: Van Helden A. Christopher Clavius [Connexions Web site]. May 24, 2004. Available at: http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11958/1.2/. American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual: Van Helden, A. (2004, May 24).

36. On Time: Today's Calendar And The Jesuits christopher clavius helped revolutionize the calendar, yet little exists to flesh christopher clavius, professor of mathematics at the Jesuits Roman http://www.companymagazine.org/v172/ontime.html

Today's calendar owes a debt to a Jesuit by David Duncan Today almost everyone takes the precision of our calendar for granted, unaware of the long threads spooling out from our clocks and watches backward in time, running through virtually every major revolution in human sciences, all linked to the measurement of time. Looking back reveals a struggle for our current calendar's acceptance and the story of Christopher Clavius, a sixteenth-century Jesuit who worked hard to create and defend it, only to have his name forgotten over those years that he helped to fix. The fix was needed because of an error in the original calendar established by Julius Caesar in 45 bc, who mistimed his year so that it ran eleven minutes shorta deficit that accumulated gradually over the centuries. Eventually, the calendar fell back several days against the true astronomic yeara glitch first discovered three centuries before Clavius, when a sickly English friar named Roger Bacon dispatched a strident missive to Rome. Addressed to Pope Clement IV, it was an urgent appeal to set right time itself. Calculating that the calendar was losing an entire day every 125 years, Roger Bacon informed the supreme pontiff that there was a surplus of time that over the centuries had accumulated to nine days. He declared that this drift, if left unchecked, would eventually shift March to the dead of winter and August to the spring.

37. Right Off The Shelf stories about astronomy, from Jesuits working at the Vatican Observatory toJesuit astronomers christopher clavius and Athanasius Kircher, and more. http://www.companymagazine.org/v222/rightofftheshelf.htm

Chicago's Adler Planetarium is home to a host of books penned by some influential Jesuit astronomers of years ago A large subset of volumes by Jesuit authors inhabit the shelves. Why might this be? Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Jesuit scientists investigated the world around them incessantly. Often polymaths, they excelled in a variety of fields including astron-omy, physics, mathematics, geography, natural history, and what would become ethnography. Of all the scientific fields in which they sought knowledge, astronomy allowed them perhaps their greatest achievements. These talented men published profusely and corresponded widely with colleagues around Europe, Jesuit and non-Jesuit alike. Some carried their teachings and the work of fellow Jesuits to foreign lands, impacting local astronomies. www.adlerplanetarium.org/history Company’s web site contains stories about astronomy, from Jesuits working at the Vatican Observatory to Jesuit astronomers Christopher Clavius and Athanasius Kircher, and more. Go to www.companymagazine.org

38. Jésuites De La Province De France Translate this page comme le responsable du calendrier actuel le Père christopher clavius. Le Père clavius, né en Bavière en 1538, était un éminent mathématicien http://www.jesuites.com/histoire/clavius.htm

histoire Clavius C'est quoi ? Ignace de Loyola Exercices Spirituels compagnons ... forums Christophe Clavius le jésuite qui subtilisa 10 jours ! Sans entrer dans le débat, commémorons ici le jésuite qui est considéré comme le responsable du calendrier actuel : le Père Christopher Clavius. Sollicité par le Concile de Trente, Grégoire XIII entreprit en 1579 la réforme du calendrier adopté en 1578. Le Pape Grégoire fit installer à l'endroit le plus élevé du Vatican la Tour des Vents, un observatoire où des jésuites sous la direction du Père Clavius furent appelés à faire des recherches qui pourraient servir de base à la réforme du calendrier. Le Père Clavius, né en Bavière en 1538, était un éminent mathématicien professeur au Collège Romain, lorsque le Pape demanda ses services au Vatican. En 1580 les propositions de Clavius étaient prêtes, mais leur mise en vigueur fut retardée jusqu'à la signature par le Pape du décret qui stipulait que le 4 octobre 1582, fête de S. François d'Assise serait suivi du 15 octobre

39. Chris Lowney from some unlikely Jesuit role models, including explorer Benedetto de Goes,linguist Matteo Ricci and mathematician and astronomer christopher clavius. http://www.chrislowney.com/heroic/reviews.htm

From Publishers Weekly (A starred review) Praise for Heroic Leadership Chairman of the investment bank, J. P. Morgan Chase President and CEO, Mercantile Bankshares Corporation President and COO, Blistex, Inc. Executive Vice President, International Finance Corporation President and CEO, Catholic Medical Mission Board Executive Director, World Neighbors Chief Executive Officer, Development Bank of Singapore Author, President and Copublisher, ACTA Publications Cofounder, Business Leaders for Excellence, Ethics, and Justice Heroic Leadership President, LeMoyne College Director, Institute of Jesuit Sources Author Jesuit Saturday

40. Vatican Observatory Summer School 2005 christopher J. Corbally, SJ (Dean), Vatican Observatory emailgcoyne@specola.va,corbally@as.arizona.edu, Dr. christopher J. Corbally, SJ http://clavius.as.arizona.edu/vo/R1024/VOSS2005.html

Observational Astronomy and Astrophysics 12 June to 8 July 2005, Castel Gandolfo, Rome, Italy Jonathan I. Lunine (Chair) University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Christopher J. Corbally, S.J. (Dean) Vatican Observatory George V. Coyne, S.J. (Director) Vatican Observatory John Baross University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Angioletta Coradini Centro Nazionale di Ricerca, Rome, Italy Chris D. Impey Steward Observatory, University of Arizona Woodruff T. Sullivan University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Neville J. Woolf Steward Observatory, University of Arizona The regular faculty will be assisted by other senior scientists in residence. The Vatican Observatory is pleased to announce the 2005 Summer School in Observational Astronomy and Astrophysics, on Astrobiology: The Search for our Origins and Life Elsewhere . Two lectures will be given each morning, with evening seminars by the Vatican staff and visiting astronomers. During the course of the school, students will also present a short paper on their research or the research of their home institution. Other activities will include laboratory exercises, use of the Observatory computers for data reduction and image processing, and use of astronomical databases. There will also be opportunities for observations with on-site 40 cm refractor and 60 cm reflector telescopes. Field trips to visit sites of historical interest to astronomy will be included. In addition to the principal topics presented by the invited faculty, students will have the opportunity to discuss their own research with members of the faculty and with the observatory staff. No formal course credits will be given, but certification of satisfactory completion of the course will be supplied.

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